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Episodes
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Kayla and Venus discuss the many drugs in the 1994 cult classic, Pulp Fiction, and also talk about why they like (and dislike) the movie.
Listen to the whole episode over on Patreon at the $2 tier, and watch our next movie with us on Discord by joining the $5 tier.
https://www.patreon.com/lethaldosepod
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Between 1997 and 2007, a Mexican street gang known as "Las Goteras" poisoned and robbed men, killing as many as 70 with simple but deadly eye drops. Much like this isn't the first time we've featured eye drops, Las Goteras were not the only ones using this method.
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Clarkson, W. (2022). El Hamburguesa. In Serial Killers of Mexico. Welbeck.
Contreras-Salinas, H., Orozco-Ceja, V., Romero-Lopez, M. S., Barajas-Virgen, M. Y., Baiza-Duran, L. M., &Rodriguez-Herrera, L. Y. (2022). Ocular Cyclopentolate: A mini review concerning its benefits and risks. ClinOphthalmol, 16, 3753-3762.
Cordero, A. (2023). Asesino serial David Avendaño Balline, "El Hamburguesa". En Blanco y Negro. Retrieved 01 May 2023, from https://enblancoynegro.com.mx/2023/03/28/asesino-serial-david-avendano-ballina-el-hamburguesa/
David Avendaño 'El Hamburguesa', líder de la banda de 'Las Goteras' y responsable del asesinato de 70 de sus víctimas. (2018). Vanguardia. Retrieved 29 Apr2024, from https://vanguardia.com.mx/noticias/nacional/david-avendano-el-hamburguesa-lider-de-la-banda-de-las-goteras-y-responsable-del-asesinato-de-70-de-sus-victimas-PNVG3419035
Ketzer. (2020). El Crimen de Parkita y Espectrito Jr y las Bandas de "Goteras". VAR Deportivo. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, from https://vardeportivo.com/2020/11/14/el-crimen-de-parkita-y-espectrito-jr-y-las-bandas-de-goteras/
"Las goteras", adulteraban bebidas y usaban sus senos. (2017). El Universal. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/colaboracion/mochilazo-en-el-tiempo/nacion/sociedad/las-goteras-adulteraban-bebidas-y-usaban-sus/
Las Goteras: La banda criminal que sigue atacando. (2023). 24 Morelos. Retrieved 29 Apr 2024, from https://www.24morelos.com/las-goteras-la-banda-criminal-que-sigue-atacando/
Martinez, F. (2010). Sentencian a 47 años a asesinas de mini luchadores. El Universal. Retrieved 29 Apr 2024, from https://web.archive.org/web/20100716204428/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/694931.html
Nombran a la lucha libre como Patrimonio Cultural Intangible de la CDMX. (2018). El Universal. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, from https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/nombran-la-lucha-libre-como-patrimonio-cultural-intangible-de-la-cdmx/#imagen-1
Ocampo, E. (2006). el fin de una era. Superluchas. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, fromhttps://superluchas.com/el-fin-de-una-era/
Pooniya, V., & Pandey, N. (2012). Systemic toxicity of topical cycolpentolate eyedrops in a child. Eye (Lond), 26(10), 1391-1392.
Salen oootras víctimas de ‘Las Goteras’. (2017). Chilango. Retrieved 03 May 2024, from https://www.chilango.com/ciudad/mas-victimas-de-las-goteras/
Sosa, A. (2020). Confesaron su crimen "La Tííaa"yy""la Gorda". El Sol de Puebla. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.pressreader.com/mexico/el-sol-de-puebla/20200228/282445646095016
Sosa, A. (2022). Las Goteras: Seductoras y malvadas, asesinaron a los luchadores La Parkita y Espectrito. La Prensa. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.la-prensa.com.mx/archivos-secretos/las-goteras-seductoras-y-malvadas-asesinaron-a-los-luchadores-la-parkita-y-espectrito-8075628.html
Valdespin, M. (2023). La banda criminal <<Las Goteras>> continúa su serie de ataques implacables. 45 Digital Noticias. Retrieved 01 May 2023, from https://45digital.mx/la-banda-criminal-las-goteras-continua-su-serie-de-ataques-implacables/
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Missing episodes?
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Charged Lemonade, Coca-Cola, and caffeinated potato chips - oh my! Caffeine may be everywhere, but that doesn't mean it's not dangerous at the wrong dose (and that's probably lower than you think it is).
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Citations available on Kayla's blog at writerkaylawoods.wordpress.com
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Following the events in Minamata, Japan, mercury came under intense scrutiny by researchers, physicians, and parents alike. One kind of mercury is not like another, but what does that mean when there's mercury in vaccines?
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Baker, J. P. (2008). Mercury, vaccines, and autism: One controversy, three histories. AJPH, 98(2), 244-253.
Bernhoft, R. A. (2012). Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/460508
Czech, H. (2018). Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna. Mol Autism, 9(29).
Deer, B. (2004). How lawyers paid for start of MMR scare; letters refute Andrew Wakefield's story. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808025155/http://briandeer.com/wakefield/wakefield-deal.htm
Deer, B. (2011). How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. BMJ, 342, c5347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5347
Dr Andrew Jeremy WAKEFIELD Determination on Serious Professional Misconduct (SPM) and sanction. (2010). In. www.gmc-uk.org: General Medical Council.
Evans, B. (2013). How autism became autism. Hist Human Sci, 26(3), 3-31.
Fombonne, E., Goin-Kochel, R. P., & O'Roak, B. J. (2020). Beliefs in vaccine as causes of autism among SPARK cohort caregivers. Vaccine, 38(7).
Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. (2015). (R. S. Hoffman, M. A. Howland, N. A. Lewin, L. S. Nelson, & L. R. Goldfrank, Eds. 10 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Gross, L. (2009). A broken trust: Lessons from the vaccine-autism wars. PLoS Biol, 7(5). https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114
Hotez, P. (2019). America and Europe's new normal: the return of vaccine-preventable diseases. Pediatric Research, 85, 912-914.
Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. (2001). T. N. A. Press.
Lewis, T., Fischman, J., Leong, C., & Lim, A. (2023). Why Childhood Vaccination Rates are Falling. Scientific American. Retrieved 26 Feb 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/why-childhood-vaccination-rates-are-falling/
McPhillips, D. (2023). CDC sounds alarm about low vaccination rates amid rising respiratory virus activity. CNN. Retrieved 26 Feb 2024, from https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/14/health/low-vaccination-rates-flu-covid-rsv/index.html
Mnookin, S. (2017). How Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Distorted Vaccine Science. Scientific American. Retrieved 23 Feb 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-robert-f-kennedy-jr-distorted-vaccine-science1/
Offit, P. A. (2007). Thimerosal and vaccines - A cautionary tale. N Engl J Med, 357, 1278-1279.
Rabin, R. C. (2019). Brother and Sister of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Accuse Him of Spreading Misinformation on Vaccines. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 Feb 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/health/vaccines-kennedy-measles.html
Smith, M. R., & Swenson, A. (2023). RFK Jr. says he's not anti-vaccine. His record shows the opposite. It's one of many inconsistencies. AP. Retrieved26 Feb 2023, from https://apnews.com/article/rfk-kennedy-election-2024-president-campaign-621c9e9641381a1b2677df9de5a09731
Wolff, S. (2004). The history of autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 13, 201-208.
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In 2001, anthrax sent in the US mail as part of two separate biochemical terrorist attacks killed five people and sickened dozens of others. The Amerithrax investigation did not officially end for another nine years and it is unclear if the killer responsible was truly identified.
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Amerithrax Investigative Summary. (2010). www.justice.gov Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180411123247/https://www.justice.gov/archive/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf
Broad, W. J., & Johnston, D. (2001, 09 Nov 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: THE INQUIRY; Experts See F.B.I. Missteps Hampering Anthrax Inquiry. The New York Times.
History of Anthrax. (2020). https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/anthrax-history.html
Krauss, D. (2022). The Anthrax Attacks S. Vohra; Netflix.
Landers, J. (2016). The Anthrax Letters That Terrorized a Nation Are Now Decontaminated and on Public View. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 11 Jan 2024, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/anthrax-letters-terrorized-nation-now-decontaminated-public-view-180960407/
Mitchell, J. (2023). 20 years ago, the U.S. warned of Iraq's alleged 'weapons of mass destruction'. NPR. Retrieved 20 Jan 2024, from https://www.npr.org/2023/02/03/1151160567/colin-powell-iraq-un-weapons-mass-destruction#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,20%20years%20ago%2C%20the%20U.S.%20warned%20of%20Iraq's%20alleged%20'weapons,and%20undermine%20the%20Iraq%20War.
Moughty, S. (2011). Paul Keim: "We Were Surprised It Was the Ames Strain". Frontline. Retrieved 11 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/paul-keim-we-were-surprised-it-was-the-ames-strain/
Peterson, L., & Pear, R. (2001, 16 Oct 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: CIPRO; Anthrax Fears Send Demand for a Drug Far Beyond Outpit. The New York Times.
Pollock, A. (2021). Terrorism. In Sickening. University of Minnesota Press.
Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. (2011). T. N. A. Press.
Revkin, A. C., & Canedy, D. (2001, 05 Dec 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: THE DISEASE; Anthrax Pervades Floride Site,and Experts See Likeness to That Sent to Senators. The New York Times.
Riedel, S. (2005). Anthrax: a continuing concern in the era of bioterrorism. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 18(3), 234-243.
Rozen, L. (2002). Fort Detrick's anthrax mystery. Salon. Retrieved 09 Jan 2024, from https://www.salon.com/2002/01/26/assaad/
Shane, S. (2011). Expert Panel is Critical of F.B.I. Work in Investigating Anthrax Letters. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 Jan 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/us/16anthrax.html
Suffin, S. C., Carnes, W. H., & Kaufmann, A. F. (1978). Inhalational anthrax in a home craftsman. Human Path, 9(5), 594-597.
Timeline: How the Anthrax Terror Unfolded. (2011). NPR. Retrieved 09 Jan 2024, from https://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded
Willman, D. (2011). The Mirage Man. Bantam Books.
Wing of Senate Building Closed Amid Anthrax Concerns. (2001). PBS. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/health-july-dec01-anthrax_10-16
Wiser, M., Gordon, G., & Engelberg, S. (2011). Government Settles Anthrax Suit for $2.5 million. Frontline. Retrieved 21 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/government-settles-anthrax-suit-for-2-5-million/
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Spanish Fly is a potent poison with purported aphrodisiac effects, and it was used to kill two women in 1954 just because their office manager wanted to have sex with one of them.
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Clip of the Larry King x Bill Cosby interview https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtZwL4c2JYA
Adams, C. A. (1950). Food and Drug Law in the United Kingdom. Food, Drug, Cosmetic Law J, 5(8), 642-655.
Cotovio, P., Silva, C., Marques, M. G., Ferrer, F., Costa, F., Carriera, A., & Campos, M. (2013). Acute kidney injury by cantharidin poisoning following a silly bet and an ugly beetle. Clin Kidney J, 6(2), 201-203.
Craven, J. D., & Polak, A. (1954). Cantharidin Poisoning. BMJ, 2(4901), 1386-1388.
Five Years for Sex Drug Deaths. (1954, 19 Jun 1954). The Mercury. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27219793
Froberg, B. A. (2011). Animals. In C. P. Holstege, T. M. Neer, G. B. Saathoff, & R. B. Furbee (Eds.), Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Hsieh, C., & Varina, R. (2023). 11 Aphrodisiac Foods That Might Just Help Level Up Your Sex Drive. Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 30 Dec 2023,from https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/advice/g1022/aphrodisiac-foods-0509/?slide=1
Karras, D. J., Farrell, S. E., Harrigan, R. A., Henretig, F. M., & Gealt, L. (1996). Poisoning from "Spanish Fly" (Cantharidin). Am J Emer Med, 14(5), 478-483.
Man used aphrodisiac to spike friend's drink so she would have sex with him, court hears. (2017). The Telegraph. Retrieved 02 Jan 2024, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/13/man-used-aphrodisiac-spike-friends-drink-would-have-sex-court/
McCahill, E. (2018). Clubber cleared of putting 'Spanish Goldfly sex drops' in woman's mocktail as he says 'they don't work'. Mirror. Retrieved 02 Jan 2024, from https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/clubber-cleared-putting-sex-drops-13247290
Melnyk, J. P., & Marcone, M. F. (2011). Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources - A review of current scientific literature. Food Res Inter, 44, 840-850.
Nickolls, L. C., & Teare, D. (1954). Poisoning by Cantharidin. BMJ, 2(4901), 1384-1386.
Rowland, J. (1960). Cantharides. In Poisoner in the Dock. Arco Publications.
Said Cantharidin Killed Two Girls. (1954, 19 May 1954). Townsville Daily Bulletin.
Scales, H. (2013). Spanish fly. Chemistry World. Retrieved 30 Dec 2023, from https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/spanish-fly/6677.article
Whittaker, G. (2023). Spanish Fly: Does It Work asan Aphrodisiac? https://www.hims.com/blog/spanish-fly
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This is the survival story Aimo Koivunen, where snow, meth, and a dash of Finnish spirit make for an arctic adventure that no one expected.
Listen to the whole story and watch the accompanying video only on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/lethaldosepod
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Larry McNabney was a Las Vegas lawyer and horse lover who was poisoned with horse tranquilizer by his wife and her best friend in 2001.
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---Frith, S. (2002). Lawyer allegedly killed by wife who hid criminal past. Seattle PI. Retrieved 19 Nov 2023, from https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/lawyer-allegedly-killed-by-wife-who-hid-criminal-1083525.php
Hell in Heels. (2022). K. Schiffman; https://abc.com/shows/2020/episode-guide/2022-04/01-hell-in-heels
Jones, J. (2002). The Chameleon comes home. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 19 Nov 2023, from https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2002/05/19/the-chameleon-comes-home/
Malone, E. Equine Sedatives and Calming Agents. University of Minnesota. Retrieved 27 Nov 2023 from https://open.lib.umn.edu/largeanimalsurgery/chapter/equine-sedatives/#:~:text=Xylazine%20is%20a%20common%20equine,%2Fml)%20for%20most%20horses.
Papudesi, B. N., Malayala, S. V., & Regina, A. C. (2023). Xylazine Toxicity. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594271/#:~:text=Xylazine%20toxicity%20is%20a%20critical,and%20life%2Dthreatening%20skin%20ulcers.
Rhee, J., Schiffman, K., & Yamada, H. (2022). Daughter of Laren Sims, who killed husband with horse tranquilizer, details childhood on the run. ABC 7. https://abc7chicago.com/2020-tonight-laren-sims-larry-mcnabney-haylei-jordan/11700760/
What You Should Know About Xylazine. (2023). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 Nov 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/other-drugs/xylazine/faq.html
Zamora, J. H. (2002). Wife's bizarre confession in poisoning / Secretary also charged in slaying of lawyer. SFGate. Retrieved 19 Nov 2023, from https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Wife-s-bizarre-confession-in-poisoning-2861614.php
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Two siblings were found dead in their Colorado home in 2002, but was their death an accident from misreading a cold syrup label, or was it homicide? Mistakes with the toxicology made interpreting the situation much more difficult in this case.
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Find the citations for this episode at Kayla's Website writerkaylawoods.wordpress.com
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After the Manhattan Project ended, its legacy continued. Plutonium production at the Hanford Nuclear Site increased, as did work at Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, so that more nuclear bombs could be dropped at the Nevada Test Site and on the Marshall Islands in the name of science and "supremacy."
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Biddle, W. (2012). A Field Guide to Radiation. Penguin Books.
Botelho, G. B. (2013). Governor: 6 tanks leaking radioactive waste at Washington nuclear site. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/22/us/washington-nuclear/index.html
Brown, V. (2013). Hanford Nuclear Waste Cleanup Plant May Be Too Dangerous. Scientific American. Retrieved 07 Nov 2023, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hanford-nuclear-cleanup-problems/
Brumfiel, G. (2023). Russia is scrapping its ratification of a key nuclear test ban. Here's what that means. NPR. Retrieved 18 Oct 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2023/10/17/1206114320/russia-is-scrapping-its-ratification-of-a-key-nuclear-test-ban-heres-what-that-m
Curry, B. (1979). HEW Lawyer Says U.S. Ignored Fallout Risks. The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 Oct 2023, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/20/hew-lawyer-says-us-ignored-fallout-risks/1ba9ec54-82db-45d6-a58f-8fb68bd9c5e6/
Downwinders and the Radioactive West. (2021). J. Howe; American Public Television. https://www.pbsutah.org/pbs-utah-productions/shows/downwinders-and-the-radioactive-west/
Eidy, M., & Tishkowski, K. (2023). Radon Toxicity. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562321/
Farrow, R., & McHugh, R. (2016). Welcome to 'the Most Toxic Place in America'. NBC News. Retrieved 07 Nov 2023, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/welcome-most-toxic-place-america-n689141
Fehner, T. R., & Gosling, F. G. (2000). Origins of the Nevada Test Site. nnss.gov Retrieved from https://nnss.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/DOE_MA0518-1.pdf
Hein, T. (2000). Atomic Farmgirl. Fulcrum Publishing.
James L. Nolan, J. (2020). Atomic Doctors. Harvard UniversityPress.
Kolanz, M. E. (2001). Introduction to beryllium: Uses, regulatory history, and disease. App Occ Environ Hyg, 16(5),559-567.
The Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963. Office of the Historian. Retrieved 17 Oct 2023 from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/limited-ban
Miller, R. (1986). Under the Cloud. Free Press.
The Navajo People and Uranium Mining. (2006). University of New Mexico Press.
Neisius, M. Western Shoshone Nation Opposes Yucca Mountain Nuclear Repository. Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation. https://sites.evergreen.edu/ccc/warnuclear/shoshone-tribe-opposes-yucca-mountain-nuclear-repository/
Olson, S. (2020). The Apocalypse Factory. W. W. Norton & Company.
Pasternak, J. (2010). Yellow Dirt. Free Press.
Pincus, W. (2021). Blown to Hell. Diversion Books.
Republic of the Marshall Islands 2021 Census Report. (2023).
Sadler, J. (2019). Native American tribe claims nuclear waste can't be stored on its land. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 15 Oct 2023, from https://lasvegassun.com/news/2019/aug/15/native-american-tribe-claims-nuclear-waste-cant-be/
Wald, M. L. (1998, 16 Jan 1998). Panel Details Management Flaws at Hanford Nuclear Waste Site. The New York Times, 20.
What is Hanford? Hanford Challenge. https://www.hanfordchallenge.org/whatishanford
Williams, H. (2011). Made in Hanford. Washington State University Press.
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This story goes beyond the work of Oppenheimer, Groves, and all the other Nobel laureate scientists and uncovers the injuries inflicted upon Americans across the country and hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians in the 1940s. And it's only the beginning.
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Bernstein, J. (2007). Plutonium. Joseph Henry Press.
Biddle, W. (2012). A Field Guide to Radiation. Penguin Books.
Brown, K. (2013). Plutopia. Oxford University Press.
Cassidy, D. C. (2002). Werner Heisenberg: An overview of his life and work. Fortschr. Phys., 50, 437-439.
Crowther, J. A. (1945). Röntgen centenary and fifty years of x-rays. Nature, 155(3934), 351-353.
Gerber, M. S. (2002). On the Home Front. University of Nebraska Press.
Groueff, S. (1967). Manhattan Project. Little, Brown and Company.
Hay, A. (2023). 'Oppenheimer' and the story behind those who lost their land to the lab. Reuters. Retrieved 15 Oct 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/oppenheimer-story-behind-those-who-lost-their-land-lab-2023-07-28/
Hayes, D. F. (1956). A Summary of Accidents and IncidentsInvolving Radiation in Atomic Energy Activities. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4343762
Hein, T. (2000). Atomic Farmgirl. Fulcrum Publishing.
James L. Nolan, J. (2020). Atomic Doctors. Harvard UniversityPress.
Jones, V. C. (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb.U.S. Army Center of Military History.
Jungk, R. (1961). Children of the Ashes http://playpen.meraka.csir.co.za/~acdc/education/Dr_Anvind_Gupa/Learners_Library_7_March_2007/Resources/books/childrenoftheashes.pdf
McLaughlin, T. P., Monahan, S. P., Pruvost, N. L., Frolov, V. V., Ryazanov, B. G., & Sviridov, V. I. (2000). A Review of Criticality Accidents.
Miller, R. (1986). Under the Cloud. Free Press.
Moss, W., & Eckhardt, R. (1995). The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments. Los Alamos Sci, 23, 177-223.
The Navajo People and Uranium Mining. (2006). University of New Mexico Press.
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Pellegrino, C. (2015). To Hell and Back. Rowman & Littlefield
The Report of the Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan. (1951). Oak Ridge: United States Atomic Energy Commission
Rhodes, R. (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Touchstone.
Toxicological Profile for Plutonium. (2010). Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
Voelz, G. L. (2000). Plutonium and Health: How great is the risk? Los Alamos Sci, 26, 74-89.
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Williams, H. (2011). Made in Hanford. Washington State University Press.
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Digoxin is a heart medication that can be used to save the life of a patient in heart failure. In the hands of the wrong nurse, however, it can be a terrible weapon used to kill dozens of people.
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Chan, B. S. H., & Buckley, N. A. (2014). Digoxin-specific antibody fragments in the treatment of digoxin toxicity. Clin Tox, 52, 824-836.
Cummings, E. D., & Swoboda, H. D. (2023). Digoxin Toxicity. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470568
Edwards, S. A. (2012). Digitalis: The flower, the drug, the poison. AAAS.Retrieved 10 Sep 2023, from https://www.aaas.org/digitalis-flower-drug-poison
Graeber, C. (2007). The Tainted Kidney. New York Magazine. Retrieved 13 Sep 2023, from https://nymag.com/article/charles-cullen-nurse-serial-killer.html
Graeber, C. (2013). The Good Nurse. Twelve.
Hack, J. B. (2015). Cardioactive Steroids. In L. S. Nelson, N. A. Lewin, M. A. Howland, R. S. Hoffman, & L. R. Goldfrank (Eds.), Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies (10th ed.). McGraw Hill Medical.
Hawkins, T. T. (2022). Capturing the Killer Nurse R. Ockleford; Netflix.
Kroft, S. (2013). Angel of Death: Killer nurse stopped, but not soon enough. CBS News. Retrieved 14 Sep 2023, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/angel-of-death-killer-nurse-stopped-but-not-soon-enough-29-04-2013/
Kruer, R. M., Jarrell, A. S., & Latif, A. (2014). Reducing medication errors in critical care: a multimodal approach.
Pérez-Peña, R., Kocieniewski, D., & George, J. (2004). Death on the Night Shift: 16 Years, Dozens of Bodies; Through Gaps in System, Nurse Left Trail of Grief. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 Sep 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/29/nyregion/death-night-shift-16-years-dozens-bodies-through-gaps-system-nurse-left-trail.html?scp=1&sq=death%20on%20the%20night%20shift&st=cse
Zimmerman, J. E., Kramer, A. A., & Knaus, W. A. (2013). Changes in hospital mortality for United States intensive care unit admissions from 1988 to 2012. Crit Care, 17.
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In 2016, a beauty stylist accused a client of attempting to kill her with poisoned cheesecake, but that's just the tip of the iceberg in this story.
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Bill to ban "Zannie" passes. (2012). KSLA News 12. Retrieved 03Sep 2023, from https://www.ksla.com/story/18578228/bill-to-ban-zannie-passes/
Brooklyn woman convicted of attempted murder in cheesecake poisoning of Queens look-alike. (2023, 09 Feb 2023). https://queensda.org/brooklyn-woman-convicted-of-attempted-murder-in-cheesecake-poisoning-of-queens-look-alike/
Corkery, J. M., Schifano, F., & Ghodse, A. H. (2012). Phenazepam abuse in the UK: an emerging problem causing adverse health problems, including death. Human Psychopharma. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2222
Devoe, M. (2023). The Case of the Poison Cheesecake CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/the-case-of-the-poison-cheesecake/
Kyle, P. B., Brown, K. B., Bailey, A. P., & Stevenson, J. L. (2012). Reactivity of commercial benzodiazepineimmunoassays to phenazepam. J Analytical Tox, 36, 207-209.
Maskell, P. D., De Paoli, G., Seetohul, L. N., & Pounder, D. J. (2012). Phenazepam: The drug that came in from the cold. J Forensic Legal Med, 19, 122-125. Oyemade, A. (2012). New uncontrolled benzodiazepine, phenazepam, emerging drug of abuse. Innov Clin Neurosci, 9(9), 10.
Russian gets 21 years for cheesecake-poisoning of US doppelganger. (2023). The Guardian. Retrieved 03 Sep 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/19/russian-cheesecake-poisoning-doppelganger-21-years-viktoria-nasyrova
Treisman, R. (2023). A woman gets 21 years for trying to kill her doppelganger with poisoned cheesecake. NPR. Retrieved 03 Sep 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2023/04/21/1171083112/russian-cheesecake-poisoning-doppelganger-nyc
A woman is poisoned with a piece of cheesecake. Her lookalike is convicted of attempted murder. (2023). CBS News. Retrieved03 Sep 2023, from https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/viktoria-nasyrova-olga-tsvyk-poisoned-cheesecake-attempted-murder/13/
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There are only two recorded cases of homicidal poisoning in the UK using aconitine. Venus and Kayla discuss both of them and think about how little has changed in over 100 years.
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Aconite Poisoning. University of Chicago. Retrieved 08 Aug 2023 from https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/aconite.html
Been, A. (1992). Aconitum: Genus of powerful and sensational plants. Pharma Hist, 34(1), 35-39.
Bonnici, K., Stanworth, D., Simmonds, M. S. J., Mukherjee, E., & Ferner, R. E. (2010). Flowers of evil. The Lancet, 376, 1616.
Browne, G. L., & Stewart, C. G. (1883). Trial of Dr. Lamson. In Reportsof Trials for Murder by Poisoning. Stevens.
Burks, R. (2021). The dead of aconite. Chemistry World. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-dead-of-aconite/4014423.article
Case against curry poison accused 'fundamentally flawed'. (2010). Richmond & Twickenham Times. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from https://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/4885595.case-curry-poison-accused-fundamentally-flawed/
Chan, T. Y. K. (2009). Aconite poisoning. Clin Tox, 47, 279-285.
Chung, J. Y., Lee, S. J., Lee, H. J., Bong, J. B., Lee, C.-H., Shin, B.-S., & H.G., K. (2021). Aconitine neurotoxicity according to administration methods. J Clin Med, 10(10).
Curry poison killer Lakhvir Singh jailed for life. (2010). BBC News Channel. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8509798.stm
Curry poisoner Lakhvir Singh found guilty of murder (2010). The Guardian. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/feb/10/curry-poisoner-guilty-murder
Flanagan, R. J. (2012). Poisoning: Fact or fiction? Medico-Legal J, 80(4), 127-148.
Gao, X., Hu, J., Zhang, X., Zuo, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhu, S. (2020). Research progress of aconitine toxicity and forensic analysis of aconitine poisoning. Forensic Sci Res, 5(1), 25-31.
Guilty: Poison curry murderer laced ex-lover's meal with deadly herb. (2012). Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/guilty-poison-curry-murderer-laced-exlover-s-meal-with-deadly-herb-6733889.html
Kingsbury, J. M. (1965). Deadly Harvest. Holt, Rhine, andWinston.
Stewart, A. (2009). Aconite. In Wicked Plants. Algonquin Books.
Trial of George Henry Lamson. https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18820227-367
Trial of George Henry Lamson. (1913). William Hodge & Company.
Woman used "queen of poisons" to kill her lover. (2010). Reuters. Retrieved 15 Aug 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-curry/woman-used-queen-of-poisons-to-kill-her-lover-idUKTRE6193EE20100210
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In the 1950s, the citizens of Minamata, Japan began experiencing strange symptoms from a disease that authorities struggled to identify and the government failed to properly protect them from.
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Find the works cited for this episode on Kayla's blog.
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Venus and Kayla describe the return of a heavy hitter in this classic drama!
Content warning: mentions of rape and incest
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This microdose talks about the poisons in one of Kayla and Venus' favorite movies, and we also do some myth busting!
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For the first summer movie night of 2023, we watched The Wizard of Oz. This microdose covers the poisons used in the plot and on the set of the Hollywood classic.
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This season finale episode concludes the story of Charles Sobhraj and his accomplices Marie-Andree Leclerc and Ajay Chowdury, who helped him poison, rob, and murder an untold number of tourists in Southeast Asia in 1975 and 1976. Get out your globes for this one!
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Anand, B. S., Torres, E., Operkun, A., & Graham, D. Y. (1994). Comparative assessment of phenolphthalein and phenopthalein glucuroinde: is phenophthalein glucuronide a better laxative? Ailment Pharmacol Ther, 8(5), 559-562.
Anthony, A. (2014). On the trail of the serpent... the fatal charm of Charles Sobhraj. GQ. Retrieved 19 Apr 2023, from https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/charles-sobhraj-serial-killer-interview
Gerald, M. C., & Schwirian, P. M. (1973). Nonmedical Use of Methaqualone. Archives Gen Psych, 28(5), 627-631.
Hollingsworth, J., & Renton, A. (2021). From diplomat to detective, this man helped bring Asia's notorious 'Serpent' killer to justice. CNN. Retrieved 11 May 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/13/asia/serpent-bikini-killer-sobhraj-intl-hnk-dst/index.html
Indiana, G. (2014). It's a Secret: My Time with Charles Sobhraj, the Bikini Killer. Vice. Retrieved 11 May 2023, from https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppmxyz/its-a-secret-0000450-v21n9
Ionescu-Pioggia, M., Bird, M., Orzack, M. H., Benes, F., Beake, B., & Cole, J. O. (1988). Methaqualone. Int Clin Psychopharm, 3, 97-109.
Kranc, L. (2021). Netflix's The Serpent Follows the Multi-National Web of Charles Sobhraj's Murders. Esquire. Retrieved 07 May 2023, from https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a36015800/netflix-the-serpent-true-story-charles-sobhraj/
McMahan, Z. H., & DuPont, H. L. (2007). Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management - from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy. Ailment Pharmacol Ther, 25, 759-769.
Murphy, J. (2009). Movement away from phenolphthalein in laxatives. JAMA, 301(17), 1770.
Neville, R., & Clarke, J. (1980). The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj. Pan Books.
Neville, R., & Clarke, J. (2020). On the Trail of the Serpent. Vintage.
Saperstein, P. (2021). 'The Serpent': Questions We Have After Watching the Netflix True Crime Series. Variety. Retrieved 11 May 2023, from https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/the-serpent-questions-netflix-true-crime-charles-sobhraj-1234943682/
Sharma, G. (2022). 'The Serpent' Charles Sobhraj to be freed from Nepal prison on Friday. Reuters. Retrieved 11 May 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/the-serpent-charles-sobhraj-due-be-set-be-free-nepal-prison-2022-12-22/
Sodium thiopental. (2016). Retrieved 11 May 2023 from https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/s/sodium-thiopental.html
Thiopental Sodium. In NCATS (Ed.), Inxight Drugs. drugs.ncats.io: NIH.
Thompson, T. (1979). Serpentine. Doubleday.
Timeline: Case of Charles Sobhraj - 'Bikini Killer', 'Serpent'. (2022). Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/23/timeline-case-of-charles-sobhraj-bikini-killer-serpent
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The serial killer Charles Sobhraj, later known as The Serpent or the Bikini Killer, started out with petty crimes and poisonings during a fractured adolescence divided between Vietnam and France and quickly escalated, leaving a trail of people who liked and trusted him reeling in his wake.
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Anthony, A. (2014). On the trail of the serpent... the fatal charm of Charles Sobhraj. GQ. Retrieved 19 Apr 2023, from https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/charles-sobhraj-serial-killer-interview
Anthony, A. (2020). Speaking with the Serpent: my encounters with serial killer Charles Sobhraj. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 Apr 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/dec/27/speaking-with-the-serpent-my-encounters-with-serial-killer-charles-sobhraj
Chlorpromazine overdose. (2021). Mount Sinai. Retrieved 23 Apr 2023 from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/chlorpromazine-overdose#:~:text=Most%20likely%2C%20an%20overdose%20will,can%20cause%20more%20serious%20symptoms.
Duiker, W. J., Turley, W. S., Buttinger, J., Hickey, G. C., Osborne, M. E., Jamieson, N. L., & Whitworth, R. (2023). Vietnam. Britannica. Retrieved 19 Apr 2023 from https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/Effects-of-French-colonial-rule
Mann, S. K., & Marwaha, R. (2022). Chlorpromazine. Treasure Island. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553079/
Mogadon Product Monograph. (2013). https://www.aapharma.ca/downloads/en/PIL/2016/Mogadon-PM.pdf
Neville, R., & Clarke, J. (1980). The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj. Pan Books.
Neville, R., & Clarke, J. (2020). On the Trail of the Serpent. Vintage.Thompson, T. (1979). Serpentine. Doubleday.
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