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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to Marco Altini, PhD, on heart rate, heart rate variability, stress and lifestyle. They discuss HRV, what it means, what affects it, how it is measured and the best conditions for doing so. They talk about the impact diet can have on HRV and sex related differences, whether or not these are clinically meaningful. They discuss also HRV Biofeedback and the impact that simple actions we can take for improving our stress response and HRV. Finally they also talk about wearables and the limitations (and benefits?) of tracking sleep.

    Marco holds a PhD in applied machine learning, a M.Sc. in computer science engineering, and a M.Sc. n human movement sciences and high-performance coaching.

    He has published more than 50 papers and patents at the intersection between physiology, health, technology, and human performance.

    He is co-founder of HRV4Training, advisor at Oura, guest lecturer at VU Amsterdam, and editor for IEEE Pervasive Computing Magazine. He loves running.

    Social:

    Twitter: @altini_marco.Personal Substack.Strava.

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    This week on the podcast Mikki brings back Dr Cliff Harvey and Darren Ellis to talk strength training, fitness, nutrition, health, and things that are sparking their interest right now. As always, just a super interesting conversation that contains insights and information to interest all.

    Cliff Harvey, PhD, is New Zealand’s expert on the effects of a ketogenic diet in a healthy population, but so much more than that. He has been helping people to live healthier, happier lives, and to perform better since starting in clinical practice (way back...) in the late 1990s. Over this time he has been privileged to work with many Olympic, professional, Commonwealth and other high performing athletes. He has also worked with many people to overcome the effects of chronic and debilitating health conditions. Along the way he has founded or co-founded many successful businesses in the health, fitness and wellness space, including Holistic Performance Institute, NZ’s leading certification and diploma for health, nutrition, health coaching and performance that has many of the world experts teaching on the course, so students are learning from the best.

    Cliff has over 20 years experience as a strength and nutrition coach and, in addition to his PhD research, he is a Registered Clinical Nutritionist, qualified Naturopath (Dip.Nat – NCNZ) and holds a diploma in Fitness Training (AUT) and Health Coaching in Patient Care.

    You can find Cliff over at https://cliffharvey.com/

    Darren Ellis, MSc, has an aim to share what he’s learned with as many people as possible, teaching them that there are no shortcuts with exercise, but that it can be achievable, and even fun, with good coaching and a supportive peer group.

    He is a regular contributor to a variety of popular print and web based health and fitness magazines, public speaker, and consultant to sporting organisations, businesses, universities and television.

    Specialties: Strength training and nutrition for fitness, sport, weight loss, muscle gain, longevity.

    Darren can be found at: https://www.darrenellis.coach/


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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to returning guest Prof Don Layman about protein metabolism. They specifically discuss the importance of thinking about protein requirements from an amino acid perspective, how much protein you can consume in a meal and absorb, why amino acids as a whole are important for muscle protein synthesis (and not just leucine), the value of animal protein, how much more you need to eat as a vegetarian and so much more. As always, a fantastic conversation you don’t want to miss.

    Dr. Donald Layman is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Dr. Layman has been a leader in research about protein, nutrition for athletic performance, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular health. Dr. Layman has over 100 peer-reviewed publications.

    He has received numerous awards for his research from the American Society for Nutrition and the National Institutes for Health and for his nutrition teaching. Dr. Layman currently serves as Associate Editor of the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior and on the editorial boards of Nutrition & Metabolism, and Nutrition Research and Practice. Dr. Layman has an extensive consulting background including work with NASA, the Shriners Children’s Hospital, the US Air Force plus numerous food companies and organizations including Kraft Foods, Nestlé, Agropur and the National Dairy Council. Dr. Layman earned his doctorate in human nutrition and biochemistry at the University of Minnesota.

    Prof Layman publications: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donald-Layman

    Conversations with Dr Lyon: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx1_K-1RwcGTt25RbHqXYcRaQm6rD3Ce7

    Prof Layman on Twitter: https://twitter.com/donlayman


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    This week on the podcast Mikki welcomes back Dr. Guillaume Millet, to discuss sex differences in ultra endurance events. They discuss the interplay between biology and behaviour, how females are different from men and what possible advantages (and disadvantages) this may have over the longer distance. They also discuss biomechanics, and how much of this differences in the performance may be due to sociological differences. They discuss a ton, including Guillaumes dream event where true sex differences could be put to the test if money was no object!


    PhD, is a professor at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne.
    From 1998 to 2013, he held various academic positions in France, including a 4-year full-time research contract at the French National Institute for Medical Research (INSERM).
    In 2013, he moved to the University of Calgary where he directed a research team of ~15 trainees, the Neuromuscular Fatigue Lab. He also was Vice-Chair Research of the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology from 2014 to 2016.
    Back to France in 2018, he received a very competitive IDEXLYON fellowship (1,16 million €), a program that aims to attract outstanding scientists with a strong international track record and now leads the ActiFS (Physical Activity, Fatigue, Health) academic chair.
    Prof. Millet was named at the Institut Universitaire de France as a Senior member in 2019 and director of the inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology in 2020.
    His general research area investigates the physiological, neurophysiological and biomechanical factors associated with fatigue, both in extreme exercise and in patients (neuromuscular diseases, cancer, ICU). His research is focusing on understanding fatigue in order to create tailored rehabilitation programs for clinical populations in order to enhance patients’ quality of life.
    In July 2021, he had published 5 books and 260 journal articles (cited > 10,700 times), his H index was 55. He has supervised 37 postdoctoral fellows and PhD students coming from 13 different countries and he served as an external reviewer for over 60 PhD candidates. Guillaume has been an invited speaker ~ 137 times in 17 different countries.
    Dr Millet’s profile here: https://libm.univ-st-etienne.fr/en/research-teams/paf/researchers/millet-guillaume.html

    Research gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guillaume-Millet-3


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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to Gil Blander, the founder of InsideTracker, a revolutionary platform that empowers individuals to optimise their health by tracking and improving their biomarkers. Gil shares his journey into the world of longevity and health, shedding light on how InsideTracker is pioneering personalised health optimisation. We discuss Gil’s passion for longevity, the science behind biomarkers used in Inside Tracker, how personalised health data can lead to significant behaviour change, their own InnerAge calculation as a behaviour change tool and their published research include the bio signatures of endurance runners.

    This episode is a must-listen for anyone interested in the cutting edge of health optimisation, longevity science, and personal wellbeing.

    Gil Blander, Ph.D., is an internationally recognised biologist, longevity expert, and the founder of InsideTracker. With a profound passion for aging research and personalised health, Gil has dedicated over two decades to exploring the science of longevity and biomarker analysis. Holding a Ph.D. from the Weizmann Institute of Science and having conducted postdoctoral research at MIT, Gil's academic and professional journey has been focused on the intersection of biology, technology, and health optimisation. Through InsideTracker, he aims to empower individuals to take control of their health by providing them with personalised, data-driven insights to live longer, healthier lives. Gil's work has been featured in major publications, and he continues to be a leading voice in the fields of biotechnology and personalised health.

    Gil: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gilblander/

    Inside Tracker: https://www.insidetracker.com/

    Longevity by Design https://info.insidetracker.com/podcast


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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to Andy Blow, founder of Precision Hydration all about..hydration. They discuss Andy’s initial interest in this area, coming from an athlete’s background and his own experience with hydration and getting it wrong. They discuss the accuracy of the sweat test and what it can tell us, what is a field-based test any athlete can use to determine their hdyration requirements, why some athletes sweat more (or lose more sodium) than others and any sex based differences. And loads more.

    Andy Blow is a Sports Scientist with a degree in Sports and Exercise Science from the University of Bath. An expert in sweat, dehydration and cramping, Andy previously worked as the Team Sports Scientist for the Benetton and Renault Formula 1 teams, and remains an adviser to the Porsche Human Performance Centre.

    An elite level triathlete in his younger days, Andy has finished in the top-10 of Ironman and IM 70.3 races, as well as winning an Xterra World title.

    It was Andy's own struggles with cramp and hydration that led to him specialising in electrolyte replenishment and founding Precision Fuel & Hydration.

    Andy is a leading figure in the world of sports hydration and has worked alongside Dr Raj Jutley, as well as other top sports scientists, to co-author a number of studies and books

    Precision hydration https://www.precisionhydration.com/au/en/


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  • Transcript generated using AI transcription services; errors may occur. Contact Mikki for clarification

    00:11
    Hey everyone, it's Mikki here. You're listening to Mini Mikkipedia on a Monday. And today I'm gonna chat about the vegetarian athlete because there are certain nutrition considerations which I feel could warrant a little bit more attention beyond just the micronutrients and macronutrients we know to be of concern. So I'm gonna run through them as I see it and then also have a chat about blood biomarkers.

    00:40
    just at the end. And I will preface this by saying that whilst of course I have an omnivore diet, I work with a number of athletes and individuals looking to optimize their vegetarian approach. These are conversations that I'll have in my clinic at least every couple of weeks because there is a way to do it properly so you're not going to be at risk of losing muscle mass or impacting negatively on recovery.

    01:10
    This is particularly for people with high energy requirements and a lot of teenagers would fall into this and particularly teenage girls who may turn vegetarian because of a moral stance or they have it in their head that this is going to help with their body composition or whatever it is. Yet often those health conscious ones take it just a little bit further than what ideally it would be taken.

    01:38
    And calories are of a concern in this space because teenagers particularly have high energy requirements just through the fact that they're growing plus their sport and of course to fill their brain for school etc. And there are just periods of the day where they just can't eat all day long, right? Not that you would necessarily want them to. And vegetarian based diets can be challenging in that getting quality calories.

    02:07
    can be limited because there is an increased fiber intake. From people who follow a vegetarian diet, which has a lot of beans and vegetables added, getting the calorie requirements in quite a high volume diet can be tricky. So, you know, if I look at the literature around this area, on balance for adults at least,

    02:30
    The difference in energy intake between omnivores and vegetarians might be only about 5%, which isn't actually a major in the big scheme of things. Someone may easily maintain their weight in that space, but it's just those higher energy requirements from a vegetarian athlete. And another person I would, or avatar if you like, that I would put into this camp would be potentially a male who is doing endurance-based sport, who has gone vegetarian and isn't

    03:00
    calories or supplementing. So they're just sort of loading up a lot on beans and rice and potatoes and and hey maybe cheese and stuff like that but find that they're actually losing weight but importantly they're unable to recover as well. So I think calories is or can be a major consideration but then of course to turn that on its head sometimes people can absolutely overdo calories particularly if they're chasing something like protein and protein which

    03:29
    It's more difficult to get in a vegetarian diet. And you do have to consume almost several hundred calories more to get the same amount of protein that you would otherwise find in a steak. If this is the case for some people, then their vegetarian approach by dropping out meat can in fact increase the calories and make it more challenging for them to maintain a body composition that aids performance and also aids health.

    03:56
    So I think that's also really worth considering too. And of course from the macronutrients, protein is the major one of consideration. And protein quality is a term which we refer to here. So it encompasses a protein's sources of amino acid composition, its digestibility, and subsequent bioavailability of specific amino acids. And also of course that metabolic fate of those amino acids.

    04:23
    Such factors are affected by the specific protein source, whether it's consumed as isolated protein, such as you'd find in a protein powder, or as a protein-rich whole food, and whether that protein source is consumed alongside other foods in a meal. Irrespective, the quality of a protein source has reliably been shown to play an important role in determining the magnitude of post-exercise muscle protein synthesis response. And that response is responsible

    04:53
    for aiding recovery. So milk, egg and meat derived proteins all stimulate robust post-exercise NPS response and this is attributed to their high essential amino acid content, particularly leucine, a lack of any notable amino acid deficiencies, rapid digestibility, and a high total digestibility and absorbability and therefore more availability in circulation.

    05:22
    So that is that they're just more bioavailable. And this has been observed in a number of studies using milk, using eggs, using ground beef and beefsteak. So we're quite confident that if you have these foods, then you're gonna be okay, particularly if they're in a certain amount, right? In contrast, there are in fact fewer studies looking at post-exercise MPS response following the ingestion of non-aminoderived proteins.

    05:49
    Nevertheless, there is a widely held view that these non-animal proteins are inferior with respect to their capacity to stimulate that NPS rate compared with animal proteins. The lower anabolic potential of these proteins is thought to be attributed to a few factors. So, the presence of non-protein constituents and anti-nutritional factors are thought to slow and reduce the digestion and absorption of protein, meaning that a lower

    06:17
    proportion of ingested amino acids become available in circulation after a meal. So they're just not there to help with that muscle protein synthesis. However, if you were eating these amino acids in their purified form, so isolated from these other food constituents, it does help that digestibility. So the digestibility or the lower digestibility is attributed to the fact that they are in a whole food and a food matrix.

    06:44
    So once you strip them out and have it in, say, a protein powder form, it's actually much better. Despite that though, these plant sources frequently have lower total essential amino acid contents, and leucine, methionine, and or lysine in particular are amino acids which are suggested to provide limitations to that muscle protein synthesis response, either at the molecular signaling or substrate availability level. And this is

    07:13
    true when we're looking at studies investigating wheat or soy protein compared to their animal-based sources. However, interestingly, there have been studies recently demonstrating that getting a good bolus ingestion of mycoprotein, which is a fungal-derived protein-rich source, and I believe that if you eat something like corn, that Q-U-O-R-N product, that's made of mycoprotein,

    07:41
    This does result in a greater stimulation of NPS compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein. So non-animal protein sources aren't necessarily less anabolic, but require consideration on a case-by-case basis. So you can't just blanketly say, that's gonna be lower. An emerging theme is that the differences between animal and plant-based protein sources are absent when we have higher doses of protein.

    08:08
    So, and I talked to Don Layman about this in an upcoming episode in that you will need to, as a plant-based or a vegetarian, if that's what you're getting a lot of your protein from, you need to eat more of that protein source to get a similar muscle protein synthesis response. Whereas in certain situations where 25 grams of animal-based protein is enough to hit that NPS, you might be looking at about 40 grams of a plant-based protein to get a similar response.

    08:38
    Blending plant protein sources is suggested as a way to get rid of these essential amin...

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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to Dr Rod Mulgan, medical doctor, lawyer and author about preventative medicine. They discuss the modern diet, and how it is devoid of nutrients that help support immunity. They discuss the term hidden hunger, and how this relates to topsoil and the nutritional content of our foods. They delve into gut related health and so much more.

    Aged-care doctor Dr Roderick Mulgan has a long-held interest in preventative medicine, with a research focus on inflammation, longevity, immunity and the role of functional foods. He has been a doctor for a quarter century and is a Fellow of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners. Over the last decade he has developed a multi-doctor practice that services aged-care facilities. His aged-care work led to an interest in the effect of lifestyle choices on well-being and in particular (unusual among mainstream doctors) the evidence that novel foods and supplements promote long-term health. This led him to consider how the major debilitating diseases of the middle and later years evolve, and what can be done about them. He is the author of three books related to these topics Build Your Immunity For Life, examines the role of lifestyle and diet in boosting immunity and protecting against infection. In addition to these two books The Internal Flame: New Insights into Silent Inflammation, and Eat Yourself Health. He is also a practising lawyer at Rubicon Chambers.

    Books https://calicopublishing.co.nz/products/build-your-immunity-for-life-diet-and-lifestyle-choices-to-protect-against-infection

    https://www.mightyape.co.nz/product/the-internal-flame/29850175

    Linked In profile https://www.linkedin.com/in/roderick-mulgan-b404894a/?originalSubdomain=nz

    Stuff article https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300930980/not-a-total-workaholic-meet-the-auckland-doctor-who-is-also-a-practising-lawyer


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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to Eric Williamson about protein and endurance athletes. They discuss the importance of protein metabolism for endurance, sex differences that might exist, the discuss protein in the context of a low carbohydrate diet for an athlete and also touch on intermittent fasting. It’s a great episode!

    Papers
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30252774/
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37710376/
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083047/
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34179054/

    Eric has been practicing as a registered dietitian since 2015. Has a BA and BSc from Western University, and attained his MSc and PhD in exercise and metabolism from University of Toronto. He’s worked with a broad range of individuals from elite athletes with the University of Toronto’s men’s varsity basketball team and the Ontario Hockey League’s Oshawa Generals, to people trying to balance fitness goals with work and family. He founded Unlocked Fitness and Nutrition before being appointed as Director of Nutrition at Canyon Ranch.

    Can be found here https://www.canyonranch.com/integrative-wellness-approach/experts/eric-williamson-nutritionist/ and https://www.unlockedfitnessandnutrition.com/


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    https://mikkiwilliden.wordpress.com/2014/04/05/time-to-rethink-the-low-fat-dairy-option/

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10310465/


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    This week on the podcast I speak to Brandon daCruz, one of the GOAT in the physique and body transformation space. We discuss what got Brandon interested in nutrition and exercise initially, what fuels his desire now to stay current and relevant in the space, where he feels there are persistent myths in the diet and fitness space and how he addresses these with evidence based information. We also discuss common mistakes people make when trying to transform their physique, what people can expect if they work with him, the concept of energy flux, stress and so much more. Brandon is a wealth of information, it is mindblowing the amount that he knows!

    Brandon DaCruz at his website https://www.brandondacruzfit.com/, and on Instagram @brandondacruz_

    Chasing Clarity https://podcasts.apple.com/dk/podcast/chasing-clarity-health-fitness-podcast/id1619611966

    Brandon DaCruz is an online nutrition and physique coach and sports nutritionist. He’s also a National Level NPC physique competitor and an internationally published fitness model who’s written articles and filmed educational content for publications like Men’s Fitness Magazine and Bodybuilding.com.

    Brandon has spent over 12 years working within the sports nutrition and fitness industries and has coached every type of client including Olympia Level professional men’s physique competitors, college athletes, MMA fighters, CrossFit competitors, and lifestyle clients.

    He believes in blending what’s been proven in the research with his own anecdotal and first hand "in the trenches'' experience to improve body composition, optimise performance and enhance health in order to help his clients achieve their goals whether that be building muscle, losing body fat, increasing performance and/or optimising health and longevity. This is what he refers to as his health-centric coaching model as he believes that improving one's health is the cornerstone to optimising their physical goals.


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    This week on the podcast Mikki speaks to RD Dikeman, about low carbohydrate diets for people with type 1 diabetes. They discuss how RD’s life was turned upside down when his son Dave was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 2013 and how the discovery of Dr Richard Bernstein’s book ‘The Diabetes Solution’ transformed the management of Dave’s condition, helped improve RD’s own health, and was the catalyst for RD to take on the job of making the information of how to adopt a low carbohydrate approach accessible. He’s responsible for setting up the Type 1 Grit group (of which there is now published data on the success of these individuals), and for hundreds of hours of interviews with Dr Bernstein (who has himself managed his own type 1 diabetes for over 40 years with low carbohydrate) in an effort to educate and inform. They also discuss the common myths that circulate about low carbohydrate diets and type 1 diabetes and so much more.

    Paper: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29735574/

    Dr Bernstein’s book https://www.amazon.com.au/Dr-Bernsteins-Diabetes-Solution-Achieving/dp/0316182699

    RD Dikeman on X: https://twitter.com/DikemanDave

    RD Dikeman is a theoretical physicist and producer of Dr. Richard Bernstein’s Diabetes University, a series of free videos on YouTube on how best to manage diabetes. He’s also co-founder of TYPEONEGRIT, an awesome Facebook group for folks aged between one to 81, following Dr. Bernstein’s low carb approach to achieving healthy, normal, non-diabetic blood sugars


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