Episodit
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How many eyes do these animals have, and more importantly what are they doing with them? And how long has copyright piracy been around, and would YOU download a car? Also Ella finally drops her fake british accent.
Images we Talk About:
Bullfrog Parietal Eye
Bumble Bee Ocelli
Scallop Eyes
Scallop Eye Mirrors
The Home Taping is Killing Music LogoTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:04:01) Eyevolution II
(00:56:16) Digital Piracy
(01:45:06) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about:
How many jingles does this man have up his sleeve?? 2 eyes or not 2 eyes, what do you need glasses for - to see boobs? why have an odd number of eyes when itâs a BOGO deal developmentally, even more amazing than his eye of agamoto - Dr Strange has 2 camera eyes, âI grow fearful of the untrue eyeâ, bull frogs canât doom scroll, the pineal eye is a skylight to the pineal gland, ommatidia means little eye, each compound eye only sees one image from the thousand of ommatidia, this is Carolineâs first eyevolution rodeo - we canât answer all the questions, now you can be annoying correcting people about bug vision, ocelli are also called little eyes, triangular ocelli flight stabilization, Robobee, ocelli are useful because theyâre auxiliary, theyâre a fast different readout, there are so many more interesting sci fi choices for eyes, maybe they evolved ocelli to not crash when they see a sexy bug, having zero eyes would be going to far, oh wait nevermind, where weâre going we donât need eyes, ânot the implicationsâ, well Iâll answer one of those questions, what do you need eyes for looking at boobs? YEAH I DO ACTUALLY, he complex eyes like a telescope of scallops, THEY DONâT EVEN HAVE A BRAIN, have we gone too far? the living square mirrors in scallop eyes, no one believed scallop TV would work, fair use and fair dealings, early book sellers were book copiers, authors did not make profits on early copies, Martial was the first person to be reposted on 9gag, the library of alexandria operated like OpenAI, book publishers after the printing press were like Universal Music Group - concerned over their rights - not artists, crown approved ABC books, the mid 1600s is the first use of piracy of intellectual property, ruining vinyl records with the cassette tape skull and crossbones, the 2013 Hugh Jackman Oscars performance, Napsterâs origins and Metallicaâs not so metal killing of it, Piracy was a technical and social phenomenon, YOU WOULDNâT STEAL A FONT, video game antipiracy that reminds you of the creative mind behind the product, none of this is legal advice, the cost of piracy is easy to calculate but the benefit is impossible to measure.
Sources:
The Parietal Eye
Compound Eyes
Holger Krapp's Fantastic Paper on Ocelli
2022 Paper on Ocelli
Otacilia Khezu
The Scallop's Eyes
Scallop TV
Ed Yong on Scallop EyesPiracy sources coming soon! Apologies, but thanks for actually going through the sources! You get a gold star â
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Vote for your favorite topics at LetsLearnEverything.com/bestof before Sunday June 8th!!!
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Puuttuva jakso?
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What is it about harmonies in music that just sounds so good? Can science (and our amazing musical guest David Bennet) help us get to the bottom of it?
Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:06:24) Why do we like Harmony?
(00:56:10) Our Music Theory Questions
(01:24:04) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about:
Listening to Carly Rae Jepsen academically, the musical expert said Caroline has good music taste, Iâm down hereeeeee, harmony is just the interaction of any two notes, Tom thinks about high school choir harmony all the time, even babies like harmony, even the oldest flutes have the same holes in them, octaves are so similar we call them the same note, watchmojo ranking of intervals, Carly Rae Jepsen - It Has Many Notes!, a spicy dissonant interval can be good in moderation - like a spicy seasoning in food, Tom is just grinning getting to ask these music questions, we invited you as a guest and you bring this dissonance to our home?? the messy sounding tones match to messy looking ratios, why can we even distinguish pitch? we use pitch in communication so much, animal sounds are the only things that make pitch, animals can recognize intervals, we call bird song song - but to them itâs probably more like language, it sounds cheesy - but in every human voice thereâs a harmony, weâre asking the question backwards - we needed to understand harmony to be able to decipher a pitch, hearing the difference between notes IN YOUR HEAD, what we hear in our head is different than the world around us, harmonies are audio cheesecake - something we evolved to enjoy pumped to the max, âwe can make cheesecake with our mouthsâ, cheesecake is just molecules, did you not have to learn human evolution in music school? oh my guilty pleasures are Tchaikovskyâs later works, Ella humble bragging about her spotify wrapped, this is going to come off as hostile but hasnât enough already been said about the Beatles, how different generations experience the Beatles, more like DavidLegoStopMotion, it took 5 years after a dissertation on how to have a career as a musician on youtube, try song ideas and listen to them later, music theory is Descriptive not Prescriptive, liking technical music, the only way youâll practice is if you enjoy it, the dopamine hit from the cheesecake of practice, can you send that advice to my mom 10 years ago, but you did practice⊠yeah, teenagers are good at learning instruments because they have free time, start learning music with the music that you love, learning sheet music at the same time as playing is like learning to write as youâre learning to speak, you learn to write after youâve practiced speaking for years, youâre full of good ideas David who knew.
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Can trees talk to each other? And how does that personifying metaphor square with the actual science behind it? And what can we learn from the stories of art on trading cards throughout history?
Images we Talk About:
Trade Cards
3 Modern Trading Cards
Yuka Morii's Cards
Terror
Hyalopterus Lemure
Preposterous ProportionsTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:02:08) Tree Talk
(00:52:16) Trading Card Art
(01:33:47) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
The answer is yes maybe sometimes and no, talking tree folklore, communication as transferring information, The Secret Life of Trees, Caroline WAS vegan, plants feel pain - GOOD, tree self defense, secondary metabollites, you got me AND Ella to write that down, tannin defense mechanism, volatile organic compounds, giraffes avoiding nearby leaves after eating, maybe trees are eavesdropping, mycorrhizal networks, could it be diffusion or a baby tree suckling on its mother, do a stanford prisoner experiment for trees, that tree is giving mother, mother trees - altruistic fungi - and the perils of plant personification, literally talking to trees, your first priority shouldnât be to not be boring - maybe second, respect for the organisms that are fundamentally unlike us - their unfathomable lives, the modern boom of trading cards, trade cards, mass produced color images were cool and novel, how many credits for that chromo? absurd advertising from the 1800s, anthropomorphic fruits and veggies were all the rage, trade cards were a microcosm of marketing-invention-and collecting, Ellaâs baseball impression, looking at a mainstream sport through the nerdiest lens imaginable, cigarette baseball cards, Doug McWilliams photographed 8% of all major league baseball players, oh right photography is an art, and so is building relationships with players, cards began to stand on their own, Richard Garfield wanted baseball cards for nerds, Magic and Pokemon credit their artists - but YuGiOh does not, Yuka Moriiâs sculpture cards, Adam Rexâs Terror, Richard Thomasâ Hyalopterous Lemure, Julie Baroh flipping off her classmates, companies screwing over artists, itâs still art in spite of being a piece of cardboard.
Sources:
2010 Paper: Explaining evolution of plant communication by airborne signals
New York Times: The Social Life of Forests
Book: The Secret Life Of Plants
National Geographic: Plants can talk. Yes, really. Hereâs how.
2025 Pape: Shrub anti-herbivore defenses exhibit non-linear and varied responses to increased herbivore density
1990 Paper: Acacia Tree Kills Antelope
Book: Ethylene in Plant Biology
BBC News: Plants send SOS signal to insects
TED ED: Can Plants Talk to Each Other?
2015 Paper: Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities
1997 Paper: Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field
2008 Paper: Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathway
Scientific America: Do Trees Really Support Each Other through a Network of Fungi?
2023 Paper: Positive citation bias and overinterpreted results lead to misinformation on common mycorrhizal networks in forests
2024 Paper: Mother trees, Altruistic Fungi, and the Perils of Plant Personification
Facts or Fairy Tales? Peter Wohlleben and the Hidden Life of Trees
Video: Project gives 200-year-old Dublin tree âa voiceâ
[Scientific America: The Idea That Trees Talk to Cooperate Is Misleading](The Idea That Trees Talk to Cooperate Is Misleading | Scientific American)
Article: The Worldâs First Talking Tree Helps Young People Reconnect with Nature
Smithsonian: Do Trees Talk to Each Other?
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Cornell University on History of Trade Cards
History of Chromolithography
American Antiquarian Society on Trade Cards
PBS on Trade Cards
Baseball Card Photography History
Doug McWilliams via Baseball Hall of Fame
Doug McWilliams Interview with SABR
Doug McWilliams NYTimes Interview
Richard Garfield on Magic's Creation
Yuka Morii's Pokemon Card Art
Magic Artist Julie Baroh's Interview
Magic Artist Donato Giancola's Points Against Artist Policies
Magic Artist Melissa Benson's Artist Advice -
What is the most boring element, and just how boring could it possibly be? Turns out: VERY! And how can we decipher what Shakespeare sounded like, and who among us can lay claim to his accent?
Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:03:52) The Most Boring Element
(00:48:53) Solving Shakespeare's Accent
(01:26:37) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
Weâre not going for the easy sappy answer, what makes something boring? all the oxygen stans updating wikipedia, the most boring is obviously bohrium, thulium is used in lasers and x-rays, about 24 grams of astatine per planet, shout out Sir Martin Poliakoff, the 4 elements that came from pitchblende, Caroline stop anthropomorphizing protactinium, the isotope brevium, you could have been called abracadabra and instead your legal name is Actiniumâs dad, wow what a fascinating [Rn]5f 26d7s2 ground state electron configuration! give me more random letters and numbers Tom! protactinium is there if your smoke detector is old, the global ocean conveyor belt, THC (Thermal Haline Circulation), thatâs the ocean bit- anyway hereâs something completely different about protactinium, paleoclimatology sounds a lot like protactinium, Ella realizes the turn, HE DID IT, whoa Caroline doing thumbs up to climate change, theyâre de-extincting William Shakespeare, where better to waste my time pursuing this than Letâs Learn Everything, shakespeare is typically performed in received pronunciation, wait this is secretly a UK vs US topic! Iâm surprised it took you 3 years to figure out we just keep you for your American accent, Americans have vestigial roticity, the universal beauty of two dudes yapping, what a strange elitism to claim to have Elizabethan English, Appalachian claims of shakespearean accents as a way to boost image, if you want to know what people sounded like back then⊠look at what people wrote about it! more one to one spellings like âphilomeâ for film, we can deduce the accent from rhymes and puns, I loov this topic, Tomâs accent gets miscalibrated, an open midback is really stylish these days, open mid back unrounded vowel, Ella can move your tongue with her mind, I see why this gameshow didnât make it to television, donât wast a reem on a droom, the Rorscach test of the Original Pronunciation created by David and Ben Crystal, flecks of every dialect, âitâs a sound that reminds people of the accent of their home, and so they ten to listen more with their heart than their headâ, âAmerican English simply isnât good enough for Shakespeareâ, the Sundry Boroughs of New York baby! the language of Shakespeare is dead but alive in English everywhere, Shakespeare was meant to be played for the public - so it should be spoken like the public, Shakespeare's accent belongs to all of us!
Sources:
Amazing paper from Nature Chemistry: "The Most Boring Chemical Element"
HPS on Protactinium
Los Alamos Laboratory on Protactinium
Periodic Videos on Protactinium
Mining Website on Protactinium's History
Britannica on Pitchblende
Nature Chemistry: "Peculiar Protactinium"
NOAA on the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt
NOAA on Plankton
EOS on Protactinium for Paleoclimatology
Protactinium/Thorium in Paleoclimatology Textbook
Carbonbrief's Climate Tipping Points
Thorium Protactinium Dating
Yu, Francois, and Bacon's first paper on Protactinium Ocean Current Dating
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Wiki: British colonisation of the Americas
Wiki: Early Modern English
History of English: Early Modern English
BBC: How Americans preserved British English
The Historical Linguist Blog: American English â The language of Shakespeare?
Dialect Blog: Shakespearean vs. Modern English
National Geographic: Tangier Island
BBC: The Tiny Island with a British accent
Language Myths Book
David Crystalâs Original Pronunciation evidence
Paper: Early Modern English Phonology
Oxford Dictionary: Early modern English: grammar, pronunciation, and spelling
University of Toronto: Early Modern English Phonology
NPR: How Did the Bard Really Sound
Youtube: Shakespeare: Original pronunciation -
What laws are there to worry about in the moon? And what does space law teach us about Earth law? And what can we learn about societies throughout history from the lens of stuffing dead animals?
Images we Talk About:
Orbiting Space Debris
Fallen Space Debris
Hanging Christian Crocodile
Hanging Christian CrocodileTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:03:02) International Space Law
(01:03:25) Taxidermy
(01:46:48) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: The splash zone of intro to astronomy, space NCIS, the bedrock of 1967 outer space treaty, the first earthling in space (2 tortoises), countries are responsible for their damage and no WMDs, that big tangible moon in the sky, unprecedented lunar traffic this year, potential water ice on the moon could be the next big space race, thereâs no moon water regulation, no nation can own the moon, buuuut can an individual - former ventriloquest and used car salesman own the moon?? god donât call it âuntapped resources on the moonâ, you canât own the moon but can you own its resources, thereâs a legal officer for the UN officer of outer space affairs! we can allll frack the moon (except no one signed the treaty anyway), we canât even agree to share moon resources One Day, only âsafe and sustainableâ space mining allowed, it doesnât have to be legally binding to make countries want to follow it, a radio telescope on the far side of the moon would be SICK, sorry about all the space junk us 3 put up there, 90 metric tons of re-entry, suing nasa over space debris, if it launched from florida and hit florida itâs actually local state space law, satellite light pollution, satellites donât die they just crash into a farm upstate, starlink burnt 120 satellites in 1 month alone, thereâs no laws about safely deorbiting - no one has to do this, how we treat space is a microcosm of how we treat earth, space law is real, why canât we bring our optimism from space back to earth instead of the other way around? Ellaâs mouse doing drugs, the art of skin arranging, apologies to our ancient Egyptian listeners, the various techniques of Egyptian preservation, arresting from decay, Frederik Ruyschâs wet specimens, crocodiles make a lot of sense for the first taxidermy cause theyâre big and leathery - anyway it was hanging in a churchâŠ, Tom loses his mind about A SECOND TAXIDERMIED CROCODILE IN A CHURCH, a croc thatâs at least from 1623, The Great Italian Taxidermy Crocodile Road Trip, about one third of the british population went to the 1851 great exhibition, the telescope and taxidermy exhibition sounds like a trap for Caroline and Ella, âwhimsy and anthropomorphism in taxidermy of the Victorian eraâ, anthropomorphic taxidermy was considered grotesque, taxidermy didnât die we just stuffed it back up, environment taxidermy requires knowing an animal inside and out (pun intended), the degrees of ethical taxidermy, ethical is not a binary, it depends on your personal code of ethics, taxidermy as a lens of moral feelings through history.
Sources:
UNOOSA: Outer Space Treaty
UN: International Space Law Explained
Royal Museums Greenwich: Who Owns the Moon?
Lunar Embassy: Buy Some Moon
Politico: Who Owns the Moon
Guardian: Moon Resources
Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Moon Resources
NASA Moon Mining Contracts
Business Insider: Mining Disrupting Science on the Moon
NASA Artemis Accords
ESA Space Environment Statistics
SpaceWatch: Satellites
Natural History Museum: Space Junk
Guardian: Florida Family Sues NASA
Scientific American: Samantha Lawler, Space X Debirs
Journal of Space Safety Engineering: Uncontrolled Re-entry
UNOSSA: United Nations 2007 Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
ESA Space Environment Report 2024
Rolling Stone: Space Trash
FCC: Deorbiting Satellites Rule
Scientific American: Space Junk Polluting Stratosphere
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Britannica: Taxidermy
2019 Paper: Animal Bodies between Wonder and Natural History
BBC: Ancient Egyptian mummification 'recipe' revealed
Book: Practical Taxidermy
2020 Paper: The Animal Body As Medium: Taxidermy And European Expansion, 1775â1865
Museum of Idaho: A brief, Gross History of Taxidermy
Atlas Obscura: Crocodile at the Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime Immacolate
University of Dayton: Crocodile Hunting in the Marian Library
Wandering Italy: Grazie, Italy and the Crocodile Church
2006 Paper: The History of Taxidermy: Clues for Preservation
Journal of Antiques and Collectables: Taxidermy: Exploring one of the Most Complicated Collectibles
The Royal Parks: The Great Exhibition of 1851
2012 Thesis: The Shock Proved Fatal: Whimsy and Anthropomorphism in Taxidermy of the Victorian Era, 1851-1899
Cardiff University: Frequently Asked Questions in Taxidermy
Smithsonian: Why Taxidermy Is Being Revived for the 21st Century
Horniman Museum: Ethical Taxidermy
Guardian: Inside the Female-Led World of Ethical Taxidermy
Sussex Wildlife Trust: Putting the Ethical in Taxidermy -
Welcome to the (preview for the) Lab Rat Games! The GAME show where we compete to learn anything and everything interesting! We love putting games into our topics, so what happens when we make a whole show of them, with each of us hosting their own section! Plus! We're joined by friend of the show and competitive chaos combatant, Sabrina Cruz!
Support us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
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How can scientist's unravel the mystery of what dinosaurs ate? Well the clues are right in front of our eyes, or should I say their teeth! And poop! And listener you may already know what a podcast is, but how did proto-podcasts in a chicken coop give us the DNA for what we love, and how did podcasts even happen?
Images we Talk About:
First Iguanadon Tooth
Puffer Fish Teeth
Fish Teeths
Incisivosaurus
Saurolophus
Dinosaur Stomach Contents Fossil
Ham Comic
Sybil's Baby's Radio RebutTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Introâš
(00:04:33) Dinosaur Diet Detectivesâš
(01:00:51) Support our Show!âš
(01:04:27) Proto-Podcasts
âš(02:02:49) Bonus Content!
âš(02:07:24) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: Deep Dive Discovering Dino Diets, dinosaur time, imagining us discovering a new animal, well we know it doesnât eat nerds, Ella describes teeth perfectly - âis that what you meant to say Tom?â, the mouth is the first stomach, we found the teeth of the first herbivorous dinosaur before the body - and before we had the word for dinosaur, cinderella/goldilocks teeth, dental microwear, food print, the topography of a grasshopperâs mandible, teeth can be more indicative than stomach content, maybe you just tried in and out for the first time when you got captured by aliens, dinosaur teeth are the old coins of ancient civilizations, egg eating oviraptors, itâs not just us but experts that are confused about oviraptaurs teeth, reconstructing the crime scene of a bit mark, this case has been closed for 70 million years! the tarbosaurus seems to have separated the chicken leg to make eating easier, a tyrannosaur leaving a tooth in the scene of the crime, they not only got bit but lived to tell the tale, this proves tyranosaurs hunted living animals - and werenât just scavengers, hard foods stay in the stomach longer, some dinosaurs used Gastrolith rocks as stomach teeth, rocks natures teeth, Bromalite can be regurgitalite or coprolite, 580 million year old worm poop, we didnât think grass was that old then we found it in dinosaur poop, we put dinosaur poop in a particle accelerator, weâre not looking at poop - weâre constructing the foodchain of dinosaurs, an ancient egyptian podcast, podcasting is NOT an oral tradition, the chicken coop boys, Sybilâs Little Ham Radio Show 20 years before a woman on proper radio, the Titanic sinking sped along radio restrictions, Tom skipped over the cassette before because its science impact was small but its misc impact was huge, explaining cassette tapes at a high frequency so it doesnât hurt old people to hear, Lou Otten, the syrian cassette archive, mixtapes, Carolineâs family mix CDs, Tomâs custom Jackâs Mannequin Mix CDs, Pacific Horticulture Magazine being delighted that someoneâs interested, Tomâs Magic Corner, I knew it was some journalist doing their thing, apple didnât come up with podcasting - not even the name, journey back to 1999, the dream of RSS, whatâs that facebook shaped cloud on the horizon? the dream of hosting your own feed, somehow podcast RSS survived, podcasts are the Horshoecrab of the internet, âwherever you get podcastsâ is amazing, The Lab Rat Games!
Sources:
NHM London: Iguanodon Teeth
NHM London: Beyond Jurassic World- What We Really Know About Dinosaurs and How
NHM London: The Seven Greatest Dinosaur Discoveries of the Last 200 Years
British Ecological Society: What do Grasshoppers Eat?
Phys.Org: Cutting Edge Teeth Study
NPR: Dental Detectives: What Fossil Teeth Reveal About Ancestral Human Diets
University of Tokyo: Dinosaur Teeth Reveal What They Didnât Eat
BBC: Dinosaur Teeth Reveal Feeding Habits
Incisivosaurus
2022 Paper: Incisivosaura Bite Force
University of Pennsilvania: What Fossils Tell Us About the Dining Habits of Dinosaurs
NHM London: Dinosaur Eating Habit Insights from Stegosaurus stenops
2010 Paper: New information on scavenging and selective feeding behaviour of tyrannosaurids
Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings
2012 Paper: Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Save Our Seas: What Tools do Biologists use to Tell What is on the Menu for Wild Animals?
Scientific America: Tyrannosaurâs Stomach Contents Have Been Found for the First Time
2023 Paper: Exceptionally preserved stomach contents of a young tyrannosaurid reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift in an iconic extinct predator
SN Explores: Fossil Stomach Reveals a Dinosaurâs Last Meal
NHM London: Coprolite
The Bristol Dinosaur Project: The Grass Divide
NPR: Over 500 Fossilized Poops Show How Dinosaurs Came to Rule the Earth
American Museum of Natural History: How Does Studying Dinosaurs Benefit Humanity?
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MET on Memory Boards and Luba Oral Traditions
OED Broadcast Etymology
The Chicken Coop Ham Radio
Sybil's Little Hame Radio Program
NYTimes on Titanic's Impact on Radio Law
Library of Congress on Recorded Radio
NPR On Lout Otten and the Cassette Tape
Wired on Cassette History
NPR on the Syrian Cassette Archive
Berkeley Audio Tape Retrospective
Carl Malamud on Asynchronous Internet Radio
The Earliest Mention of Podcasts in the Guardian
Two-Bit History on the History of RSS
Kevin Werbach's Vision of the Future of RSS and the Internet
TechCrunch: Rest in Peace RSS -
Itâs not MaxFunDrive without a wild kickoff spectacular! Former real-life VJ and host of MTV's Spring Break 1999, Dave Holmes, takes your favorite MaxFun hosts through some wacky â90s- and Spring Break-themed mini games!!
Featuring: Dave Holmes, Jeremy Bent, Oscar Montoya, Dimitry Pompée, Tom Lum, Ellen Weatherford, Alex Schmidt, Brenda Snell, Drea Clark, Alonso Duralde, Dan McCoy, Jordan Morris, Manolo Moreno, Ella Hubber, Caroline Roper, Ella McLeod, John-Luke Roberts, Justin McElroy, Clint McElroy, Mike Cabellon, Sierra Katow, Hal Lublin, Danielle Radford, John Moe, Christian Dueñas, Christian Duguay.
Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:02:22) Tom, Ellen, Alex, and Brenda Trivia
(00:32:47) Tom, Ellen, Manolo, and Jeremy on Party Animals
(00:46:34) Caroline, Ella, Ella, and John-Luke on British Spring Break -
Host of Um Actually and nerd of many domains Ify Nwadiwe joins us as Tom helps him deconstruct the infamous Peasant Railgun from D&D. Could it actually work? And can we come up with something even more powerful using real science? We also dig into nerdery old and new, and see if Ify can convince Ella and Caroline to embrace their home country's greatest export: Warhammer.
Images we Talk About:
A Real Railgun FiringTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:06:05) The Peasant Railgun
(00:43:07) Q&A/Nerding Out
(01:12:19) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: After this black hole research I do appreciate my family more! weâre here to game, what is a peasant? stealing science experiments for DnD campaigns, Caroline and Ella are delighted to learn the Peasant Railgun for the first time, convincing peasants to hands across america, pandering to the audience telling them their smart, My Monster Manual is On the Origin of Species, a peasant message system/computer, let people accelerate things to the speed of light! I shouldnât let my players do WHAT, and remember kids DONT use a bong because it gets you SO HIGH, Iâm reading between the lines Gary would want us to do this, the real rail gun, UM ACTUALLY ITS A PEASANT COIL GUN, rail guns are more common in fiction, the strength of a rail gun tears itself apart and creates a fireball, Ify would make each peasant in the line roll, if your players try to make the railgun say yes then show them the picture, the peasants have the means of production and destruction - they should unionize, the fastest manmade object, the manhole cover isnt the fastest object recorded, mission to touch the sun, gravity slingshot, itâs not the mass of the planet its the orbit, its not a magnet - its a magnet on a bullettrain, DMs watch out for artificer space programs, the duke of musk keeps stealing our government funding, Morgan youâre welcome to play beyblades with Ify any time, marrying bratz and digimon, Englandâs main export is Warhammer, can Ify convince Ella to play Warhammer, should we do a separate zoom just talking about nerd stuff? online writing forums, audio books are real books, be mean in magic, playing DnD on stage vs at home, playing true to your character.
Sources:
First Edition D&D Player's Handbook
Knight's Digest on Peasant Railgun Origins
Earliest Peasant Railgun Mention
PCGamer on D&D 2024 Dungeon Master Guide Update
IEEE Early Railgun Research
Vice "This Is Why the Navy Canât Have Nice Railguns"
USC on Railgun Feasability
Popular Science Interview on Railgun Test
JPL Chart of Fastest Objects
CNET on Parker Solar Probe
NASA Gravity Assist Primer -
Why is math both so easy and so hard for our brains, and how can the psychology of horses, babies, and mathematicians help answer that? And what wild journey did Sudoku take to become the popular puzzle that Ella adores?
Things we Talk About:
The Video of a Child Learning to Count
The Melencolia PaintingTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:04:59) The Psychology of Math
(01:00:35) Sudoku
(01:44:59) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: the Wonderful student, itâs not you - itâs math, âI did biology for a reasonâ, children can want a lot of complex things, itâs harder in the UK cause its Maths plural, Caroline & Ellaâs math journeys, charlie solves the Riemann hypothesis, the horse the myth the legend - clever hans, clever hans was drafted into the military AS A MATHEMATICIAN, real horse math! so many animals seem to have Number Sense, counting is hard for kids, multiplication isnât counting - itâs memorization and other strategies, Caroline doesnât have a great Mental Blackboard, kick flipping a chair in our minds to brag to Caroline, overlapping waves, hot or not for equations, hahaha a taylor expansion?? in Lp?? ridiculous! there is no one math organ in the brain, donât give up on math, âI donât treat math as a monolith (I think statistics is the worst math)â, that surprises me because sudokoâs amazing and youâre wrong, the ancient mystical turtleâs magic square, a mathematical warding spell, âonce something is proved true, it is eternally trueâ, HOW DID ELLA NOT REALIZE THIS WAS A MATH TOPIC, magic squares are unsolved, math divination, wow this is a mathâs topic huh, maths in art, Melancholia, the magic square on La Sagrada Familia, wait Magic Squares ARENâT the precursor to sudoku?? I donât know this child, if not sudoku why sudoku shaped? the Latin square originated in Korea before Euler, my parents are older than sudoku, it was originally called Number Place, even though we call it Sudoku - in Japan itâs often called Number Place for trademark reasons, the 2004 sudoku boom, sudoku is an infectious meme, this topic took so long (because Ella took sudoku breaks), figuring out the question of unique puzzles, so many ways to think about a square, advanced sudoku techniques, x-wing and swordfish, sudoku championships, of course Ella found speed running in this topic, Sudoku doesnât seem to cure cognitive decline - but itâs also just fun to do! a beautiful sudoku poem, itâs how we learn and itâs calming - a little win, âI feel like I need to lie downâ, let us know if you know the difference between 3 apples and 4 apples.
Sources:
Perfect Pitch Study
Feigenson et al. Core System of Number
The Clever Hans Phenomenon Revisited
NYTimes Berlin's Wonderful Horse
Actual Horse Number Sense Study
Number Sense in Animals
Rat Brain Number Sense Study
NPR Why Big Numbers Break our Brains
Erikson Institute Video of Child Counting
The Development of Mathematical Cognition
Math Expert Brain Activity Study
The Beauty of Math Study
University of MAryland on Math Brain Activity
Keith Devlin Stanford Talk
Katie Steckles: What Do Mathematicians Do All Day?
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Wikipedia: Magic Square
Royal Institution: Magic Square
University of Cambridge: Magic Square
Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics
Wiki: Sudoku
The Guardian: History of Sudoku
The Science of Sudoku by BY JEAN-PAUL DELAHAYE
Paper: There Is No 16-Clue Sudoku
Advanced Sudoku Techniques:
Wiki: World Sudoku Championships
Sudoku.com: The Fastest Sudoku Player
Sudoku.com: 4 Reasons that Sudoku is the Perfect Puzzle Game
Working Memory
BBC: Puzzle Slolving and Cognitive Decline
Sudoku 15 year study
Global Council on Brain Health Report
Sudoku Mental Fortitude -
Why is the common fruit fly the perfect model organism, and the reason for 6 Nobel Prizes?? And what is the british fascination around the meal deal, lunchtime, and the sandwich?
Images we Talk About:
Map of the Fruit Fly Brain
Rat My Meal Deal
The Sandwich FactoryTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:02:57) Drosophila Melanogaster
(00:49:46) The British Meal Deal
(01:37:48) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: Ellaâs former favorite fun fact, are 6 nobel prizes more impressive than long sperm? we need to pause, bolas, Ellaâs Virgins, Dew Loving Black Belly, Dros Mel are human commensals - they migrated with us, âtheyâre undemanding guestsâ, first life intentionally put into space, maybe Jeff Goldblum became a fly so seamlessly because they share 60% of their DNA, Tomâs great Jeff Goldblum impression, they share a lot of disease related genes, Thomas Morgan - The Lord of the Flies, Morgan knew about genetics but not DNA yet, genetic redundancy, a fly geneticistâs swiss army knife, the varied list of nobel wins, are they cancelled? wait actually? guess that fly gene, âthe inside jokes are becoming outside jokesâ, the golden wild west era of the fruit fly may be over - but not all science, the beautiful fruit fly brain, we COULD end by talking about how this little organism has been so belovedly studied and helpful, Dros Mel has a mini bachelorette organ, the great british everything, is this a sincere answer? rating meal deals, fluctuations of lunch elitism, a beaver and a noonshine, capitalism made workers hours longer - workers rights made lunch, lunch was given by and for women, the earl of sandwich was too much of a gamer, we canât re-litigate the cube rule, the âdaringâ true story of the sandwich, the sandwich storry isnât about invention itâs about class, food elitism fads, ella invents soup in a tube, 1980s the first pre-packaged sandwich, units of sandwich (UOS), itâs almost like getting separated from the means of productionâŠ, the british sandwich association, take your lunch break! you wonât remember doing an extra bit of work - youâll remember spending time with folks and making a bomb ass sandwich, short lunch breaks make meal deals make sense, drosophola and meal deals cancelled on this episode,
Sources:
Paper: Drosophila - Model Organism of Choice
Paper: Innate Immune Responses of Drosophila melanogaster Are Altered by Spaceflight
NASA: Fruit Flies in Space
Paper: Drosophila â A Versatile Model in Biology & Medicine
Paper: The Secret Lives of Drosophila Flies
Guardian Article on Drosophila
Paper: Where are Drosphila From
Paper: Gal4 Swiss Army Knife
Nobel Prize: Drosophila
NPR: Fruit Fly Names
Nature News: Troublesome Names Get the Boot
Paper: Fly Brain Map
Fly Brain Image
UKRI: Fruit Fly Neuron Map
Paper Drosophila Sperm StorageMeal Deal Sources Coming Soon!
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What can we learn from the most modern - but overlooked form of pollution? And can mistakes in art be something actually... good?
Images we Talk About:
Navajo Rug Ch'ihĂłnĂtâi
Ramses II Statue
Ecce Homo
The Original Ecce Homo
3 Versions of Ecce Homo
Lincoln Memorial MistakeTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:03:25) Light Pollution
(00:48:06) Mistaeks
(01:37:02) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: Auctioning topics, the origins of pollution, pollution is old but light pollution is from the 1960s, the great stink, the biggest light polluter is the sun, old gas street lights used to be more like beacons than lights, the worldâs getting 10% brighter each year, 80% of North American canât see the milky way, Light Trespass, Sky Glow, light pollution makes telescopes worse, Tomâs parents hearing him scream WHY IS THERE BREAST MILK, the strange lights after the 1994 LA earthquake, amateur astronomers are vital to astronomy, light trapped moths, a 1917 study on lighthouses and bird migration, birds waking up 5 hours earlier, turtles also use moonlight navigation, just move your telescope and evolve your species itâs not our fault, âhe glistens you philistineâ, the big beautiful glow worm woman in the sky, street lights are like sugar light to plants, light pollution isnât the biggest issue - but that can make it easy to ignore - and it has some easy wins! itâs solvable at the community level, Tomâs buoyancy broken hand mistake, oops I mixed up my therapy and podcast topic list, the beatles anomalies list, Michelangeloâs beautiful complaint letter poem, we are our own worst critic, the ASMR mistake was just an anomaly, Kintsugi, âit treats breakage as a part of the objectâs history rather than an error or a failure to be covered upâ, whatâs the japanese word for mud covered boots, only god can make perfect fun facts, Ch'ihĂłnĂtâi, releasing the thoughts from an object - a way out, the journey of Carolineâs darned jumper, how can you tell an old mistake was a mistake? hieroglyphic typos, oh shit control ankh control ankh, revealing an ancient mistake by mistake, Philadelphia isnât real it canât hurt you, the Jesus that was⊠made an anomaly by Gloria Gimenez, the misremembered story of Ecce Homo, art is this emotional roller coaster, wow donât take Tomâs summary Caroline, Lincoln memorial myths, 1000 years from now a museum in Neo Egypt will carve out the lincoln memorial fix, I know a great art restoration person in spain if you need one, most mistakes are just forgotten, you need mistakes to learn, the mistake of starting this podcast, verbal kintsugi, anomalous jesus, we didnât learn today that Ella was a contrarian.
Sources:
Britannica: Light Pollution
2020 Paper: A Chronology of Global Air Quality
Wikipedia: The Great Stink
NHM London: Increasing Light Pollution is Drowning out the Stars
2023 Paper: Light Pollution is Skyrocketing
Scientific America: Light Pollution is Dimming Our View of the Sky
2009 Paper: Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution
National Parks Service: Connect with the Galaxy: A case for turning out the lights
CAPE 2023: What are the Effects of Artifical Light on Human Health? An Evidence Brief
2019 Paper: Effects of Light at Night on Laboratory Animals and Research Outcomes
1918 Paper: The Destruction of Birds at the Lighthouses on the Coast of California
2021 Paper: Characteristics of Light Pollution â A case study of Warsaw (Poland) and Fukuoka (Japan)
1973 Paper: Light Pollution
BBC: How light pollution disrupts plants' senses
Dark Sky: Solutions to Light Pollution---
The Beatles Anomalies List
Michelangelo's "Poem"
Kintsugi
Jill Ahlberg Yohe's Incredible Paper on ChâihĂłnĂtâi
Penn Museum's Ramses II
Ancient Egyptian Literacy
NYTimes on Ecce Homo
The Guardian Ecce Homo Critique
The Art History of Ecce Homo
AP on Ecce Homo a Year Later -
As we plan out the new year, please enjoy a recast of one of my (Tom's) favorite guest appearances on Spellbound and Gagged, hosted by the wonderful friend of the show Ellen Weatherford!
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It's the start of the new year which means a bunch of new questions submitted by YOU! What are our favorite words from the podcast? What's it like to scrap a topic? Would we still love each other if we were worms?
Things we Talk About:
Contrapoints' Twilight Video
Jenny Nicholson's Star Wars Hotel Video
Shaun's Channel
China's Artifical Sun
XOXO 2024 VideosTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:07:42) Part 1
(01:13:53) Part 2
(01:54:30) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: west our weawy heads, this year we had long topics and a good spread of topics, Jonoâs Q&A themes 2.0, next year Iâm doing a topic on Caroline, we can neither confirm nor deny itâs the dex we know, Challengers Zone of Interest is the new Barbenheimer, games that show your personality, ahh eating your own poop has been on my list for forever, the use of pseudoscience, Carolineâs favorite word from the podcast is Quantum thanks to Tom (awww), Tomâs favorite is Kleptoparasitism, just âLightâ as a topic, can we sweep Ella off her mathâs feet, say hi to us! we clicked with Gretchen TOO well, the format change has been great! someone thought that with the format change one person would just not be there, next year one topic - then zero - then negative topics, Ellaâs super secret question section, Head and Shoulders made these lovely locks, being non binary, Ella still collects squashed pennies, learning outside the podcast, you are a clown, actually it turns out we donât need comedy in this show - huh, tiktok is like matches and podcast are logs, tiktok vs youtube vs podcasts, oh people are listening to this, waiting for the other fun to drop, how we resolved learning everything, 2026 is gonna be a banging year, Ellaâs 2 Star review of the year.
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It's the HaLearn Days!! We've gathered a whole bunch of fun facts from each other and from friends of the show to share the gift of laughter and learning!
Images we Talk About:
The Rat Car
Rat Car VideoSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:07:57) Part 1
(00:59:11) Part 2
(01:37:06) OutroWe also learn about: The Christmas Brussel Sprout Tradition, put christ back in halearn days, Where the Dog Ran, eclipses are more of a âhuh?â moment, you might hear a frog during an eclipse - or more likely a science communicator, the turkey helicopter truth is stranger than fiction, giraffes canât walk up anything steeper than 20 degrees, topography is important for giraffe reserves, the emu wars, Anatidaephobia, gotta define intimate, I eat and talk with tongue, our most liked tweet was from a jetlag hat, thereâs nothing in the rules that says a wormhole canât exist and a dog canât play basketball, we got a rejection on our preprint from St Nicholas, Michel Foucaultâs Elf on a Shelf, the scale of believability, when we stopped believing in santa, âSanta knows I canât speak germanâ, the child psychology of Santa, William Shatnerâs Halloween mask, Sleiertonâs Betty Boop ghost mask, Tom finds out heâs driving a rat experiment car, the yuletide tradition of rats, rats would rather drive longer route to get food, alright âTom Lumâ, rice crispies and taco sauce, bingo bingo prison industrial complex! itâs very human to want to have tasty food, the places I would least like to have taste receptors, taste receptors and buds are different, we just discovered them on our tongues first and called them taste receptors, really our tongue has testicle and urethra receptors, screen-based phones, electronic purgatory, we will all get old, and as we say on the podcast: every year another vagina, should all our fun facts be forgot and never brought to mind, weâll raise a cup of kindness yet, for everything.
Sources:
Minute Physics video on Animals during Eclipses
Frog Song During Eclipse Study
Wikipedia: WKRP in Cincinnati âTurkeys Awayâ
Why Canât Domesticated Turkeys Fly?
Eureka Alert: Giraffes Struggle with Slopes
The Emu War
Scientific American: 80 million microbes in a Kiss
Microbiome Journal: Kiss study
Nature News: Shared Microbiome
AIP Wormhole Definition & Paper
Astronomy Today on Wormholes
2024 Paper: Childrenâs Belief in Santa Claus and Moral Behavior
Snopes on Michael Myers Mask
Snopes on Scream Mask
William Shatner interview Entertainment Weekly
Independant: Scientists Taught Rats to Drive
BBC: Rats Taught to Drive Tiny Cars to Lower Their Stress Levels
2020 Paper: Enriched environment exposure accelerates rodent driving skills
Space Shuttle: The First 20 Years
NPR: Ramen Noodle Currency
2013 Paper: Taste perception: From The Tongue To The Testis
NIH In Brief: How Does Our Sense of Taste Work?
1992 NYTimes Article about Cell Phones
CBC Article on the First Text Message -
Where are we in the universe? And what can we learn from all the hilariously wrong guesses and bad maps that got us there? And just how much carrot propaganda was there? Well, we'll see a lot of posters and a few myths to debunk!
Images we Talk About:
Dunn's Earth & Moon Maps
Herschel's Milky Way Map
Wright's Island Universes Drawing
The Image of M31 from 1919
First Full Image of Earth
The World Carrot Museum
Carrot Poster 1
Carrot Poster 2
Disney Carrot Characters
Dr CarrotTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:04:44) Where are We?
(00:45:11) Carrot Propaganda
(01:24:04) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: weâre allowed to make up topics I guess, Samuel Dunnâs map of the Earth and moon, subtle thematic forshadowing, galactocentrism, the awkward teenage years of science, every human could see the milky way, the backbone of night, the milky origins of galaxy, Herschelâs heliocentric drawing of the milky way, Cosmic Pride, the zone of avoidance, island universes is multiverses for the middle ages, the great or not so great debate, can you debate something more interesting like moo deng, M31 the little cloud, the person whose telescope proceeds him: Edwin Hubble, âhere is the letter that has destroyed my universeâ, years of fighting over terminology, the World Carrot Museum, the moment this turned from a distraction into a topic, we do actually need vitamin A for night vision and eye health, you can only get vitamin A from meat⊠and vegetables⊠and fruits, the blackouts in WWII, carrots to help drivers be safer in the dark, incredible podcasts - they help you see in the blackout, Cat Eyes Cunningham, no official document shows intentionally hiding radar with carrot vision, the myth happened organically, âthe war could be won on the kitchen frontâ, Walt Disney designed carrot mascots, if you donât think food is political I have some posters to show you.
Sources:
Yale History of the Center of the Universe
Library of Congress: History of Discovering the Milky Way
NASA Archive of The Great Debate
Hoskin's Amazing "The Great Debate: What Really Happened"
Astronomy of Today Book with the Image of the M31 "Nebula"
Hubble: The Realm of the Nebulae
ESA Bio on Edwin Hubble
NYTimes Hubble Bio
Science Friday Article about Henrietta Leavitt
Kragh's Fantastic "Nebulae or Galaxies? The history of a change in astronomical terminology---
NHS: Macular Health
American Academy of Opthamology on Vitamin Deficiency
American Optometric Society on Vitamin A Eye Health
Healthline: Are Carrots Good for Your Eyes?
Smithsonian Magazine: A WWII Propaganda Campaign Popularized the Myth That Carrots Help You See in the Dark
Web Archive: World Carrot Museum
NYT 1940: London Urges Carrot Diet For 'Blackout Blindness'
NYT 1942: Blackout Hints -- From a Blackout Veteran
NYT 1942: Disney Family
BBC: How 'Cat's Eyes' helped change the world
Britannica: One Good Fact -
It's everyone's favorite holiday: the day we ask you to submit your Q&A questions!!
Go to www.LetsLearnEverything.com/questions and submit your questions about truly anything at all from the science to the serious to the silly!
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Why do leaves change color? No... like really? Like, show-me-the-scientific-literature-really? After all how mysterious could the answer be? And holy frick we're finally doing a topic on swearing!! What are the eras of swearing, and what is swearing actually good for?
Listen to our episode of Escape this Podcast: Oceananigans pt. 3 - The Bering-toss Strait
Images we Talk About:
Carotenemia HandsTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:03:34) Autumn Leaves
(00:53:04) Swearing
(01:42:57) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
Congrats to Kelly & Zach on the book prize! We should write a book, chilli peppers are spicy cause mammals digest them before pooping them out, magnesium makes leaves green, itâs worth it to drop leaves because when they do work theyâre so efficient, man trees are interesting, carotenemia, âyeah so if you want an unnecessary amount of detailâŠâ, Caroline has an answer for all our questions, anthocyanins, red leaves could be aposematic, finding one explanation for a color doesnât mean we know for sure, Tom calls the climate change turn, warmer weather keeps leaves greener in autumn (good) but thereâs less sunlight to use it (bad), animals use autumn leaf colors to help with migration, wont someone think of the leaf peepers, I donât know/we donât know, this might be too much swearing - thats a threat and a promise, the versatility of fuck, âfuck is goodâ, may all your teeth fall out except one to give you a toothache, Ella read a book for this of all topics, âhmm⊠fuck cunt shitâŠâ, determining a historic swear is like jazz - itâs the swear words you donât see, stop trying to make clit a thing, Ella was totally right to put a swear warning at the top, the nuance of gender roles in ancient rome, Fuck has a beautiful equality to it, shitepokes and windfuckers, cunt used to be just a regular word for vulva, medieval ages didnât care about shit⊠literally, the journey of swearing makes dull history exciting, UK US Australia swearing differences, if Ellaâs dad saind cunt thatâs naughty - if Tomâs dad said it theyâd need to have a conversation, our swearing histories, why do we keep swearing? swearing has social benefits, swearing is intimate! swearing for emphasis and believability, we swear without thinking and yet itâs so socially complex, swearing activates different parts of the brain, the âfuckâ region of our brain and the fuck region of our brain are closer than we thought, screaming neutral words as a control, swearing is why Ella is the strongest host, we still donât know Why swearing is so powerful for us, tell us your favorite swears! review corner breaks the fourth wall.
Sources:
Cleaveland Clinic : Can Eating Too Many Carrots Turn Your Skin Orange?
Harvard Forest: The Process of Leaf Color Change
USDA: Science of Fall Colors
Harvard Forest: The Biological Significance of Leaf Color Change
2022 Paper: The phenomenon of red and yellow autumn leaves: Hypotheses, agreements and disagreements
2004 Paper: Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage
Science Direct: Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage
2004 Paper: Nature's Swiss Army Knife: The Diverse Protective Roles of Anthocyanins in Leaves
2012: Simulated herbivory advances autumn phenology in Acer rubrum
2002 Paper: Foliage color contrasts and adaptive fruit color variation in a bird-dispersed plant community
CID: How Climate Change Impacts Leaf Pigments
Image: Heam VS Chlorophyll
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Yiddish Curse
Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English - Geoffrey Hughes
Holy Shit by Mellisa Mohr
Stapleton et al âThe power of swearing: What we know and what we donâtâ
Study: Swearing as a Hypoalgesic
Study: Swearing Makes you Stronger -
Internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch of Lingthusiasm joins us to casually answer all of our pressing linguistics questions with the most mind blowing facts. Why does science use so much dang latin, and what is so unique about internet linguistics?
Images we Talk About:
Gretchen's Favorite FrogsTimestamps:
(00:00:00) Intro
(00:10:58) Latin in Science
(00:54:49) Misc & Internet Linguistics
(01:22:46) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!
Join our Discord!
We also learn about: Words that change the state of the universe, a promise is a kind of magic, âpeople ask me how i make a living doing linguistics and itâs very simple actuallyâ just make podcast wagers, the language of space, space pidgin language, âthatâs a great hypothesis and itâs actually hte opposite of thatâ sometimes the answer is imperialism! English is being used in science now how Latin was back then, the vulgate bible was latin to reach more people even the âvulgarâ, youâre cousins a scribe learning latin - what are you doing a podcast? âWriting is a Technologyâ, writings only been invented like 4 times, writing originated as reciepts and lists, the A is an upside down ox, why invent a new letter when that means having to change the printing press - just double letter! you access computing through programming and programming is linked to language, we donât know whether the first language was spoken or signed, french linguists once banned the discussion of the origin of language bcause it was deemed âfruitlessâ, itâs wild we could retrofit our brains to read and write at all, changing, linguistically accurate sesame street, âWho would know aught of art must learn, act, and then take his easeâ, Ella you have goregous tripthongs, nice try Gretchen but our 69th episode was a few back, the Mini frogs, isnât a linguistic podcast niche? youâre saying that to me in a language, Gretchen loses her words and makes perfect sense, Gretchen went back in time to give herself this mystery book, you donât have to be the version of yourself you imagined when you were twelve, Linguistics loves undergrad researchers to explain the youths, thereâs always new linguistics to study, the kids are changing language- and thatâs so fascinating, linguists and polyglots are related but not the same, what makes internet language Uniquely internety, is it really internet lingo or just AAE, the internet made people write a lot more than they used to, informal and unmediated writing is uniquely internet linguistics, people have wanted a sarcasm punctuation since at least 1575, emoji are a form of gesture, postcards were sometimes numbered like twitter threads, Gretchen did Sooo much research into the literature of sarcasm, the potential for misunderstanding is the point of sarcasm, âsarcasm is this linguistic trustfallâ, pushing the boundaries of what a language can be, Solresol the musical conlang, language is everything - rainbows are language, whitespace programming language,
- Näytä enemmän
