Episodes

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the German physicist who, at the age of 23 and while still a student, effectively created quantum mechanics for which he later won the Nobel Prize. Werner Heisenberg made this breakthrough in a paper in 1925 when, rather than starting with an idea of where atomic particles were at any one time, he worked backwards from what he observed of atoms and their particles and the light they emitted, doing away with the idea of their continuous orbit of the nucleus and replacing this with equations. This was momentous and from this flowed what’s known as his Uncertainty Principle, the idea that, for example, you can accurately measure the position of an atomic particle or its momentum, but not both.

    With

    Fay DowkerProfessor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London

    Harry CliffResearch Fellow in Particle Physics at the University of Cambridge

    And

    Frank CloseProfessor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics and Fellow Emeritus at Exeter College at the University of Oxford

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Philip Ball, Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew about Quantum Physics Is Different (Vintage, 2018)

    John Bell, ‘Against 'measurement'’ (Physics World, Vol 3, No 8, 1990)

    Mara Beller, Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2001)

    David C. Cassidy, Beyond Uncertainty: Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, And The Bomb (Bellevue Literary Press, 2010)

    Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy (first published 1958; Penguin Classics, 2000)

    Carlo Rovelli, Helgoland: The Strange and Beautiful Story of Quantum Physics (Penguin, 2022)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the infamous assault of an army of the Holy Roman Emperor on the city of Rome in 1527. The troops soon broke through the walls of this holy city and, with their leader shot dead early on, they brought death and destruction to the city on an epic scale. Later writers compared it to the fall of Carthage or Jerusalem and soon the mass murder, torture, rape and looting were followed by disease which was worsened by starvation and opened graves. It has been called the end of the High Renaissance, a conflict between north and south, between Lutherans and Catholics, and a fulfilment of prophecy of divine vengeance and, perhaps more persuasively, a consequence of military leaders not feeding or paying their soldiers other than by looting.

    With

    Stephen BowdProfessor of Early Modern History at the University of Edinburgh

    Jessica GoethalsAssociate Professor of Italian at the University of Alabama

    And

    Catherine FletcherProfessor of History at Manchester Metropolitan University

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Stephen Bowd, Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers during the Italian Wars (Oxford University Press, 2018)

    Benvenuto Cellini, Autobiography (Penguin Classics, 1999)

    Benvenuto Cellini (trans. Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella), My Life (Oxford University Press, 2009)

    André Chastel (trans. Beth Archer), The Sack of Rome 1527 (Princeton University Press, 1983

    Catherine Fletcher, The Beauty and the Terror: An Alternative History of the Italian Renaissance (Bodley Head, 2020)

    Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss (eds), The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture (Routledge, 2005)

    Francesco Guicciardini (trans. Sidney Alexander), The History of Italy (first published 1561; Princeton University Press, 2020)

    Luigi Guicciardini (trans. James H. McGregor), The Sack of Rome (first published 1537; Italica Press, 2008)

    Judith Hook, The Sack of Rome (2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)

    Geoffrey Parker, Emperor: A New Life of Charles V (Yale University Press, 2019)

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  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Lewis Carroll's book which first appeared in print in 1865 with illustrations by John Tenniel. It has since become one of the best known works in English, captivating readers who follow young Alice as she chases a white rabbit, pink eyed, in a waistcoat with pocket watch, down a rabbit hole that becomes a well and into wonderland. There she meets the Cheshire Cat, the Hatter, the March Hare, the Mock Turtle and more, all the while growing smaller and larger, finally outgrowing everyone at the trial of Who Stole the Tarts from the Queen of Hearts and exclaiming 'Who cares for you? You’re nothing but a pack of cards!'

    With

    Franziska KohltLeverhulme Research Fellow in the History of Science at the University of Leeds and the Inaugural Carrollian Fellow of the University of Southern California

    Kiera VaclavikProfessor of Children’s Literature and Childhood Culture at Queen Mary, University of London

    And

    Robert Douglas-FairhurstProfessor of English Literature at Magdalen College, University of Oxford

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Kate Bailey and Simon Sladen (eds), Alice: Curiouser and Curiouser (V&A Publishing, 2021)

    Gillian Beer, Alice in Space: The Sideways Victorian World of Lewis Carroll (University of Chicago Press, 2016)

    Will Brooker, Alice's Adventures: Lewis Carroll and Alice in Popular Culture (Continuum, 2004)

    Humphrey Carpenter, Secret Gardens: A Study of the Golden Age of Children’s Literature (first published 1985; Faber and Faber, 2009)

    Lewis Carroll (introduced by Martin Gardner), The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition, (W. W. Norton & Company, 2000)

    Gavin Delahunty and Christoph Benjamin Schulz (eds), Alice in Wonderland Through the Visual Arts (Tate Publishing, 2011)

    Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland (Harvill Secker, 2015)

    Colleen Hill, Fairy Tale Fashion (Yale University Press, 2016)

    Franziska Kohlt, Alice through the Wonderglass: The Surprising Histories of a Children's Classic (Reaktion, forthcoming 2025) Franziska Kohlt and Justine Houyaux (eds.), Alice: Through the Looking-Glass: A Companion (Peter Lang, forthcoming 2024)

    Charlie Lovett, Lewis Carroll: Formed by Faith (University of Virginia Press, 2022)

    Elizabeth Sewell, The Field of Nonsense (first published 1952; Dalkey Archive Press, 2016)

    Kiera Vaclavik, 'Listening to the Alice books' (Journal of Victorian Culture, Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2021)

    Diane Waggoner, Lewis Carroll's Photography and Modern Childhood (Princeton University Press 2020)

    Edward Wakeling, The Man and his Circle (IB Tauris, 2014)

    Edward Wakeling, The Photographs of Lewis Carroll: A Catalogue Raisonné (University of Texas Press, 2015)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss some of the chemical signals coursing through our bodies throughout our lives, produced in separate areas and spreading via the bloodstream. We call these 'hormones' and we produce more than 80 of them of which the best known are arguably oestrogen, testosterone, adrenalin, insulin and cortisol. On the whole hormones operate without us being immediately conscious of them as their goal is homeostasis, maintaining the levels of everything in the body as required without us having to think about them first. Their actions are vital for our health and wellbeing and influence many different aspects of the way our bodies work.

    With

    Sadaf FarooqiProfessor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge

    Rebecca ReynoldsProfessor of Metabolic Medicine at the University of Edinburgh

    And

    Andrew BicknellAssociate Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Reading

    Produced by Victoria Brignell

    Reading list:

    Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (first published 1962; Penguin Classics, 2000)

    Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead, Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach (BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001)

    Aylinr Y. Yilmaz, Comprehensive Introduction to Endocrinology for Novices (Independently published, 2023)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Hanseatic League or Hansa which dominated North European trade in the medieval period. With a trading network that stretched from Iceland to Novgorod via London and Bruges, these German-speaking Hansa merchants benefitted from tax exemptions and monopolies. Over time, the Hansa became immensely influential as rulers felt the need to treat it well. Kings and princes sometimes relied on loans from the Hansa to finance their wars and an embargo by the Hansa could lead to famine. Eventually, though, the Hansa went into decline with the rise in the nation state’s power, greater competition from other merchants and the development of trade across the Atlantic.

    With

    Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz Associate Professor of Medieval History at the University of Amsterdam

    Georg ChristSenior Lecturer in Medieval and Early Modern History at the University of Manchester

    And

    Sheilagh Ogilvie Chichele Professor of Economic History at All Souls College, University of Oxford

    Producer: Victoria Brignell

    Reading list:

    James S. Amelang and Siegfried Beer, Public Power in Europe: Studies in Historical Transformations (Plus-Pisa University Press, 2006), especially `Trade and Politics in the Medieval Baltic: English Merchants and England’s Relations to the Hanseatic League 1370–1437`

    Nicholas R. Amor, Late Medieval Ipswich: Trade and Industry (Boydell & Brewer, 2011)

    B. Ayers, The German Ocean: Medieval Europe around the North Sea (Equinox, 2016)

    H. Brand and P. Brood, The German Hanse in Past & Present Europe: A medieval league as a model for modern interregional cooperation? (Castel International Publishers, 2007)

    Wendy R. Childs, The Trade and Shipping of Hull, 1300-1500 (East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1990)

    Alexander Cowan, Hanseatic League: Oxford Bibliographies (Oxford University Press, 2010)

    Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (Macmillan, 1970)

    John D. Fudge, Cargoes, Embargoes and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450-1510 (University of Toronto Press, 1995)

    Donald J. Harreld, A Companion to the Hanseatic League (Brill, 2015)

    T.H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157 – 1611: A Study of their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (first published 1991; Cambridge University Press, 2002)

    Giampiero Nigro (ed.), Maritime networks as a factor in European integration (Fondazione Istituto Internazionale Di Storia Economica “F. Datini” Prato, University of Firenze, 2019), especially ‘Maritime Networks and Premodern Conflict Management on Multiple Levels. The Example of Danzig and the Giese Family’ by Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz

    Sheilagh Ogilvie, Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000-1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2011)

    Paul Richards (ed.), Six Essays in Hanseatic History (Poppyland Publishing, 2017)

    Paul Richards, King’s Lynn and The German Hanse 1250-1550: A Study in Anglo-German Medieval Trade and Politics (Poppyland Publishing, 2022)

    Stephen H. Rigby, The Overseas Trade of Boston, 1279-1548 (Böhlau Verlag, 2023)

    Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz and Stuart Jenks (eds.), The Hanse in Medieval & Early Modern Europe (Brill, 2012) Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz, ‘The late medieval and early modern Hanse as an institution of conflict management’ (Continuity and Change 32/1, Cambridge University Press, 2017)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea that some kind of consciousness is present not just in our human brains but throughout the universe, right down to cells or even electrons. This is panpsychism and its proponents argue it offers a compelling alternative to those who say we are nothing but matter, like machines, and to those who say we are both matter and something else we might call soul. It is a third way. Critics argue panpsychism is implausible, an example of how not to approach this problem, yet interest has been growing widely in recent decades partly for the idea itself and partly in the broader context of understanding how consciousness arises.

    With

    Tim CraneProfessor of Philosophy and Pro-Rector at the Central European UniversityDirector of Research, FWF Cluster of Excellence, Knowledge in Crisis

    Joanna Leidenhag,Associate Professor in Theology and Philosophy at the University of Leeds

    And

    Philip GoffProfessor of Philosophy at Durham University

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Anthony Freeman (ed.), Consciousness and Its Place in Nature: Does Physicalism Entail Panpsychism? (Imprint Academic, 2006), especially 'Realistic Monism' by Galen Strawson

    Philip Goff, Galileo's Error: Foundations for A New Science of Consciousness (Pantheon, 2019)

    Philip Goff, Why? The Purpose of the Universe (Oxford University Press, 2023)

    David Ray Griffin, Unsnarling the World-Knot: Consciousness, Freedom and the Mind-Body Problem (Wipf & Stock, 2008)

    Joanna Leidenhag, Minding Creation: Theological Panpsychism and the Doctrine of Creation (Bloomsbury, 2021)

    Joanna Leidenhag, ‘Panpsychism and God’ (Philosophy Compass Vol 17, Is 12, e12889)

    Hedda Hassel Mørch, Non-physicalist Theories of Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, 2024)

    Thomas Nagel, Mortal Questions (Cambridge University Press, 2012), especially the chapter 'Panpsychism'

    David Skrbina, Panpsychism in the West (MIT Press, 2007) James van Cleve, 'Mind-Dust or Magic? Panpsychism versus Emergence' (Philosophical Perspectives Vol. 4, Action Theory and Philosophy of Mind, Ridgeview Publishing Company, 1990)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the woman who inspired one of the best known artefacts from ancient Egypt. The Bust of Nefertiti is multicoloured and symmetrical, about 49cm/18" high and, despite the missing left eye, still holds the gaze of onlookers below its tall, blue, flat topped headdress. Its discovery in 1912 in Amarna was kept quiet at first but its display in Berlin in the 1920s caused a sensation, with replicas sent out across the world. Ever since, as with Tutankhamun perhaps, the concrete facts about Nefertiti herself have barely kept up with the theories, the legends and the speculation, reinvigorated with each new discovery.

    With

    Aidan DodsonHonorary Professor of Egyptology at the University of Bristol

    Joyce TyldesleyProfessor of Egyptology at the University of Manchester

    And

    Kate SpenceSenior Lecturer in Egyptian Archaeology at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Emmanuel College

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Dorothea Arnold (ed.), The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996) Norman de Garis Davies, The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna (6 vols. Egypt Exploration Society, 1903-1908) Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb and the Egyptian Counter-reformation. (American University in Cairo Press, 2009 Aidan Dodson, Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh of Egypt: her life and afterlife (American University in Cairo Press, 2020)

    Aidan Dodson, Tutankhamun: King of Egypt: his life and afterlife (American University in Cairo Press, 2022)

    Barry Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People (Thames and Hudson, 2012)

    Dominic Montserrat, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt (Routledge, 2002)

    Friederike Seyfried (ed.), In the Light of Amarna: 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery (Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussamlung Staatlich Museen zu Berlin/ Michael Imhof Verlag, 2013)

    Joyce Tyldesley, Tutankhamun: Pharaoh, Icon, Enigma (Headline, 2022)

    Joyce Tyldesley, Nefertiti’s Face: The Creation of an Icon (Profile Books, 2018)

    Joyce Tyldesley, Nefertiti: Egypt’s Sun Queen (Viking, 1998)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Nicolas de Condorcet (1743-94), known as the Last of the Philosophes, the intellectuals in the French Enlightenment who sought to apply their learning to solving the problems of their world. He became a passionate believer in the progress of society, an advocate for equal rights for women and the abolition of the slave trade and for representative government. The French Revolution gave him a chance to advance those ideas and, while the Terror brought his life to an end, his wife Sophie de Grouchy 91764-1822) ensured his influence into the next century and beyond.

    With

    Rachel HammersleyProfessor of Intellectual History at Newcastle University

    Richard WhatmoreProfessor of Modern History at the University of St Andrews and Co-Director of the St Andrews Institute of Intellectual History

    And

    Tom HopkinsSenior Teaching Associate in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Selwyn College

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Keith Michael Baker, Condorcet: From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics (University of Chicago Press, 1974)

    Keith Michael Baker, ‘On Condorcet’s Sketch’ (Daedalus, summer 2004)

    Lorraine Daston, ‘Condorcet and the Meaning of Enlightenment’ (Proceedings of the British Academy, 2009)

    Dan Edelstein, The Enlightenment: A Genealogy (Chicago University Press, 2010)

    Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2006), especially ‘Ideology and the Origins of Social Science’ by Robert Wokler

    Gary Kates, The Cercle Social, the Girondins, and the French Revolution (Princeton University Press, 1985)

    Steven Lukes and Nadia Urbinati (eds.), Condorcet: Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 2009)

    Kathleen McCrudden Illert, A Republic of Sympathy: Sophie de Grouchy's Politics and Philosophy, 1785-1815 (Cambridge University Press, 2024)

    Iain McLean and Fiona Hewitt (eds.), Condorcet: Foundations of Social Choice and Political Theory (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 1994)

    Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment, (Harvard University Press, 2001)

    Richard Whatmore, The End of Enlightenment (Allen Lane, 2023)

    David Williams, Condorcet and Modernity (Cambridge University Press, 2004)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of Shakespeare’s great comedies, which plays in the space between marriage, love and desire. By convention a wedding means a happy ending and here there are three, but neither Orsino nor Viola, Olivia nor Sebastian know much of each other’s true character and even the identities of the twins Viola and Sebastian have only just been revealed to their spouses to be. These twins gain some financial security but it is unclear what precisely the older Orsino and Olivia find enduringly attractive in the adolescent objects of their love. Meanwhile their hopes and illusions are framed by the fury of Malvolio, tricked into trusting his mistress Olivia loved him and who swears an undefined revenge on all those who mocked him.

    With

    Pascale AebischerProfessor of Shakespeare and Early Modern Performance Studies at the University of Exeter

    Michael DobsonProfessor of Shakespeare Studies and Director of the Shakespeare Institute at the University of Birmingham

    And

    Emma SmithProfessor of Shakespeare Studies at Hertford College, University of Oxford

    Produced by Simon Tillotson, Victoria Brignell and Luke Mulhall

    Reading list:

    C.L. Barber, Shakespeare’s Festive Comedies: A Study of Dramatic Form and Its Relation to Social Custom (first published 1959; Princeton University Press, 2011)

    Simone Chess, ‘Queer Residue: Boy Actors’ Adult Careers in Early Modern England’ (Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 19.4, 2020)

    Callan Davies, What is a Playhouse? England at Play, 1520-1620 (Routledge, 2023)

    Frances E. Dolan, Twelfth Night: Language and Writing (Bloomsbury, 2014)

    John Drakakis (ed.), Alternative Shakespeares (Psychology Press, 2002), especially ‘Disrupting Sexual Difference: Meaning and Gender in the Comedies’ by Catherine Belsey

    Bart van Es, Shakespeare’s Comedies: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2016)

    Sonya Freeman Loftis, Mardy Philippian and Justin P. Shaw (eds.), Inclusive Shakespeares: Identity, Pedagogy, Performance (Palgrave Macmillan, 2023), especially ‘”I am all the daughters of my father’s house, and all the brothers too”: Genderfluid Potentiality in As You Like It and Twelfth Night’ by Eric Brinkman

    Ezra Horbury, ‘Transgender Reassessments of the Cross-Dressed Page in Shakespeare, Philaster, and The Honest Man’s Fortune’ (Shakespeare Quarterly 73, 2022)

    Jean Howard, ‘Crossdressing, the theatre, and gender struggle in early modern England’ (Shakespeare Quarterly 39, 1988)

    Harry McCarthy, Boy Actors in Early Modern England: Skill and Stagecraft in the Theatre (Cambridge University Press, 2022)

    Stephen Orgel, Impersonations: The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare's England (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

    William Shakespeare (eds. Michael Dobson and Molly Mahood), Twelfth Night (Penguin, 2005)

    William Shakespeare (ed. Keir Elam), Twelfth Night (Arden Shakespeare, 2008)

    Emma Smith, This is Shakespeare: How to Read the World's Greatest Playwright (Pelican, 2019)

    Victoria Sparey, Shakespeare’s Adolescents: Age, Gender and the Body in Shakespearean Performance and Early Modern Culture (Manchester University Press, 2024)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Dutch artist famous for starry nights and sunflowers, self portraits and simple chairs. These are images known the world over, and Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) painted them and around 900 others in the last decade of his short, brilliant life and, famously, in that lifetime he made only one recorded sale. Yet within a few decades after his death these extraordinary works, with all their colour and life, became the most desirable of all modern art, propelled in part by the story of Vincent van Gogh's struggle with mental health.

    With

    Christopher RiopelleThe Neil Westreich Curator of Post 1800 Paintings at the National Gallery

    Martin BaileyA leading Van Gogh specialist and correspondent for The Art Newspaper

    And

    Frances FowleProfessor of Nineteenth Century Art at the University of Edinburgh and Senior Curator at National Galleries Scotland

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Martin Bailey, Living with Vincent Van Gogh: The Homes and Landscapes that shared the Artist (White Lion Publishing, 2019)

    Martin Bailey, Studio of the South: Van Gogh in Provence (Frances Lincoln, 2021)

    Martin Bailey, Van Gogh’s Finale: Auvers and the Artist’s Rise to Fame (Frances Lincoln, 2021)

    Nienke Bakker and Ella Hendriks, Van Gogh and the Sunflowers: A Masterpiece Examined (Van Gogh Museum, 2019)

    Nienke Bakker, Emmanuel Coquery, Teio Meedendorp and Louis van Tilborgh (eds), Van Gogh in Auvers-sur-Oise: His Final Months (Thames & Hudson, 2023)

    Frances Fowle, Van Gogh's Twin: The Scottish Art Dealer Alexander Reid, 1854-1928 (National Galleries of Scotland, 2010)

    Bregje Gerritse, The Potato Eaters: Van Gogh’s First Masterpiece (Van Gogh Museum, 2021)

    Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith, Van Gogh: The Life (Random House, 2012)

    Leo Jansen, Hans Luijten and Nienke Bakker (eds), Vincent van Gogh: The Letters: The Complete Illustrated and Annotated Edition (Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2009)

    Leo Jansen, Hans Luijten and Nienke Bakker (eds), Vincent van Gogh, A Life in Letters (Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2020)

    Hans Luitjen, Jo van Gogh Bonger: The Woman who Made Vincent Famous Bloomsbury, 2022

    Louis van Tilborgh, Martin Bailey, Karen Serres (ed.), Van Gogh Self-Portraits (Courtauld Institute, 2022)

    Ingo F. Walther and Rainer Metzger, Van Gogh. The Complete Paintings (Taschen, 2022)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the Roman emperor Tiberius. When he was born in 42BC, there was little prospect of him ever becoming Emperor of Rome. Firstly, Rome was still a Republic and there had not yet been any Emperor so that had to change and, secondly, when his stepfather Augustus became Emperor there was no precedent for who should succeed him, if anyone. It somehow fell to Tiberius to develop this Roman imperial project and by some accounts he did this well, while to others his reign was marked by cruelty and paranoia inviting comparison with Nero.

    With

    Matthew NichollsSenior Tutor at St. John’s College, University of Oxford

    Shushma MalikAssistant Professor of Classics and Onassis Classics Fellow at Newnham College at the University of Cambridge

    And

    Catherine SteelProfessor of Classics at the University of Glasgow

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Edward Champlin, ‘Tiberius the Wise’ (Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 57.4, 2008)

    Alison E. Cooley, ‘From the Augustan Principate to the invention of the Age of Augustus’ (Journal of Roman Studies 109, 2019)

    Alison E. Cooley, The Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre: text, translation, and commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2023)

    Eleanor Cowan, ‘Tiberius and Augustus in Tiberian Sources’ (Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 58.4, 2009)

    Cassius Dio (trans. C. T. Mallan), Roman History: Books 57 and 58: The Reign of Tiberius (Oxford University Press, 2020)

    Rebecca Edwards, ‘Tacitus, Tiberius and Capri’ (Latomus, 70.4, 2011)

    A. Gibson (ed.), The Julio-Claudian Succession: Reality and Perception of the Augustan Model (Brill, 2012), especially ‘Tiberius and the invention of succession’ by C. Vout

    Josephus (trans. E. Mary Smallwood and G. Williamson), The Jewish War (Penguin Classics, 1981)

    Barbara Levick, Tiberius the Politician (Routledge, 1999)

    E. O’Gorman, Tacitus’ History of Political Effective Speech: Truth to Power (Bloomsbury, 2019)

    Velleius Paterculus (trans. J. C. Yardley and Anthony A. Barrett), Roman History: From Romulus and the Foundation of Rome to the Reign of the Emperor Tiberius (Hackett Publishing, 2011)

    R. Seager, Tiberius (2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2005)

    David Shotter, Tiberius Caesar (Routledge, 2005)

    Suetonius (trans. Robert Graves), The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics, 2007)

    Tacitus (trans. Michael Grant), The Annals of Imperial Rome (Penguin Classics, 2003)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss one of the most influential theologians of the twentieth century. Karl Barth (1886 - 1968) rejected the liberal theology of his time which, he argued, used the Bible and religion to help humans understand themselves rather than prepare them to open themselves to divine revelation. Barth's aim was to put God and especially Christ at the centre of Christianity. He was alarmed by what he saw as the dangers in a natural theology where God might be found in a rainbow or an opera by Wagner; for if you were open to finding God in German culture, you could also be open to accepting Hitler as God’s gift as many Germans did. Barth openly refused to accept Hitler's role in the Church in the 1930s on these theological grounds as well as moral, for which he was forced to leave Germany for his native Switzerland.

    With

    Stephen PlantDean and Runcie Fellow at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge

    Christiane TietzProfessor for Systematic Theology at the University of Zurich

    And

    Tom GreggsMarischal Professor of Divinity at the University of Aberdeen

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Karl Barth, God Here and Now (Routledge, 2003)

    Karl Barth (trans. G. T. Thomson), Dogmatics in Outline (SCM Press, 1966)

    Eberhard Busch (trans. John Bowden), Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts (Grand Rapids, 1994)

    George Hunsinger, How to Read Karl Barth: The Shape of His Theology (Oxford University Press, 1993)

    Joseph L. Mangina, Karl Barth: Theologian of Christian Witness (Routledge, 2004)

    Paul T. Nimmo, Karl Barth: A Guide for the Perplexed (Bloomsbury, 2013)

    Christiane Tietz, Karl Barth: A Life in Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2021)

    John Webster, Karl Barth: Outstanding Christian Thinkers (Continuum, 2004)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Poe (1809-1849), the American author who is famous for his Gothic tales of horror, madness and the dark interiors of the mind, such as The Fall of the House of Usher and The Tell-Tale Heart. As well as tapping at our deepest fears in poems such as The Raven, Poe pioneered detective fiction with his character C. Auguste Dupin in The Murders in the Rue Morgue. After his early death, a rival rushed out a biography to try to destroy Poe's reputation but he has only become more famous over the years as a cultural icon as well as an author.

    With

    Bridget BennettProfessor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Leeds

    Erin ForbesSenior Lecturer in 19th-century African American and US Literature at the University of Bristol

    And

    Tom WrightReader in Rhetoric at the University of Sussex

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Peter Ackroyd, Poe: A Life Cut Short (Vintage, 2009)

    Amy Branam Armiento and Travis Montgomery (eds.), Poe and Women: Recognition and Revision (Lehigh University Press, 2023)

    Joan Dayan, Fables of Mind: An Inquiry into Poe's Fiction (Oxford University Press, 1987)

    Erin Forbes, ‘Edgar Allan Poe in the Great Dismal Swamp’ (Modern Philology, 2016)

    Kevin J. Hayes (ed.), Edgar Allan Poe in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2012)

    J. Gerald Kennedy and Scott Peeples (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Edgar Allan Poe (Oxford University Press, 2018)

    Jill Lepore, 'The Humbug: Poe and the Economy of Horror' (The New Yorker, April 20, 2009)

    Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark (Vintage, 1993)

    Scott Peeples and Michelle Van Parys, The Man of the Crowd: Edgar Allan Poe and the City (Princeton University Press, 2020)

    Edgar Allan Poe, The Portable Edgar Allan Poe (Penguin, 2006)

    Shawn Rosenhelm and Stephen Rachman (eds.), The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Marguerite, Queen of Navarre (1492 – 1549), author of the Heptaméron, a major literary landmark in the French Renaissance. Published after her death, The Heptaméron features 72 short stories, many of which explore relations between the sexes. However, Marguerite’s life was more eventful than that of many writers. Born into the French nobility, she found herself the sister of the French king when her brother Francis I came to the throne in 1515. At a time of growing religious change, Marguerite was a leading exponent of reform in the Catholic Church and translated an early work of Martin Luther into French. As the Reformation progressed, she was not afraid to take risks to protect other reformers.

    With

    Sara Barker Associate Professor of Early Modern History and Director of the Centre for the Comparative History of Print at the University of Leeds

    Emily Butterworth Professor of Early Modern French at King’s College London

    And

    Emma HerdmanLecturer in French at the University of St Andrews

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Giovanni Boccaccio (trans. Wayne A. Rebhorn), The Decameron (Norton, 2013)

    Emily Butterworth, Marguerite de Navarre: A Critical Companion (Boydell &Brewer, 2022)

    Patricia Cholakian and Rouben Cholakian, Marguerite de Navarre: Mother of the Renaissance (Columbia University Press, 2006)

    Gary Ferguson, Mirroring Belief: Marguerite de Navarre’s Devotional Poetry (Edinburgh University Press, 1992)

    Gary Ferguson and Mary B. McKinley (eds.), A Companion to Marguerite de Navarre (Brill, 2013)

    Mark Greengrass, The French Reformation (John Wiley & Sons, 1987)

    R.J. Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France (Fontana Press, 2008)

    R.J. Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I (Cambridge University Press, 2008)

    John D. Lyons and Mary B. McKinley (eds.), Critical Tales: New Studies of the ‘Heptaméron’ and Early Modern Culture (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993)

    Marguerite de Navarre (trans. Paul Chilton), The Heptameron (Penguin, 2004)

    Marguerite de Navarre (trans. Rouben Cholakian and Mary Skemp), Selected Writings: A Bilingual Edition (University of Chicago Press, 2008)

    Marguerite de Navarre (trans. Hilda Dale), The Coach and The Triumph of the Lamb (Elm Press, 1999)

    Marguerite de Navarre (trans. Hilda Dale), The Prisons (Whiteknights, 1989)

    Marguerite de Navarre (ed. Gisèle Mathieu-Castellani), L’Heptaméron (Libraririe générale française, 1999)

    Jonathan A. Reid, King’s Sister – Queen of Dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) and her Evangelical Network (Brill, 2009)

    Paula Sommers, ‘The Mirror and its Reflections: Marguerite de Navarre’s Biblical Feminism’ (Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 5, 1986)

    Kathleen Wellman, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France (Yale University Press, 2013)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the most influential work of Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929). In 1899, during America’s Gilded Age, Veblen wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class as a reminder that all that glisters is not gold. He picked on traits of the waning landed class of Americans and showed how the new moneyed class was adopting these in ways that led to greater waste throughout society. He called these conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption and he developed a critique of a system that favoured profits for owners without regard to social good. The Theory of the Leisure Class was a best seller and funded Veblen for the rest of his life, and his ideas influenced the New Deal of the 1930s. Since then, an item that becomes more desirable as it becomes more expensive is known as a Veblen good.

    With

    Matthew WatsonProfessor of Political Economy at the University of Warwick

    Bill WallerProfessor of Economics at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, New York

    And

    Mary WrennSenior Lecturer in Economics at the University of the West of England

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Charles Camic, Veblen: The Making of an Economist who Unmade Economics (Harvard University Press, 2021)

    John P. Diggins, Thorstein Veblen: Theorist of the Leisure Class (Princeton University Press, 1999)

    John P. Diggins, The Bard of Savagery: Thorstein Veblen and Modern Social Theory (Seabury Press, 1978)

    John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Penguin, 1999) Robert Heilbroner, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (Penguin, 2000), particularly the chapter ‘The Savage Society of Thorstein Veblen’

    Ken McCormick, Veblen in Plain English: A Complete Introduction to Thorstein Veblen’s Economics (Cambria Press, 2006)

    Sidney Plotkin and Rick Tilman, The Political Ideas of Thorstein Veblen (Yale University Press, 2012)

    Juliet B. Schor, The Overspent American: Why We Want What We Don't Need (William Morrow & Company, 1999)

    Juliet B. Schor, Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture (Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2005)

    Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (first published 1899; Oxford University Press, 2009)

    Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise (first published 1904; Legare Street Press, 2022)

    Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in America (first published 2018; Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015)

    Thorstein Veblen, Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times: The Case of America (first published 1923; Routledge, 2017)

    Thorstein Veblen, Conspicuous Consumption (Penguin, 2005)

    Thorstein Veblen, The Complete Works (Musaicum Books, 2017)

    Charles J. Whalen (ed.), Institutional Economics: Perspective and Methods in Pursuit of a Better World (Routledge, 2021)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the North African privateers who, until their demise in the nineteenth century, were a source of great pride and wealth in their home ports, where they sold the people and goods they’d seized from Christian European ships and coastal towns. Nominally, these corsairs were from Algiers, Tunis or Tripoli, outreaches of the Ottoman empire, or Salé in neighbouring Morocco, but often their Turkish or Arabic names concealed their European birth. Murad Reis the Younger, for example, who sacked Baltimore in 1631, was the Dutchman Jan Janszoon who also had a base on Lundy in the Bristol Channel. While the European crowns negotiated treaties to try to manage relations with the corsairs, they commonly viewed these sailors as pirates who were barely tolerated and, as soon as France, Britain, Spain and later America developed enough sea power, their ships and bases were destroyed.

    With

    Joanna NolanResearch Associate at SOAS, University of London

    Claire NortonFormer Associate Professor of History at St Mary’s University, Twickenham

    And Michael TalbotAssociate Professor in the History of the Ottoman Empire and the Modern Middle East at the University of Greenwich

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)

    Peter Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1970)

    Des Ekin, The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates (O’Brien Press, 2008)

    Jacques Heers, The Barbary Corsairs: Warfare in the Mediterranean, 1450-1580 (Skyhorse Publishing, 2018)

    Colin Heywood, The Ottoman World: The Mediterranean and North Africa, 1660-1760 (Routledge, 2019)

    Alan Jamieson, Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs (Reaktion Books, 2013)

    Julie Kalman, The Kings of Algiers: How Two Jewish Families Shaped the Mediterranean World during the Napoleonic Wars and Beyond (Princeton University Press, 2023)

    Stanley Lane-Poole, The Story of the Barbary Corsairs (T. Unwin, 1890)

    Sally Magnusson, The Sealwoman’s Gift (A novel - Two Roads, 2018)

    Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean (John Murray, 2010)

    Nabil Matar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (Columbia University Press, 1999)

    Nabil Matar, Britain and Barbary, 1589-1689 (University Press of Florida, 2005)

    Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa’s One Million European Slaves (Hodder and Stoughton, 2004)

    Claire Norton (ed.), Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other (Routledge, 2017)

    Claire Norton, ‘Lust, Greed, Torture and Identity: Narrations of Conversion and the Creation of the Early Modern 'Renegade' (Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 29/2, 2009)

    Daniel Panzac, The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820 (Brill, 2005)

    Rafael Sabatini, The Sea Hawk (a novel - Vintage Books, 2011)

    Adrian Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the 17th century (Vintage Books, 2010)

    D. Vitkus (ed.), Piracy, Slavery and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England (Columbia University Press, 2001)

    J. M. White, Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean (Stanford University Press, 2018)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Aristotle's ideas on what happiness means and how to live a good life. Aristotle (384-322BC) explored these almost two and a half thousand years ago in what became known as his Nicomachean Ethics. His audience then were the elite in Athens as, he argued, if they knew how to live their lives well then they could better rule the lives of others. While circumstances and values have changed across the centuries, Aristotle's approach to answering those questions has fascinated philosophers ever since and continues to do so.

    With

    Angie HobbsProfessor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield

    Roger CrispDirector of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Professor of Moral Philosophy and Tutor in Philosophy at St Anne’s College, University of Oxford

    And

    Sophia ConnellSenior Lecturer in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    J.L. Ackrill, Aristotle the Philosopher (Oxford University Press, 1981)

    Aristotle (ed. and trans. Roger Crisp), Nicomachean Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 2000)

    Aristotle (trans. Terence Irwin), Nicomachean Ethics (Hackett Publishing Co., 2019) Aristotle (trans. H. Rackham), Nicomachean Ethics: Loeb Classical Library (William Heinemann Ltd, 1962)

    Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle: Past Masters series (Oxford University Press, 1982)

    Gerard J. Hughes, Routledge Guidebook to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (Routledge, 2013)

    Richard Kraut (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005)

    Michael Pakaluk, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 2005)

    A. Rorty (ed.), Essays on Aristotle's Ethics (University of California Press, 1981)

    Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Clarendon Press, 1989)

    J.O. Urmson, Aristotle’s Ethics (John Wiley & Sons, 1988)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Emile Zola's greatest literary success, his thirteenth novel in a series exploring the extended Rougon-Macquart family. The relative here is Etienne Lantier, already known to Zola’s readers as one of the blighted branch of the family tree and his story is set in Northern France. It opens with Etienne trudging towards a coalmine at night seeking work, and soon he is caught up in a bleak world in which starving families struggle and then strike, as they try to hold on to the last scraps of their humanity and the hope of change.

    With

    Susan HarrowAshley Watkins Chair of French at the University of Bristol

    Kate GriffithsProfessor in French and Translation at Cardiff University

    And

    Edmund BirchLecturer in French Literature and Director of Studies at Churchill College & Selwyn College, University of Cambridge

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    David Baguley, Naturalist Fiction: The Entropic Vision (Cambridge University Press, 1990)

    William Burgwinkle, Nicholas Hammond and Emma Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge History of French Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2011), particularly ‘Naturalism’ by Nicholas White

    Kate Griffiths, Emile Zola and the Artistry of Adaptation (Legenda, 2009)

    Kate Griffiths and Andrew Watts, Adapting Nineteenth-Century France: Literature in Film, Theatre, Television, Radio, and Print (University of Wales Press, 2013)

    Anna Gural-Migdal and Robert Singer (eds.), Zola and Film: Essays in the Art of Adaptation (McFarland & Co., 2005)

    Susan Harrow, Zola, The Body Modern: Pressures and Prospects of Representation (Legenda, 2010)

    F. W. J. Hemmings, The Life and Times of Emile Zola (first published 1977; Bloomsbury, 2013)

    William Dean Howells, Emile Zola (The Floating Press, 2018)

    Lida Maxwell, Public Trials: Burke, Zola, Arendt, and the Politics of Lost Causes (Oxford University Press, 2014)

    Brian Nelson, Emile Zola: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2020)

    Brian Nelson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Emile Zola (Cambridge University Press, 2007)

    Sandy Petrey, Realism and Revolution: Balzac, Stendhal, Zola, and the Performances of History (Cornell University Press, 1988)

    Arthur Rose, ‘Coal politics: receiving Emile Zola's Germinal’ (Modern & contemporary France, 2021, Vol.29, 2)

    Philip D. Walker, Emile Zola (Routledge, 1969)

    Emile Zola (trans. Peter Collier), Germinal (Oxford University Press, 1993)

    Emile Zola (trans. Roger Pearson), Germinal (Penguin Classics, 2004)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the anchoress and mystic who, in the late fourteenth century, wrote about her visions of Christ suffering, in a work since known as Revelations of Divine Love. She is probably the first named woman writer in English, even if questions about her name and life remain open. Her account is an exploration of the meaning of her visions and is vivid and bold, both in its imagery and theology. From her confined cell in a Norwich parish church, in a land beset with plague, she dealt with the nature of sin and with the feminine side of God, and shared the message she received that God is love and, famously, that all shall be well and all manner of things shall be well.

    With

    Katherine LewisProfessor of Medieval History at the University of Huddersfield

    Philip SheldrakeProfessor of Christian Spirituality at the Oblate School of Theology, Texas and Senior Research Associate of the Von Hugel Institute, University of Cambridge

    And

    Laura KalasSenior Lecturer in Medieval English Literature at Swansea University

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    John H. Arnold and Katherine Lewis (eds.), A Companion to the Book of Margery Kempe (D.S. Brewer, 2004)

    Ritamary Bradley, Julian’s Way: A Practical Commentary on Julian of Norwich (Harper Collins, 1992)

    E. Colledge and J. Walsh (eds.), Julian of Norwich: Showings (Classics of Western Spirituality series, Paulist Press, 1978)

    Liz Herbert McAvoy (ed.), A Companion to Julian of Norwich (D.S. Brewer, 2008)

    Liz Herbert McAvoy, Authority and the Female Body in the Writings of Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe (D.S. Brewer, 2004)

    Grace Jantzen, Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian (new edition, Paulist Press, 2010)

    Julian of Norwich (trans. Barry Windeatt), Revelations of Divine Love (Oxford World's Classics, 2015)

    Julian of Norwich (ed. Nicholas Watson and Jacqueline Jenkins), The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and a Revelation of Love, (Brepols, 2006)

    Laura Kalas, Margery Kempe’s Spiritual Medicine: Suffering, Transformation and the Life-Course (D.S. Brewer, 2020)

    Laura Kalas and Laura Varnam (eds.), Encountering the Book of Margery Kempe (Manchester University Press, 2021)

    Laura Kalas and Roberta Magnani (eds.), Women in Christianity in the Medieval Age: 1000-1500 (Routledge, forthcoming 2024)

    Ken Leech and Benedicta Ward (ed.), Julian the Solitary (SLG, 1998)

    Denise Nowakowski Baker and Sarah Salih (ed.), Julian of Norwich’s Legacy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)

    Joan M. Nuth, Wisdom’s Daughter: The Theology of Julian of Norwich (Crossroad Publishing, 1999)

    Philip Sheldrake, Julian of Norwich: “In God’s Sight”: Her Theology in Context (Wiley-Blackwell, 2019)

    E. Spearing (ed.), Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love (Penguin Books, 1998)

    Denys Turner, Julian of Norwich, Theologian (Yale University Press, 2011) Wolfgang Riehle, The Secret Within: Hermits, Recluses and Spiritual Outsiders in Medieval England (Cornell University Press, 2014)

    Caroline Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (University of California Press, 1982)

    Ann Warren, Anchorites and their Patrons in Medieval England (University of California Press, 1985)

    Hugh White (trans.), Ancrene Wisse: Guide for Anchoresses (Penguin Classics, 1993)

  • Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay's essays written in 1787/8 in support of the new US Constitution. They published these anonymously in New York as 'Publius' but, when it became known that Hamilton and Madison were the main authors, the essays took on a new significance for all states. As those two men played a major part in drafting the Constitution itself, their essays have since informed debate over what the authors of that Constitution truly intended. To some, the essays have proved to be America’s greatest contribution to political thought.

    With

    Frank CoglianoProfessor of American History at the University of Edinburgh and Interim Saunders Director of the International Centre for Jefferson Studies at Monticello

    Kathleen BurkProfessor Emerita of Modern and Contemporary History at University College London

    And

    Nicholas GuyattProfessor of North American History at the University of Cambridge

    Producer: Simon Tillotson

    Reading list:

    Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Founders (Knopf, 2003)

    Mary Sarah Bilder, Madison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention (Harvard University Press, 2015)

    Noah Feldman, The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President (Random House, 2017)

    Jonathan Gienapp, The Second Creation: Fixing the American Constitution in the Founding Era (Harvard University Press, 2018)

    Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison (eds. George W. Carey and James McClellan), The Federalist: The Gideon Edition (Liberty Fund, 2001)

    Alison L. LaCroix, The Ideological Origins of American Federalism (Harvard University Press, 2010)

    James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (Penguin, 1987)

    Pauline Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788 (Simon and Schuster, 2010)

    Michael I. Meyerson, Liberty's Blueprint: How Madison and Hamilton Wrote the Federalist Papers, Defined the Constitution, and Made Democracy Safe for the World (Basic Books, 2008)

    Jack Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (Knopf, 1996)

    Jack N. Rakove and Colleen A. Sheehan, The Cambridge Companion to The Federalist (Cambridge University Press, 2020)