Episoder
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When you think about the Cold War, you immediately think about whale songs right? Okay, maybe not everyone makes that connection, but in a delightfully random way, the political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s had a lot to do with the discovery of the beautiful whale song, and ultimately, the collapse of the commercial whaling industry altogether.
Back in the 1950s, the United States had gone gangbusters with submarines. Travelling under the Arctic Ocean, they were set on going the longest, the deepest, the hardest. But they were worried about other countries doing it too⊠particularly the Soviets.
They knew they couldnât stop them, but they at least wanted to know where the Red subs were. Thatâs when Frank Watlington was tasked by the US Navy to develop hydrophones (microphones they could stick in the ocean) to listen for submarine sounds.
So Watlington set off to Bermuda and got to work. One day he dropped his hydrophone 1,500 feet into the ocean and heard strange, eerie sounds coming from the deep. For the Navy, these sounds were just annoying distractions from detecting submarine activity but for Watlington, well, they were captivating. Ditching his original task of detecting Soviet submarines, Watlington became obsessed with the ethereal sounds he had recorded and he played them to anyone who would listen...
CHAPTERS:
00:00 Everyone knows the whale song02:08 A dogâs breakfast: 20th century whaling03:32 The Cold War and the end of whaling05:21 Frank Watlington and hydrophones07:22 Roger Payne: From science to viral sensation10:35 Patterns and rhythm in the whale song 12:19 Humpback Whale record goes viral14:58 Rock stars, Greenpeace and whaling ban16:49 What next on The Wholesome ShowSOURCES:
Francis W. Watlington; Recorded Whale Songs, NY Times 'It always hits me hard': how a haunting album helped save the whales, The Guardian It Took A Musician's Ear To Decode The Complex Song In Whale Calls, NPR Listening to Whales by Douglas Allchin in The American Biology Teacher Number of whales killed, World, Our World In Data Oral conception. Impregnation via the proximal gastrointestinal tract in a patient with an aplastic distal vagina. Case report, by Douwe A A Verkuyl, in BJOG Whale song: A grandfather's legacy, CBS NewsSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Politicians get a bad rap, donât they? Every mutterance and every action falls under intense scrutiny from the press and the public eye. If they make one wrong move, weâll know about it and keep talking about it for ages too.
Maybe thatâs why politicians go to such great lengths to win the people over. Like when Governor Carey of New York volunteered to drink a glass of PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls - highly carcinogenic chemical compounds) to prove a state building was safe.
It seems that drinking a cup of toxic liquid is the go-to political move. Punjab State Chief Minister, Bhagwant Mann, downed a glass of polluted water from a holy river in 2022 on the heels of a campaign to clean water bodies. He was hospitalised for 2 days. Then thereâs the bizarre demonstration from Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper, who allegedly drank fracking fluid in a ritual-like manner around a table. Bit culty.
While you could argue that demonstrations like these showcase leadership and a willingness to share risks with the public, they could also just be downright reckless and stupid.
CHAPTERS:
00:00 Donât put torpedos in your mouth03:06 Mad Cow Disease: Putting beef to the test05:47 President Obama drinks lead-lined Flint Water 08:35 East Palestine toxic chemical water11:58 The Fracking fluid ritual15:41 Proving that New York Midtown is safe18:41 Nuclear bombs are perfectly fine20:35 Dining Dangers: From COVID to Cholera25:38 Product safety testing downfalls32:03 Whatâs next on the Wholesome ShowSOURCES:
Communications and Politics, in The Public Health Crisis Survival Guide: Leadership and Management in Trying Times by Joshua M Sharfstein Ex-N.Y. Gov. Hugh Carey dies at 92, Politico Factiva archive Food Irradiation by the CDC New York Times Archive Trove The cholera epidemic in Latin America, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen What became of Cordelia Gummer, the Mad Cow girl?, Daily Express Vets dismiss fears of 'mad cat' disease, New ScientistSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Mangler du episoder?
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On November 24, 1971, Dan Cooper, a quiet, nondescript man (wearing the classic business suit everyone wore back then) wandered into Portland airport and paid cash for a one-way ticket to Seattle. He drank his bourbon and soda in the lounge and boarded the plane like every other passenger.
Cooper was your average guy, at least until shortly after takeoff, when he handed the flight attendant a note. And no, it wasnât an attempt to flirt his way into the mile-high club. This note said that there was a bomb in his briefcase and that she should sit down next to him. She sat down.
Dan opened his briefcase to reveal a mass of wires and red coloured sticks to the flight attendant, who promptly followed his instructions to send a message to the captain. He demanded that $200,000 in twenty-dollar bills and 4 parachutes be delivered to him upon landing.
The flight landed in Seattle, Cooper exchanged the flightâs 36 passengers for the money and parachutes and then, with some crew still on board, took off again for Mexico City.
Somewhere between Seattle and Reno, ordinary Dan walked to the back of the plane, opened a door and jumped out with a parachute and the money. The pilots landed safely and DB Cooper, as he became known, disappeared.
50 years later, weâre still looking for him, and amazingly, there have been very recent (as in March 2024) updates to this cold case!
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The Mysterious Case of DB Cooper03:15 Investigations, Theories, and Folk Hero Status05:36 Copycats and Confessions 08:54 The Hunt for DB Cooper: Suspects, Clues, and Dead Ends12:26 Tom Colbertâs case against Robert Rackstraw15:38 DB Cooper Wannabes 18:36 Case closed after 45 years20:31 DNA Evidence: A New Hope in the Cold Case27:40 Speculations and Theories: Where is DB Cooper?29:32 Whatâs next on The Wholesome ShowSOURCES:
D.B. Cooper Hijacking â FBIhttps://www.the-sun.com/news/10528799/db-cooper-dna-sample-fbi-new-culprits/7 People Have Confessed to Being DB Cooper. A Twist in the Case Says One Told the Truth.Who Was D.B. Cooper? | HISTORYD.B. Cooper Hijacking - Topics on Newspapers.com'Missed crucial DB Cooper clue' left behind by mystery plane hijacker doesn't have to be turned over by FBI, rules judge | The US SunSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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We all forget things sometimes. We leave the car keys in random places. We look all over the house for our sunglasses, only to find them already on our heads. And weâve all experienced the angst of double booking, completely (or conveniently) forgetting about a dentist appointment booked for the time we were meant to meet up with friends at the pub.
Sometimes our brains just have enough stuff in there and thereâs no room for anything new.
Kinda like how the world forgot about the time when millions of people died within a six month period from the Spanish Flu. Sure, we talk about it now but back then, when the pandemic was over, no one talked about it. 5 per cent of the population died, it sucked, letâs just forget about itâŠ?
But how could a catastrophic event of this magnitude be collectively forgotten? And perhaps itâs not the only tragedy weâve tossed into the black memory hole of historyâŠ
CHAPTERS:
00:00 Exploring the concept of memory holes00:44 The Spanish Flu: A case study of collective forgetting02:31 Have we forgotten COVID-19?03:36 Memory hole from George Orwellâs book, 198406:17 Beyond Pandemics: Forgetting wars and cockroaches09:15 Collective forgetting of the Allied bombing of Germany11:37 The science behind why we forget13:16 Collective memory requires communication and narrative16:00 Should we memorialise Covid-19?19:48 Whatâs next on The Wholesome ShowPREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
Wittenoom: Australia's Asbestos Chernobyl Wiped Town Off The MapSOURCES:
Building a collective memory: the case for collective forgetting, by William Hirst and Alan Coman in Current Opinion in Psychology Collective Memory and Forgetting: A Theoretical Discussion by Cindy Minarova-Banjac Page 4 of 5The rising of collective forgetting and cultural selectivity in inventors and physicists communities by Cristian Candia and Brian UzziSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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What are the most common fears and phobias that people have today? Most of us can relate to having a healthy fear of sharks or getting sweaty palms at the idea of being stuck in a tiny space. Itâs also pretty socially acceptable for someone to opt out of bungee jumping, or for a fellow aeroplane passenger to need a few deep breaths to calm themselves before takeoff.
Then of course thereâs the fear of public speaking - which we all fear more than death, right? Maybe not⊠This claim seems to link back to a publication from 1977 called The Book of Lists, which in turn cites the London Times⊠which in turn references the 1973 Burskin Report. This claims that 41 per cent of people feared speaking before a group, whereas only 19 per cent feared death.
But is it really true?
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The fear of public speaking05:29 Defining fear and phobia10:24 Research findings: 1977 Book of Lists 13:04 The fear of heights and deep water15:29 Top 10 Fears in America16:31 White Supremacists and High Medical Bills18:02 Fear of Ghosts and Zombies20:49 Australiaâs fears: Social Phobias and Agoraphobia22:22 Fear of Swooping Magpies26:26 The Boring Apocalypse28:28 Whatâs next on the Wholesome ShowPREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
Mary Shelley, Taphophobia and Life-Preserving CoffinsSOURCES:
Solomon, Robert C., 'Self-Reproach in Guilt, Shame, and Pride', True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us (2008; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011) The 14 Worst Human Fears in the 1977 Book of Lists: where did this data really come from?https://www.speakschmeak.com/2008/04/public-speaking-vs-death.htmlTop 10 Most Common Phobias List â TalkspaceTop 10 phobias and what they reveal about the strangeness of life | Mental health | The GuardianAmerica's Top Fears 2020/2021 | Chapman UniversityPhobias: The ten most common fears people hold - ABC NewsIs Public Speaking Really More Feared Than Death?.Full article: Is Public Speaking Really More Feared Than Death?The Thing We Fear More Than Death | Psychology Today AustraliaSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Itâs the end of the science as we know it! And I feel fine! But seriously though, is it? As a global community, we are investing 10 times more money and resources into scientific research than we did in the 1950s, yet the number of groundbreaking discoveries is dwindling.
Weâve gone to the moon. Weâve discovered massive black holes. Weâve split the atom and peered through high-resolution microscopes to observe those tiny little quarks. Sure, weâre still making advancements, but a lot of science these days is refining past discoveries. Weâre not really uncovering anything new. In fact, most of the Nobel Prizes awarded since the 1990s have been awarded for scientific work that went on in previous decades.
So is scientific pursuit just slowing down? Or, are we nearing the end of scientific discovery altogether?
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The slowing pace of scientific discovery03:29 Historical claims of the end of science 07:46 John Horganâs book: The End of Science10:11 A Debate: Will we reach the end of science?12:09 More spending and fewer scientific discoveries15:30 Big mysteries of science remain16:46 Blurring the lines of science and technology18:56 The arrogance of physics23:15 The Wholesome Verdict: Rod vs Will23:45 Whatâs next on The Wholesome Show28:32 Listener shoutoutsSOURCES:
Is science about to end? by Sabine HossenfelderJohn Horgan interview on The End of Science Was I Wrong about âThe End of Scienceâ? By John Horgan Lord Kelvin and the End of Physics, Which He Never Predicted Albert Michelson, notes at the Inauguration of the Ryerson Physics Laboratory Everything That Can Be Invented Has Been Invented by David J Katz Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time by Michael Park, Erin Leahey and Russel J Funk in Nature Are we witnessing the end of science? In The GuardianSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Everyone loves a good loophole. From a clever workaround that outsmarts the tax man to exploiting a glitch in a video game (Sega Mega Drive all the way), there's something undeniably thrilling about circumventing the system. It taps into our innate desire for freedom, creativity, and that little touch of rebellion. While avoiding tax bills and gaining high scores on Sonic the Hedgehog can certainly get us going, some people have discovered loopholes that arouse a more intimate type of pleasure.
Weâre talking about sex. But what exactly constitutes sex? For a lot of people, the term is open to interpretation, especially if youâre trying to stay a virgin to please the Lord or deny your infidelity. We all remember Bill Clintonâs famous speech about not having âsexual relationsâ. Does this mean that oral sex isnât sex? And what about anal sex? For some, there is a poophole loophole, while others consider looking at pornography and deep kissing as an act of sex.
Regardless of what you consider sex to be, there seem to be a lot of grey areas as cultural, religious and contextual factors thrust their way into the conversation. Is sex only considered sex if you reach the big O? And what if it's just the tip or a little bit of shaft? Two dicks, no dicks, plastic-covered dick? Who has to do what with what to whom for it to be considered sex in your mind?
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The Bill Clinton scandal03:09 Defining a sex act05:26 Majority say oral sex isnât sex08:10 Age-related sex loopholes11:27 Choosing a definition of sex that suits you13:06 Sex with a condom isnât sex?15:12 God only cares about ejaculation17:54 Soaking: Mormon sex loopholes23:53 Japanese loopholes for prostitution25:18 Studies on sexual substitution28:37 A rare case of pregnancy from anal sex30:50 Whatâs next on The Wholesome ShowPREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
The Strange Things People Have Smuggled Into Space https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpLAU59m61MThe Secret Spy Science Of Poo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f528jx5WgoSOURCES:
What Is Sex? - Defining Sexual Intercourse and What It Feels Like11 Sexual Activities That People Don't Count As "Having Sex"Sex | Get the Facts.Three Really Big Sex Loopholes In The Old Testament | Martin HughesSex Loopholes That Some Mormons Are Exploiting To Have Pre-Marital Sex | Sexographyhttps://www.exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2%2C245879=https://www.exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2%2C245879=See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Remember as a kid, having to wear that uncomfortable school uniform every single day? We were told when to sit, when to stand, when to eat, when to play, even when we were allowed to go to the toilet. Myriad rules to crush us into oppressive obedience!
Now imagine a similar scenario in your workplace. Employees are given insultingly basic commands and training that even the most sheltered individual would have learned simply in the school of life. Thereâs a term for it: Workplace Infantilisation. Workers denied their agency and wisdom from experience in favour of child-like over-proceduralisation. And no, workplace infantilisation is not a term for child labour, pathological smuggling of employeeâs children into the office, or a worker boasting an adult diaper fetish.
Infantilisation in the workplace is basically when your boss treats you like a child. Explicit instructions for straightforward tasks, insinuating that you donât have the common sense to figure it out. They make rules for things that well-adjusted adults donât need rules for (like youâre not allowed to masturbate on someone else's desk.) Well duh. You use your own desk; weâre not animals!
But is workplace infantilisation genuinely happening on a significant scale? Or is it merely a vent for worker frustrations over the minutiae of bureaucratic tape?
SOURCES:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288384634.pdfPostmortal Society: Towards a Sociology of ImmortalityThe infantilization of the worker : r/antiworkhttps://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6535470294486839296/âI deeply resent how we've infantilized the workplaceâ: A manager's manifesto goes viralTreat Employees like AdultsCHAPTERS:
00:00 Understanding the concept of workplace infantilisation03:02 Harvard Business Review claims04:37 Language, tone and building trust07:41 Reality check: Is workplace infantilisation just a feeling?09:21 Being an adult is understanding context11:30 Defining infantilisation: Treating someone as a child14:54 Controversial symptoms of workplace infantilisation16:45 What does Google Scholar say?20:01 Evidence of workplace infantilisation23:11 Context mattersSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Mother Nature, in all her brilliance, has birthed some fascinating phenomena. Take the magical skies of the Aurora Borealis in Iceland for example, or the bioluminescent Maldives shores where the ocean lights up like neon blue fairy lights.
Here in Australia, we have Lake Hillier, where the water is the colour of a strawberry milkshake. In England of course, they have the synchronised sheep panic at 8pm. Wait⊠what?
Although one of the lesser known phenomena (you might even say âun-herdâ of), unexplained sheep panic caused quite a stir in Oxfordshire England in the late 19th century. On November 3, 1888, tens of thousands of sheep in a 200 square mile radius in Oxfordshire suddenly went bonkers at 8pm. It was as if some unseen terror had gripped them all simultaneously. Can you hear the X-files theme music playing?
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Back in the day, before robots and the internet, guys and gals who longed for the company of a significant other had one move up their sleeve: pluck up the courage to leave the house and talk to another human. Nowadays-ish, people search for love from home aided by computers and a social media background check (thanks Wayback Machine). Nowadays proper, the pool from which to select a lover has expanded to include artificial intelligence. In todayâs post-ChatGPT age, AI girlfriend chatbots are on the market but you better keep it hush-hush⊠apparently, OpenAI donât want you to meet their digital darlings, especially Tiffany or Nadia.
Speaking of intelligence, the former director of the Pentagonâs All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), Sean Kirkpatrick, squashed our dreams in a recent interview, candidly admitting that UAP sightings (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena - we donât call them UFOs anymore) were likely just top secret military intelligence drones. Awesome. So why make such a big deal about releasing the UFO files? We donât buy it. Theyâre definitely hiding something.
On the topic of misinformation, in 1997, 14-year-old junior high school student Nathan Zohner warned his fellow students about a dangerous substance called dihydrogen monoxide, or DHMO. Itâs colourless, odourless, tasteless and yet kills thousands of people every year through accidental inhalation. Prolonged exposure to its solid form causes severe tissue damage and in its gaseous form, DHMO causes severe burns.
Itâs found in cancers and infected wounds, and large quantities have been confirmed in every river, stream, lake and reservoir in America. But most terrifying is that everyone who drinks DHMO goes on to eventually die. How can this be legal??
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The Rise of AI Girlfriends03:06 Open AI bans romantically oriented chatbots05:27 The Loophole for sex-related content09:06 Sean Kirkpatrick squashes UFO dreams 10:31 Spherical drones with cubes inside11:58 The Dangers of Dihydrogen Monoxide14:07 Twisting the facts to weaponise waterPREVIOUS EPISODE MENTIONED:
Smart Toilets, Brain Pics, Corpse Comfort, Nuclear Moon, Space Fashion, and Super ConductivitySOURCES:
OpenAI Struggling to Destroy Onslaught of AI GirlfriendsPentagonâs Ex-Alien Hunter Admits a Lot of UFO Sightings Are Secret Military CraftsHow A 14-Year-Old Boy Convinced His Class To Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide | IFLScienceSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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After the horrors of World War I, the Australian Federal Government gave thousands of discharged veterans money, land and the promise of a bright and happy agricultural life in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Life as a farmer wasnât easy, but at least these veterans had seen the last of the battlefield. Or so they thought.
The war was over but followed soon after by the great depression in 1929. Hoping to ease the pressure and literally put bread on the table for Australians, the Federal Government promised subsidies to the new farmers to increase their crop production. Wheat prices began to fall and farmers were left wanting when the subsidies never came. The farmers were screwed. And on top of all of this, they found themselves in a battle with an unexpected adversary, pillaging their wheat and destroying their rabbit fences: the emu.
As if plummeting wheat prices and broken promises weren't enough, the veterans-turned-farmers found themselves neck to ample neck with a literal army of emus. 20,000 birds had descended upon the wheat fields (coincidentally smack bang in the middle of their migration route), wreaking havoc on crop yields and perimeter infrastructure. The solution was, of course, clear to these battle-hardened farmers: Guns. Lots of guns.
CHAPTERS:
00:00 The Hardest Animals to Kill with a Gun02:36 The Plight of World War I Vets Turned Farmers05:06 The Arrival of the Emus07:58 The Farmers' Plea for Machine Guns12:04 Let the Emu War Begin15:50 First Battle Tactics and Failures17:34 Emus: Tough as Lead21:47 Australian Parliament discusses Emu Wars24:38 The War Continues until 196028:56 Bounty Put in Place to End the War30:02 The Emu War Becomes a MovieSOURCES:
Looking back: Australia's Emu Wars - Australian Geographic by Jasper Garner Gore October 18, 201619 Nov 1932 - "EMU WAR" DEFENDED. - TroveEmu War - WikipediaBBC Earth - The Great Emu War in Western Australia was a... | FacebookAustralia's Emu War spawns feature film, jokes and memes 90 years on - ABC NewsAustraliaâs emu war: John Cleese outrun in race to shoot movie of how flightless birds thwarted armyâs machine gunsAustralia Once Lost a War With the Mighty Emu | by Matthew Gault | War Is Boring | MediumAre Emus Dangerous? (Reasons They Attack + How To Avoid) | BirdfactTrailer Drops for Monster Fest 2023 Official Selection THE EMU WARSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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In our modern society, most people live their lives lurching from fix to fix from the digital syringe; relying on social media and telecommunication advances to feel connected to the world around them. Facetime, Instagram, LinkedIn, we froth it. Well, most people do. Some people want absolutely nothing to do with not only modern technology but with the rest of the world in general.
Around the globe, there are 100 or more "uncontacted" tribes, Indigenous peoples who avoid all contact with outsiders. Many of these people groups are in places like Brazil, Venezuela and Peru, probably hoping the beautiful rainforest they call home doesnât get completely decimated by the white man.
Over the years, outsiders have made some attempts to build connections with such tribes, in the hopes of understanding their cultures and respecting their way of life (well, weâd like to think that was their intention anyway). But the title of the most âuncontactedâ people today goes to the Sentinelese people, an isolated tribe living on North Sentinel Island located off the coast of India. And if werenât for the noteworthy, and quite frankly, arrogant efforts of John Chau, a devout Christian missionary in 2018, we doubt we would have ever heard of them.
CHAPTERS:
00:00 Uncontacted tribes around the globe05:09 Most uncontacted tribe today: The Sentinelese08:40 British Royal Navy kidnap Sentinelese children10:09 Anthropologist TM Panditâs expeditions to North Sentinel14:35 Indigenous rights groups protest to protect the Sentinelese people17:21 John Chauâs zealous Christian faith 22:01 Chauâs education and preparations for adventure26:09 Missionary Training in the Andaman Islands 28:30 Chau panics during his encounter with the Sentinelese32:11 Waterproof Bible saves Chau but not for long37:26 Stop trying to convert everyone to ChristianitySOURCES:
5 of the Most Isolated Peoples on Earth | Discover Magazine by Stephen C. George Nov 28, 2021The life and death of John Chau, the man who tried to convert his killers by J Oliver Conroy 3 Feb 2019 The Sentinelese: Who Are The Most Isolated Uncontacted Tribe On Earth? | IFLScience Tom Hale 15 June 2023The man who spent decades befriending isolated Sentinelese tribe by Swaminathan Natarajan 27 Nov 2018Andamans: US man's death puts spotlight on 'tribal tourism'North Sentinel Island: How can the Sentinelese people avoid contact with the outside world? - ABC News by Liam Butterworth 22 Nov 2018 Background - The SentineleseSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Weâre all afraid of something. Many people live with significant anxiety due to their fear of things such as heights, flying, public speaking, the number 8 for example (Octophobia - itâs a real thing). But one fear puts disproportionately more heebies in our jeebies: taphophobia, or the fear of being buried alive as a result of being incorrectly pronounced dead. To a mad few, it may seem a genuine irrational fear (like omphalophobia - the fear of belly buttons) but at least some solace can be taken in the fact that it is exceedingly rare⊠right? There wouldnât be an episode if that was the case!
Perhaps being trapped 6 feet under is more reality than nightmare. This was certainly the case in centuries past.
In the early 19th century, when Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein, it was remarkably common for people to be accidentally buried alive. It happened so frequently in fact, that some clever people came up with innovative escape coffins to help the poor buried people get out.
CHAPTERS:
00:00 Taphophobia: The fear of being buried alive01:00 Resuscitation Techniques in the 1700s03:26 The Story of Mary Wollstonecraft07:01 The Influence of Contemporary Science on Frankenstein10:20 What differentiates the living from the dead15:50 The Language of Life and Death in Frankenstein17:15 Historical Methods of Determining Death18:01 The Distinction Between Absolute and Apparent Death21:22 Historical Cases of Premature Burial27:39 Innovative Solutions to Avoid Premature Burial29:46 The Life Preserving Coffin: A Solution to Premature Burial37:01 The Modern Perception of DeathPREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
World's Most Kissed Face: Why CPR Doll Resusci-Anne Looks Like A French GirlThe Resurrectionists!The Vague Silver Lining of TobaccoSOURCES:
The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelleyâs Frankenstein â The Public Domain Review By Sharon RustonWhat are life-preserving coffins? â How It WorksTaphophobia and âlife preserving coffinsâ in the nineteenth century - Marco Cascella, 2016Life-preserving Coffin in Doubtful Cases of Death | Hagley Digital ArchivesMary Shelley - WikipediaSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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The 20th century was a golden era for ethically dubious brain studies. In 1950, Dr Jose Delgado had a vision to control aggressive behaviour using a device surgically implanted in the brain known as the Stimoceiver. How science fictiony is that?!
Delgado's journey toward creating a peaceful human race started with a bully macaque monkey who had been terrorising his cage mates. After successfully pacifying the angry monkey with the Stimoceiver, Delgado took the bull by the horns, quite literally. In 1963, a pivotal moment unfolded as Delgado tested the limits of the Stimoceiver in a dramatic experiment in the bull fighting arena. The public spectacle that followed thrust Delgado into the spotlight, drawing both admiration and ethical concerns.
Delgadoâs desire to create a "psycho-civilized society" caused some discomfort, with critics fearing the implications of the technology in the wrong hands. Whether controversial or revolutionary, Delgado's work remains a testament to the power of asking "What if..."
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
The Terrible History of The LobotomyTranscranial Magnetic StimulationSOURCES:
The Man Who Fought a Bull With Mind Control | Discover Magazine By Jack El-HaiMar 22, 2016Tribute to Jose Delgado, Legendary and Slightly Scary Pioneer of Mind Control - Scientific American Blog Network By John Horgan on September 25, 2017Jose Manuel Rodriguez Delgado | NeuropsychopharmacologyJosĂ© Manuel RodrĂguez Delgado - WikipediaâMatadorâ With a Radio Stops Wired Bull by John A. Osmundsen - New York Times, May 17, 1965Neuroanatomy, Amygdala - StatPearls - NCBI BookshelfTimothy C. Marzullo (2017) The Missing Manuscript of Dr. Jose Delgadoâs Radio Controlled Bulls. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2017 Spring; 15(2): R29âR35. Paul A. Offit (2017) Pandora's Lab: Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong. National GeographicSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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There are a lot of patron saints out there in the Catholic multiverse. They have saints for every day of the year and then some. Weâve all heard of the more famous saints like St. Paul, St. Peter and St. Patrick. What, no Saint Gary? Pfft. But then there are some lesser-known saints, but by no means less holy.
Take St. Bernardino for an example. He travelled all over Italy and preached to the public instead of reading boring sermons in church. He became known as one of the greatest orators of his time, drawing big crowds with his captivating sermons. Sounds great, until you learn that he preached anti-Semitism, the brutal persecution of homosexuality, and the occasional witch hunt. Nevertheless, his gift of the gab led him to be venerated as the saint of marketing, communications and PR. No joke.
Then thereâs St. Lawrence, who while being executed by the Romans (by being cooked on the grill) allegedly exclaimed after quite some time, âI'm done on this side, turn me overâ and became the saint of cooks, chefs, and comedians. You just canât make this stuff up.
And then some saints are very niche indeed. Like St. Lidwina of Schiedam, the patron saint of ice skating. At age 15, she fell over ice skating and broke her rib, which one source ominously states was the beginning of her martyrdom. No matter what medical intervention was applied, her rib just did not heal. She became progressively paralysed, soon unable to walk, her body slowly deteriorating to the point where she was confined to bed for the rest of her life.
But paralysis was just the beginning. Soon after her injury, gangrene set in and spread across her entire body. She had three large open wounds on her body where maggots feasted on her rotting flesh. She barely ate anything, surviving mostly on the Eucharist and had literally zero sleep for days, weeks, and even months on end. Then she began to shed. Skin, bones, parts of her intestines. Some stories suggest that she may have even puked out some bone. Her parents kept the offcasts in a vase, which would give off a sweet odour, making her quite popular with the townspeople.
All she could do was meditate on the âgiftâ of pain and suffering that God had given her. At about 25 years of age, Lidwina began to experience ecstasies and visions and apparently, many miracles took place at her bedside, gaining her the reputation as a healer and holy woman.
But despite her blissful spiritual experiences, Lidwina continued to suffer every imaginable pain. She had intense headaches, toothaches, fever, dropsy, (generalised swelling), she couldnât see out of her right eye, and her left eye was so weak that any light caused her pain. She was one big sore from head to foot and greatly emaciated. What a life.
Not only did she become the patron saint of ice skating, but she was also canonized as the patron saint of the chronically ill. And, as it turns out, Lidwina is thought to be one of, if not the first documented cases of multiple sclerosis.
Perhaps all that suffering was not so much Godâs will, but an awful degenerative disease of the nervous system.
But to live in that amount of pain, she must have received help from St. Drausnius, the patron saint of invincible people. Or maybe she prayed to St. Genesius, the saint of torture (as well as clowns, actors, lawyers and many other random things).
What else will they come up with? Patron saint of the internet? (Spoiler, they already have)
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
Dying For It: A Scientific Look At Death During Sex
SOURCES:
St. LidwinaSt Lydwine of SchiedamLidwina, WikipediaDoes the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century?R Medaer (1979) Acta Neurol Scand. 1979 Sep;60(3):189-92.10 Most Bizarre Patron Saints in Catholicism25 Patron Saints of Really Random ThingsSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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When we think of champions in the battle against climate change, names like Greta Thunberg, David Suzuki, and David Attenborough come to mind. But would you ever associate former US President Donald Trump with climate action? Probably not. But, his 2016 presidential campaign manager, Steve Bannon - you know the former investment banker, Hollywood executive, the guy whoâs continuously being charged and convicted of crimes - well, he played a surprising role in an incredible scientific endeavour which has been aiding in climate change research for decades. You think you know someone.
The story goes back to the 1970âs at an âintentional communityâ in New Mexico called Synergia Ranch. Whether or not it was a fancy name for a hippy cult, Synergia Ranch became a breeding ground for ideas about creating a self-contained, ecologically sustainable environment. Co-founder John Allen, an ecologist and playwright, dreamed of blending high-tech and ecological principles to create a self-sustaining wonderland.
Allen believed that the earth was already as good as dead, so he wanted to build a big ass terrarium where plants, animals and humans could thrive. But he needed cash. Heaps of it. Enter stage right, Allenâs billionaire buddy, Texas oil tycoon, Edward Bass. Bass contributed a staggering $150 million (petty cash really) and became the Chair of the Space Biosphere Ventures company which administered and managed the whole project. In 1991, Allenâs dream was realised and the construction of the Biosphere 2 was complete - biosphere 1 is Earth. Makes sense.
A 3.14-acre terrarium with 6,500 windows, reaching nearly 28 meters in height and sealed by a 500-ton welded stainless steel liner. Containing a small ocean, mangrove wetlands, tropical rainforest, Savannah grassland, and a fog desert, Biosphere 2 was the solution for the survival of humanity. The goal was to house eight "biospherians" who would live entirely within this self-contained ecosystem, growing their own food, recycling waste, and demonstrating that humans could potentially survive in space. Could they really pull this off? Or would the whole thing turn into green slime?
Well, there were a few challenges. Within two weeks, theyâd broken the rules by sending one biospherian to the hospital (she chopped off her finger) and she sneakily brought back some supplies. They also tuckered into their emergency food supplies way sooner than expected and then around the 8-month mark, oxygen levels were dangerously low because of an explosion of oxygen gulping bacteria in the soil. Youâd think thereâd be excess CO2 because of that, but no, it chemically bonded with the concrete in the structure. You canât make this shit up. Hummingbirds and honeybees died, crops went unpollinated, bugs attacked what remained and cockroaches reigned supreme. It was a hot mess.
Needless to say, Biosphere 2 wasnât getting good press. Bass had already put in another $50 million into the project and needed to get the finances under control. Enter stage left, Steven Bannon, who was managing his own investment banking firm at the time. Bannon was interested in Biosphere 2âs potential and, after failed attempts to secure venture capital, Bannon proposed a bold marketing plan: sell biospheres to governments worldwide and build Biosphere 3 as a Las Vegas casino and resort. Can you imagine⊠gambling amongst the corpses of hummingbirds.
Anyway, Bass agreed, and the solution was to remove John Allen from control and appoint Bannon as acting CEO. But Bannon's takeover in April 1994 was nothing short of dramatic. In an audacious move, accompanied by U.S. marshals, Bannon entered Biosphere 2 and purged the entire management team just as the second team of biospherians moved in. It was a shit show. Ecologist, Abigail Alling and engineer, Mark Van Thillo, two passionate defenders of the project, were concerned about safety but were arrested after trying to break the system's safety valves and open the doors. What followed was a complex legal battle, with the jury eventually finding in favour of Alling and Van Thillo, awarding them $600,000.
The second team of biospherians tried to continue the mission, but it was cut short. In 1995, Bannon brokered a deal with Columbia University to manage Biosphere 2 and focus on using the giant terrarium for climate research instead of the original experiment. In 2003, the University of Arizona took over, and today Biosphere 2 continues its important mission as a climate research facility. Like a time machine, it allows scientists to simulate future climate scenarios and study their impact on various ecosystems. Itâs bloody fantastic.
But weâre still gobsmacked that Steve Bannon was the guy who made all this happen.
Fired For Slow Travel: A Chat With Climate Scientist Gianluca Grimalda
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:SOURCES:
Trumpâs Campaign CEO Ran a Secretive Sci-Fi Project in the Arizona Desert â Mother JonesThe Lost History of One of the Worldâs Strangest Science Experiments - The New York TimesHow Hollywood Remembers Steve Bannon | The New YorkerBiosphere 2: The Once Infamous Live-In Terrarium Is Transforming Climate Research | Scientific AmericanVladimir Vernadsky - WikipediaBiosphere - WikipediaUsing a Closed Ecological System to Study Earth's Biosphere | BioScience | Oxford Academic Vol. 43, No. 4 (Apr., 1993), pp. 225-236 (12 pages)About Biosphere 2See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Christmas, the most wonderful time of the year. Festive feasting on sweet delicacies, children filled with wonder, awaiting Santaâs visit on Christmas Eve. Unless of course, you subscribe to some of the lesser-known Northern European traditions. Then Christmas is downright horrifying.
Hans Trapp for example. After being excommunicated from his local catholic church, Hans Trapp roamed the countryside disguised as a scarecrow, obsessed with the idea of tasting human flesh. He lured a young shepherd boy to his death, cooked him over a fire and just when he was about to eat him, God struck him down with lightning. Heâs dead now, but legend has it that at Christmas time, Hans Trapp goes from door to door looking for tasty young children.
Thereâs also Krampus, a demonic half-goat Christmas monster who kidnaps children and either drowns them, eats them or drags them to hell. Okaaay. And we mustnât forget GrĂœla, a giant ogre who lives in a cave and emerges at Christmas to hunt for children to cook into a stew. Nothing says Merry Christmas like child cannibalism apparently.
Speaking of eating, not every country is into Christmas cookies. Some cultures prefer more unique delicacies, like the Russian favourite, Holodets, AKA meat jelly. Itâs not the most appealing looking (or sounding) thing. The Soviets could work a little harder on their branding and aesthetics. Or how about some Lutefisk? Itâs made from aged fish and caustic lye. You basically turn the fish into poison, then add enough water so itâs edible. Oh, and it corrodes silver.
But if you want to go fancy this Christmas, how about you try Kiviyak, a classic recipe from Greenland. You take about 500 auks (you know those birds that look like a mini penguins). Then you stuff them, beaks, feathers and all, into the hollowed-out carcus of a seal. Cover it in grease, put it in a hole and cover it with rocks for three to 18 months while it ferments. Delicious.
Now for those more inclined toward festive pastries, you better hope thereâs enough butter, unlike the great Norwegian butter crisis of Christmas in 2011. The Nordic brethren got a little crazy when butter shortages left them imagining Christmas without their buns and biscuits. There were supermarket stampedes, butter smuggling arrests, and desperate Norwegians paying up to 50 pounds per stick. Much like the great Hawaiian toilet paper shortage in 1971. By the time Christmas rolled around, Hawaii was a post-apocalyptic scene of people guarding their TP supplies with their lives
We all know Christmas is about giving, and what better gift than Hasbro javelin darts. These outdoor missile darts were fun for the whole family in the 1960s until the ER visits started ramping up. There were also a few deaths. Letâs just say these things could pierce skulls, and in one case, they definitely did.
Another super fun toy was the Wego kite tubes, a giant ring you tie to the back of a speedboat. Certainly not your average floatation device, Wego resulted in riders losing consciousness, breaking vertebra, rupturing eardrums and puncturing lungs. That product got recalled and quickly became illegal to use in the USA and Canada.
So, whatever youâre into at Christmas, maybe steer away from deadly toys, poisonous food and terrifying your children with tales of cannibalism. Also, letâs hope you get some new clothes for Christmas so you don't get eaten by an evil giant cat. Itâs an Icelandic thing.
Swedes arrested for butter smugglingLet us Celebrate the Anniversary of Norway's Infamous Butter CrisisJust Tickled - January 13, 1997The Worst Christmas Shortages in HistoryRemembering The Short Lived And Deadly âKite Tubeâ Craze by Francis Xavier September 3, 2019The seven most terrifying Christmas traditions around the world, The Guardianhttps://disgustingfoodmuseum.com/disgusting-christmas-foods/https://commonplacefacts.com/2021/09/26/flubber-toy-flop/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/29/toilet-paper-shortage-hawaii/https://www.safehome.org/news/most-dangerous-toys/https://unofficialnetworks.com/2019/09/03/remembering-the-short-lived-and-deadly-kite-tube-craze/https://www.vox.com/21796404/12-days-of-christmas-explained
SOURCES:See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Dr Anthony Lanza had quite an impressive career. Amongst many things, he discovered the cause of the lung disease, silicosis, and founded the discipline of industrial hygiene, making workplace environments more safe for employees. He was also a beloved teacher and researcher at New York University in the final years of his career. What a guy. But when he died in 1964, Dr Lanza's far less laudatory secret career came to light and he had a lot of haters.
Over the last 2 episodes of our asbestos series, weâve heard about the miracle of asbestos and the horrors of asbestos. But when did we learn how bad the stuff was?
In Ancient Roman times, Pliny the Elder recommended not to buy asbestos mine slaves because they died pretty young. (Good advice I guess ??). So maybe they knew a thing or two back then. But letâs fast forward to more modern times because thatâs when the health risks associated with asbestos started emerging in the academic and medical literature.
The first asbestosis death that was officially linked to asbestos exposure was in 1924. A few other asbestos-related deaths were happening around that time too so in 1929, asbestos companies commissioned our friend Dr. Lanza to run an industrial hygiene survey of several of their asbestos plants and factories.
After conducting a bunch of physical examinations and X-rays, Dr Lanza found that asbestosis was rife in the workers. But instead of gently breaking the news to them that they would die a slow, horrible death, he decided it was better to not tell them anything and instead tell the executives. Hmmm. Maybe not so nice.
Later, Dr Kenneth Smith was working at one of the big asbestos companies, Johns-Manville, and a bunch of workers with early signs of asbestosis came to see him. What did he do? Well, he told the company executives to hide the results from the workers, for their own good of course. And because he really cared about the workerâs well-being, he suggested the executives purchase a shredding machine to destroy any âconfidentialâ correspondence. Dr Smith then became the medical director at Johns Manville. He was a keeper.
So, by 1943, big asbestos companies knew that asbestosis was definitely a thing. But how bad was it? They decided to commission Dr Lanza again, but this time to do an animal trial.
The study showed that 81.8% of the mice they experimented on developed lung tumours upon asbestos exposure.
However, that study was considered inconclusive (81.8%!) and much too problematic to take to the public. Better destroy the study altogether and say everythingâs fine. Just smile and wave.
A bit further down the track, the asbestos industry was forced to put warning labels on bags and crates of asbestos. And they did. In the smallest font they possibly could. And when sending crates of asbestos overseas, they just removed the warning label altogether.
It wasnât until 1964, some 40 years after the official recorded death, at Irving Selikoffâs international conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos that the link between asbestos exposure and cancer was firmly established.
And in 1978,18 years later, a series of documents from the asbestos companies came to light. They were described by a bunch of lawyers as being like the Pentagon papers for the asbestos industry, revealing studies they had done, what they knew about the dangers and what they had done to cover it up.
No doubt the asbestos executives regretted not buying a shredder.
From Toothpaste and Cigarettes: The Lesser Known Uses Of AsbestosWittenoom: Australia's Asbestos Chernobyl Wiped Town Off The Map
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:SOURCES:
Defending the Indefensible, by Jock McCulloch and Geoffrey TweedaleNew Data on Asbestos Indicate Cover-Up of Effects on Workers, by Bill Richards in The Washington PostShooting the Messenger: The Vilification of Irving J. Selikoff, by Jock McCulloch and Geoffrey Tweedale in International Journal of Health ServicesThe Real Asbestos Horror Story, Spider JohnsonThe silence: the asbestos industry and early occupational cancer research--a case study, in Am J Public HealthSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Australia is a wondrous country with endless sights to see. The Great Barrier Reef, Sydney Opera House, Bondi Beach, the vast sunburnt deserts... and a tiny town in Western Australia where, if you breathe, your chances of dying a horrible death will be vastly increased.
Wittenoom, considered Australia's version of Chernobyl, is a site that no one should visit (and yet some still do). Back in the 1930s, before Wittenoom was even a town, a young man named Lang Hancock kicked off a mining boom after discovering a beautiful blue rock: premium-grade blue asbestos. At first, the asbestos mining was more like fossicking on the surface, but things really kicked off when CSR (a famous Australian sugar refining company!) bought the mine and decided to take things underground.
After World War II, the demand for asbestos grew due to the lack of imports so the Australian government decided to help CSR and make their mine go gangbusters. They even built them a town with a post office, hospital, police station, state school (and likely many pubs). They wanted everyone to go live in Wittenoom so they could mine the crap out of it.
The problem is, mining sucks. Itâs one of the worst jobs ever. Crawling through small, dark tunnels, miners would be covered in cuts all over their bodies, dust filling up their lungs and eyeballs. The whole mine was one giant dust cloud. CSR tried to fix it with some Rotoclone dust-collecting units, but they lasted for a grand total of 64 operating hours because the asbestos dust corroded them.
The mining part was bad, but the next stage of the process was even worse. Once the rock had been extracted, it was sent to the mill to be smashed into tiny fragments. Then it had to be bagged, where workers would be covered head to toe in asbestos fibres. After the bagging, they had to do something with the leftover stuff, the asbestos tailings. What did they do with that? Oh, they just dumped it wherever they could, even in the kidsâ sandpits. Sometimes the kids would chew on the asbestos tailings as a substitute for chewing gum. Hey, it corrodes metal fans, what harm could it do to kids?
Needless to say, Wittenoom was a shit place to live. The town was covered in dust all the time, so much so that the Royal Flying Doctors knew exactly where the town was from 100km away because of the giant blue plume of smoke.
Little did the people of Wittenoom know what was to unfold was worse yet. There are basically two diseases that asbestos causes and they go from bad to worse. The first is asbestosis, which is chronic scarring of the lungs. Death usually comes from something like heart failure because itâs so damn hard to breathe. For those who donât die, their fate is to survive through decades of horrible pain. The other thing that can happen is mesothelioma, which is cancer in the lining of your organs. It is truly a horrible way to die and all it takes is one asbestos particle to do it.
Throughout the 1950s and 60s, more and more cases of asbestosis and mesothelioma began to emerge. In 1960, Dr. McNulty did a series of chest X-rays of the Wittenoom mine workers and one quarter of them were affected. Asbestos related diseases cause approximately 4,000 deaths every year in Australia, with one person dying every 12 hours from mesothelioma.
But nothing anyone did caused the mining to stop⊠it just wasnât profitable anymore.
Eventually in 1966, they closed the mine (only because they could import asbestos for cheaper) and in 1978 the Western Australian government decided to phase out the town. It took decades for this to happen though, gradually closing down businesses, schools and pubs. Now itâs a wasteland but there was one faithful resident who refused to leave until finally she was evicted in 2022 by a team wearing full protective gear and face masks.
So, unless you want to risk dying a slow and painful death, maybe donât go visit the largest contaminated site in the Southern Hemisphere.
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:
From Toothpaste To Cigarettes: The Lesser Known Uses Of AsbestosSOURCES:
Asbestos caused psychiatric injury, The AgeChilling image shows group of miners competing in an asbestos shovelling contest...and all of them except one died from exposure to the deadly mineral, Daily MailDemolition of asbestos town Wittenoom starts, as government warns visitors to stay away, ABCLast homes in asbestos-riddled Wittenoom to be demolished, but some want to stay, ABCMemories of Wittenoom, a once-thriving but asbestos-riddled town that led to more than 1,000 deaths, ABCMore than 2,000 people from Wittenoom died of asbestos-related diseases. A powerful andcompelling requiem brings their story to the stage, The ConversationPermanent Memorials, Asbestos Diseases Society of AustraliaSistemazione and death: the role of the Wittenoom asbestos mine in the lives and deaths of Italian transnational workers, by Angela DI PasqualeThatâs iron, he said, The Australian Womenâs WeeklyThe discovery of the association between blue asbestos and mesotheliomas and the aftermath, JC Wagner, British Journal of Industrial MedicineWA Lands Minister John Carey stands by eviction of last Wittenoom resident Lorraine Thomas, ABCSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Asbestos. Do you feel like coughing just thinking about it? Most of us shudder to hear the word - itâs a substance that has caused hundreds and thousands of horrible, painful deaths. And yet itâs one of the most goddamn amazing things on the planet.
Weâve all heard about the horrors of asbestos. But what about the miraculous side of it? Think about it - itâs a rock that you can make clothes out of, and banknotes for that matter. Itâs wild. A weaveable, fire-resistant, rot-resistant rock. Thereâs literally nothing else like it on the planet. With all our advances in science and modern manufacturing techniques, we still havenât been able to come up with something to match it.
The use of asbestos skyrocketed in the industrial era, but there are actually signs of this magical rock being used all the way back in 4000 BC. Some people even found asbestos fibres in stone age debris, dating back some 750,000 years ago (but that could be just coincidental - there were a lot of rocks being used back then amirite).
For ancient peoples, asbestos was so magical that it seemed to belong more to the realm of fairy tales than to real life. Some believed that it was derived from the wool of the mythical fire-resistant salamander or the feathers of the phoenix. Others confidently claimed that it was spun from the long, silky fur of rats that lived inside volcanoes. Okay, the stories are a bit far-fetched, but they were onto something. Asbestos is freaking magical.
In the Middle Ages, asbestos was considered the party trick of kings. Not only did it protect against medieval spells, but it helped with magic tricks too. King Charlemagne apparently had an asbestos tablecloth, and when his guests had finished eating, he would rip the tablecloth off and throw it in the fire. In the blaze, the cloth would turn fiery red, but not burn. Heâd take it out and say (in medieval French), âLook, clean!â Now thatâs a party trick. And apparently, it was so impressive that it even stopped a war from happening. Nobody messes with King Charlemagne and his magic tablecloth.
Now we all know the boring modern uses of asbestos such as building materials, roofing, fireplaces etc. Boring. We want to know the more creative uses for this magical rock. Well, how does asbestos toothpaste sound to you? Or an asbestos cigarette for that extra lung-scarring flavour. And if youâre working with asbestos and are worried about inhaling the fibres, not to worry - just pop on a face mask⊠made out of asbestos.
To really get the Christmas season going, perhaps these holidays, you could decorate your tree with fluffy asbestos artificial snow! (Donât do this.) So much fun for the kids (for now).
Iroquois Theater Blaze: The Tragic Fire That Ignited The Evolution Of Exit Lights
PREVIOUS EPISODES MENTIONED:SOURCES:
Asbestos, on How Products are MadeAsbestos: Geology, Mineralogy, Mining and Uses by Robert L Virta for the US Dept of theInteriorASBESTOS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, UNRV.comCharlemagne's Asbestos Tablecloth Mystery AsbestosClaims.LawHistory of Asbestos on asbestos.comHow to be a Movie Star: Elizabeth Taylor in Hollywood 1941-1981 by William J MannThe Legend of Oscar-Winning Producer-Showman Mike Todd by Michael CallahanWhen Asbestos Was a Gift Fit for a KingSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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