Episodes
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Şiddet içerikli bilgisayar oyunları, çocuklar ve gençlerde gerçek şiddeti arttırır mı? Bu oyunları oynayanların gerçek hayattaki saldırganlıkları gerçekten artar mı? Gelin, konu hakkında yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalara bir göz atalım.
Kullanılan Kaynaklar:
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., ... & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0018251
APA 2015 raporu https://www.apa.org/science/leadership/bsa/report-violent-video-games.pdf
APA 2020 düzeltme https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/03/violent-video-games-behavior
Ayazoğlu Yassı, B. (2022). The moderating role of ostracism and feeling of competence in game-play on the relationship between violent video game playing and aggression: A longitudinal study.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045925
Beerthuizen, M. G., Weijters, G., & van der Laan, A. M. (2017). The release of Grand Theft Auto V and registered juvenile crime in the Netherlands. European Journal of Criminology, 14(6), 751-765. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370817717070
Ferguson, C. J., Copenhaver, A., & Markey, P. (2020). Reexamining the findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 task force on violent media: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1423-1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666 Hilgard, J.,
Engelhardt, C. R., Rouder, J. N., Segert, I. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2019). Null effects of game violence, game difficulty, and 2D: 4D digit ratio on aggressive behavior. Psychological Science, 30(4), 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619829688
Orben, A. (2020). The Sisyphean cycle of technology panics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(5), 1143-1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620919372
Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882-9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2019). Violent video game engagement is not associated with adolescents' aggressive behaviour: evidence from a registered report. Royal Society Open Science, 6(2), 171474. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171474
Ritchie, S. (2021). Does Grand Theft Auto save lives? https://unherd.com/2021/10/does-grand-theft-auto-save-lives/
Vuorre, M., Johannes, N., Magnusson, K., & Przybylski, A. K. (2022). Time spent playing video games is unlikely to impact well-being. Royal Society Open Science, 9(7), 220411. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220411 -
Yeni dizi Sıcak Kafa’yı ve “abuklama” kavramını konuşuyoruz. Abuklamaya dair birçok bilimsel çalışma olduğunu biliyor muydunuz? Buyrun gelin, abuklamanın sosyal psikolojisini konuşalım.
Kaynaklar:
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision making, 10(6), 549-563.
Deepak Chopra’nın tweet’i: https://twitter.com/deepakchopra/status/483188737162358785
Wisdom of Chora (Bullshit Generator): http://wisdomofchopra.com
The New Age Bullshit Generator: http://sebpearce.com/bullshit
Littrell, S., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2022). Bullshit blind spots: The roles of miscalibration and information processing in bullshit detection. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shane-Littrell-2/publication/351918880_Bullshit_blind_spots_The_roles_of_miscalibration_and_information_processing_in_bullshit_detection/links/631ba11d70cc936cd3f635ee/Bullshit-blind-spots-The-roles-of-miscalibration-and-information-processing-in-bullshit-detection.pdf
Turpin, M. H., Kara-Yakoubian, M., Walker, A. C., Walker, H. E., Fugelsang, J. A., & Stolz, J. A. (2021). Bullshit ability as an honest signal of intelligence. Evolutionary Psychology, 19(2), 14747049211000317.
Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2019). The complex relation between receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit and political ideology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(10), 1440-1454.
Pfattheicher, S., & Schindler, S. (2016). Misperceiving bullshit as profound is associated with favorable views of Cruz, Rubio, Trump and conservatism. PloS one, 11(4), e0153419. -
Episodes manquant?
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“Sahte anı” nedir? İnsanlar hiç yaşanmamış şeyleri yaşanmış gibi hatırlayabilir mi? Ve daha nicesi bu bölümde.
Kaynaklar:
“Travma unutulabilir mi?” tartışması hakkında: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/forgotten-memories-of-traumatic-events-get-some-backing-from-brain-imaging-studies/
Loftus ve “me too” hareketi: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/05/how-elizabeth-loftus-changed-the-meaning-of-memory
Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25(12), 720-725. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07
Loftus’un annesinin boğulma olayı: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSLRD_qWB4Q
Loftus’un TED konuşması: https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_how_reliable_is_your_memory/transcript?language=ps
Martin Tankleff olayı: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/nyregion/martin-tankleff-settlement.html
Murphy, G., Loftus, E. F., Grady, R. H., Levine, L. J., & Greene, C. M. (2019). False memories for fake news during Ireland’s abortion referendum. Psychological Science, 30(10), 1449-1459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619864887
Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Patihis, L., Merckelbach, H., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Loftus, E. F. (2019). The return of the repressed: The persistent and problematic claims of long-forgotten trauma. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1072-1095. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619862306
Shaw, J., & Porter, S. (2015). Constructing rich false memories of committing crime. Psychological Science, 26(3), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614562862 -
Bu bölümde Don't Look Up üzerinden komplo teorilerini konuşuyoruz. Toplumsal krizler, komplo teorilerini neden tetikliyor? Kriz durumlarında bize her söylenene inanacak mıyız, yoksa her türlü komplo teorisinin peşinden mi koşacağız?
Kaynaklar:
Adam-Troian, J., Chayinska, M., Paladino, M. P., Uluğ, Ö. M., Vaes, J., & Wagner-Egger, P. (2021, October 5). Of precarity and conspiracy: Introducing A socio-functional model of conspiracy beliefs. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mnfrd
Alper, S. (2021, 20 Mayıs). There are higher levels of conspiracy beliefs in more corrupt countries. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2umfe
Casara, B. G. S., Suitner, C., & Jetten, J. (2022). The impact of economic inequality on conspiracy beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104245
Smith, B. (2021, 12 Aralık). A comedy nails the media apocalypse. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/12/business/media/dont-look-up-news-media.html
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory Studies, 10(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750698017701615 -
Squid Game tüm dünyayı kasıp kavurdu. Peki dizide olan biten sosyal psikolojik açıdan nasıl yorumlanabilir? Onurcan Yılmaz ve Fatih Bayrak ile beraber ahlak, gruplaşma, düşünme biçimleri, kişilik, siyaset ve daha bir sürü yere gidiyoruz.
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İnsanlar neden beleşçilik yapar? Beleşçiliği nasıl önleyebiliriz? Ya beleşçiliği engellemekle görevli kişiler yolsuzluğa karışırsa ne yapacağız? İnsanları yolsuzluğa ve rüşvete iten faktörler nelerdir? Bilimsel referanslarıyla beraber konuşuyoruz.
Kaynaklar:
Gächter, S., Renner, E., & Sefton, M. (2008). The long-run benefits of punishment. Science, 322(5907), 1510-1510. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164744
Gächter, S., & Schulz, J. F. (2016). Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. Nature, 531(7595), 496-499. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17160
Henrich, J., & Muthukrishna, M. (2021). The origins and psychology of human cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 207-240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-081920-042106
Muthukrishna, M., Francois, P., Pourahmadi, S., & Henrich, J. (2017). Corrupting cooperation and how anti-corruption strategies may backfire. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(7), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0138
Schulz, J. F., Bahrami-Rad, D., Beauchamp, J. P., & Henrich, J. (2019). The Church, intensive kinship, and global psychological variation. Science, 366(6466). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5141 -
Psikoloji neden krize girdi, bu kriz ne anlama geliyor, psikolojinin bilim statüsüne zarar verdi mi? Bu krizden öğrendiklerimiz psikolojinin farklı alt alanları ve uygulama alanındaki psikologlar için ne anlama geliyor? Psikolojinin en önemli gündemini sizler için özetledim.
Kaynaklar:
Alper, S. (2020). Psikolojide Replikasyon Krizi Neden Var? Nasıl Çözülür, Nasıl Çözülmez? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmxxBVx2_zU
American Psychological Association. (2011). The case of Diederik Stapel. https://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2011/12/diederik-stapel
Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2021). The replication crisis in psychology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/q4cvydeh
Leong, H. M., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. R. (2015). Meta-analysis of research on sensory integration therapy for individuals with developmental and learning disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(2), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9408-y
Open Science Collaboration (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
Ritchie, S. (2010). Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth. Metropolitan Books.
Ritchie, S. J., Wiseman, R., & French, C. C. (2012). Failing the future: Three unsuccessful attempts to replicate Bem’s ‘retroactive facilitation of recall’ effect. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033423
Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychological Science, 30(5), 711-727. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797619831612
Tzang, R. F., Chang, Y. C., Kao, K. L., Huang, Y. H., Huang, H. C., Wang, Y. C., ... & Stewart, R. (2019). Increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) receiving sensory integration therapy: A population-based cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1171-7
Zwaan, R. A., Pecher, D., Paolacci, G., Bouwmeester, S., Verkoeijen, P., Dijkstra, K., & Zeelenberg, R. (2018). Participant nonnaiveté and the reproducibility of cognitive psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(5), 1968-1972. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1348-y -
İnsanın kültürü, onun öğrendiği ve öğrettiği şeyler, biyolojik evrim sürecini etkileyebilir mi? Tarihten ilginç örnekleri konuşuyor, ufkumuzu genişletiyoruz.
Kaynak:
Henrich, J. (2015). The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press. -
COVID-19 aşısı bulundu, ülkemize de geliyor. Şimdi akıllarda bir başka soru var: İnsanlar aşı olacak mı? Aşı karşıtlığının psikolojisini konuşuyoruz.
Kaynakça:
Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Chapman, G. B. (2015). Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2372732215600716
Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Rothman, A. J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(3), 149-207. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100618760521
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586
Raude, J., Fressard, L., Gautier, A., Pulcini, C., Peretti-Watel, P., & Verger, P. (2016). Opening the ‘Vaccine Hesitancy’black box: how trust in institutions affects French GPs’ vaccination practices. Expert Review of Vaccines, 15(7), 937-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2016.1184092
Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2015). Everyday consequences of analytic thinking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415604610
Rutjens, B. T., Heine, S. J., Sutton, R. M., & van Harreveld, F. (2018). Attitudes towards science. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 57, pp. 125-165). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.08.001 -
COVID-19 salgınıyla mücadelede en önemli şey davranış değişikliğiydi. İnsanları maske takmaya, fiziksel mesafeye dikkat etmeye ikna etmeniz gerekiyordu. Ancak davranış değişikliği konusunda esas söyleyecek sözü olanlara bilim kurullarında yer verilmedi. Doğrudan sosyal psikolojinin alanına giren bir konuda hiçbir sosyal psikoloğun sürece dahil edilmemesi bence büyük bir hataydı. Bu bölümde, hocalarımıza "Siz kurulda olsaydınız ne derdiniz, ne yorumlar yapardınız?" diye sordum.
Konuklar:
Nebi Sümer
Adil Sarıbay
Doğan Kökdemir
Serap Akfırat
Beyza Tepe
Onurcan Yılmaz -
Son günlerde gündeme bomba gibi düşen "Bir Başkadır" isimli diziye sosyal psikolojik bir bakış açısı:
* Bizden farklı gruplardaki insanlar hep birbirine mi benzer?
* Bizden olmayanlara yönelik nasıl kalıpyargılarımız var? Dizide bunlara dair ne gibi örnekler görüyoruz?
* Gruplararası ilişkiler yönünden diziden nasıl bir ders çıkarabiliriz?
Bahsedilen kaynaklar:
Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0
Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1168. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0020463
Rubin, M., & Badea, C. (2012). They’re all the same!... but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(6), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721412457363 -
* Sosyal medya linçlerinin akademiye etkisi
* "Cancel culture" ve psikoloji araştırmaları
* Psikolojide araştırması tehlikeli konular: "Beyazlar siyahlardan daha mı zeki?" ve "İnsanın kişiliği tipinden anlaşılır mı?"
* Tehlikeli konulara nasıl yaklaşmalı?
Referanslar (bahsedilme sırasına göre):
İnşaat işçisiyle röportaj: https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/202011051043162075-izmir-depreminde-coken-binanin-yapiminda-calisan-isci-ilk-depremde-yikilacagini-biliyorduk/
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. HarperCollins.
Howard Gardner ile ilgili tweet dizisi: https://twitter.com/Russwarne/status/1039148680832536582
Rindermann, H., Becker, D., & Coyle, T. R. (2020). Survey of expert opinion on intelligence: Intelligence research, experts' background, controversial issues, and the media. Intelligence, 78, 101406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406
Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1994). The Bell Curve: Reshaping of American Life by Differences in Intelligence. Free Press.
Baker, D. P., Eslinger, P. J., Benavides, M., Peters, E., Dieckmann, N. F., & Leon, J. (2015). The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ. Intelligence, 49, 144-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.01.003
Irk ve zeka meselesine dair: https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/6/15/15797120/race-black-white-iq-response-critics
Clark, C. J., Winegard, B. M., Beardslee, J., Baumeister, R. F., & Shariff, A. F. (2020). Declines in Religiosity Predict Increases in Violent Crime—but Not Among Countries With Relatively High Average IQ. Psychological Science, 31(2), 170-183. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797619897915
Alper, S., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2020). All the Dark Triad and Some of the Big Five Traits are Visible in the Face. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110350
Safra, L., Chevallier, C., Grèzes, J., & Baumard, N. (2020). Tracking historical changes in trustworthiness using machine learning analyses of facial cues in paintings. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18566-7 -
Bu bölümde “kişilik” meselesiyle ilgili ilginç sorulara ilginç cevaplar veriyoruz:
-Kaç çeşit kişilik özelliği var?
-İnsanların neden farklı kişilikleri var?
-Hayvanların da kişilikleri var mı?
-Kişilik zamanla değişebilen bir şey mi?
Bahsedilen bilimsel kaynaklar:
Bleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2013). Personality maturation around the world: A cross-cultural examination of social-investment theory. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2530-2540. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797613498396
Damian, R. I., Spengler, M., Sutu, A., & Roberts, B. W. (2019). Sixteen going on sixty-six: A longitudinal study of personality stability and change across 50 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 674-695. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000210
Gosling, S. D., & John, O. P. (1999). Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: A cross-species review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(3), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.00017
Nettle, D. (2006). The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals. American Psychologist, 61(6), 622-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.622 -
Trollerin derdi ne? Hangi kişilik özelliklerindeki insanlar daha çok trollük yapıyor? Bu soruların cevaplarını bilimsel kaynaklara atıflarla vermeye çalışıyoruz.
Bahsi geçen kaynaklar:
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and individual Differences, 67, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008
Lopes, B., & Yu, H. (2017). Who do you troll and Why: An investigation into the relationship between the Dark Triad Personalities and online trolling behaviours towards popular and less popular Facebook profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.036
March, E. (2019). Psychopathy, sadism, empathy, and the motivation to cause harm: New evidence confirms malevolent nature of the Internet Troll. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 133-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.001 -
İkinci bölümde, komploculuğun "aydınlık" yüzünü konuşuyor, "Komplo teorilerine inanmak bize iyi geliyor olabilir mi?", "Komploculuğun evrimsel kökenleri var mı?" gibi soruları cevaplıyoruz.
Bahsedilen kaynaklar (bahsedilme sırasına göre):
Uscinski, J. E., & Parent, J. M. (2014). American Conspiracy Theories. Oxford University Press.
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721417718261
van Prooijen, J. W., & Van Vugt, M. (2018). Conspiracy theories: Evolved functions and psychological mechanisms. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(6), 770-788. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691618774270 -
Her çeşit komplo teorisi var, hepsine de inanan çıkıyor. Peki bu insanlar kafayı mı yemiş, neden böyle şeylere inanıyorlar? Bu sorunun cevabını, bilimsel kaynaklara dayanarak cevaplamaya çalışıyoruz.
Bahsedilen kaynaklar (bahsedilme sırasına göre):
Wood M.J., Douglas K.M., Sutton R.M. (2012). Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3(6), 767-773. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550611434786
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550620934692
Alper, S., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2020). Psychological correlates of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and preventive measures: Evidence from Turkey. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00903-0
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2016). Someone is pulling the strings: Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(1), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586
van Prooijen, J. W., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2331
van Prooijen, J. W. (2017). Why education predicts decreased belief in conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3301
