Episoder
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Food and the Planet: Is a Healthy Diet Environmentally Sustainable?
Intervenant(s)
Dr Tara Garnett, Director, TABLE, University of Oxford
Résumé
Food systems are responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, and are the main drivers of deforestation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable water use. At the same time, our growing global population suffers from both new and emerging health problems arising from the way we produce, distribute and consume food.
Recent years have seen intense research focus on understanding the connections between dietary health and environmental sustainability, and in assessing whether a healthy diet is compatible with efforts to meet our climate and other environmental targets. This presention argues that the 'answer' to this question depends, in part on how health is defined and which aspects of the food system are seen to be capable of change.
Tara Garnett
Tara is a researcher at the University of Oxford, and the Director of TABLE, a global platform for thinking and dialogue on key debates about the future of food. TABLE facilitates informed discussions about how the food system can become sustainable, resilient, and just. Tara's work centres on the interactions among food, climate, health and broader sustainability issues; she has a particular interest in livestock as a sector where many of these converge. She is also interested in how knowledge is communicated to and interpreted by policy makers, NGOs and industry, and in the values these different stakeholders bring to food problems and possible solutions.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Understanding the Global Rise of Ultra-Processed Foods: the Food Systems and Commercial Determinants
Intervenant(s)
Pr Phillip Baker, Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University
Résumé
This talk will discuss how harmful commodity industries seek to influence policymakers, science (and scientists), and the public, through a range of strategies. It will discuss political strategies (such as lobbying and seeking to influence policymaking) science strategies (for example, funding industry-friendly research and researchers) and wider Corporate Social Responsibility strategies, such as industry-funded information and education campaigns. It will also identify the common characteristics of such campaigns. The talk will also seek to draw out the commonalities with the activities of other harmful commodity industries.
Mark Petticrew
Mark Petticrew is Professor of Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). He is Director of the NIHR Public Health Policy Research Unit. His main research interests are in evidence-based policymaking. His work also has a focus on the commercial determinants of health—in particular, the influence of unhealthy commodity industries on health (e.g. through the promotion of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, and gambling). Recent research includes analyses of misinformation disseminated by alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) bodies such as Drinkaware and Drinkwise. He is a collaborator in the SPECTRUM Consortium (See: https://ukprp.org/what-we-fund/spectrum/). This consortium investigates the commercial determinants of health and health inequalities, focusing mainly on tobacco and alcohol but extending to unhealthy food (e.g. high in fat, salt and sugar) and gambling.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Understanding the Global Rise of Ultra-Processed Foods: the Food Systems and Commercial Determinants
Intervenant(s)
Pr Phillip Baker, Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University
Résumé
The share of ultra-processed foods in human diets is rising nearly everywhere, raising serious concerns for human and planetary health. Too often, blame is placed on individuals or families, and their dietary choices, stigmatising people living with obesity, and resulting in ineffective policy responses that focus on consumers alone. In this presentation Dr Baker presents an alternative interpretation. His research focuses instead on the role of the food industry, and the market and political practices used by large corporations to shape food systems and ultimately—to grow and sustain ultra-processed food markets on a global scale. Corporations like Coca-Cola, Nestle and McDonalds act as vectors for the spread of ultra-processed foods worldwide, normalising their products through intensive marketing, and displacing the sectors and industries that produce fresh and minimally processed foods. The same corporations fund and coordinate lobby groups, develop self-governing regulations, and promote corporate science to frame societal debates about ultra-processed foods, and to block progressive public health regulation. Responding to this challenge requires comprehensive policy frameworks that counteract the market and political activities of these corporations, and the mobilization of broad coalitions of organizations working for the public health interest.
Phillip Baker
Dr Baker's research focuses on understanding worldwide food systems change, and the implications for human and planetary health. This includes the global rise of ultra-processed foods, the political economy of food systems, and the commercial determinants of infant and child nutrition. He is currently co-leading a new Lancet Series on Ultra-processed Foods and Human Health, including how to mobilize and accelerate a step-change in worldwide policy action. Dr Baker is a member of the WHOLancet Breastfeeding Collaboration, a former member of the Global Nutrition Report, and Lancet Commission on Obesity. He regularly consults to UN agencies on related topics.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Host Microbiome Interaction in Health and Disease
Intervenant(s)
Pr Eran Elinav, M.D., Ph.D. | Head, Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science | Director, Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
Résumé
The mammalian intestine contains trillions of microbes, a community that is dominated by members of the domain Bacteria but also includes members of Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses. The vast repertoire of this microbiome functions in ways that benefit the host. The mucosal immune system co-evolves with the microbiota beginning at birth, acquiring the capacity to tolerate components of the community while maintaining the capacity to respond to invading pathogens. The gut microbiota is shaped and regulated by multiple factors including our genomic composition, the local intestinal niche, and multiple environmental factors including our nutritional repertoire and bio-geographical location. Moreover, it has been recently highlighted that dysregulation of these genetic or environmental factors leads to aberrant host-microbiome interactions, ultimately predisposing to pathologies ranging from chronic inflammation, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. We have identified various possible mechanisms participating in the reciprocal regulation between the host and the intestinal microbial ecosystem, and demonstrate that disruption of these factors, in mice and humans, leads to dysbiosis and susceptibility to common multi-factorial disease. Understanding the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions may lead to the development of new microbiome-targeting treatments.
Eran Elinav
A professor Heading the Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, and since 2019 the director of the cancer-microbiome division, at the DKFZ, Germany. His labs focus on deciphering the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions and their effects on health and disease, with a goal of personalizing medicine and nutrition. Dr. Elinav has published more than 200 publications in leading peer-reviewed journals, including major recent discoveries related to the effects of host genetics, innate immune function and environmental factors, such as dietary composition and timing, on the intestinal microbiome and its propensity to drive multi-factorial disease. His honors include multiple awards for academic excellence including the Claire and Emmanuel G. Rosenblatt Award from the American Physicians for Medicine (2011), the Alon Foundation award (2012), the Rappaport Prize for biomedical research (2015) the Levinson Award for basic science research (2016), and the Landau prize (2018). Since 2016 he is a senior fellow at the Canadian Institute For Advanced Research (CIFAR), and since 2017 he is an elected member of, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and an international scholar at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Ultra-Processed Food and Human Health: the Thesis and The Evidence
Intervenant(s)
Pr Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Full Professor, University of Sao Paulo
Résumé
All over the world, long-established dietary patterns based on a variety of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals made with these foods using processed culinary ingredients and some processed foods, are being displaced by ultra-processed foods. There is mounting consistent evidence from large cohort studies, and now by a randomised controlled trial, that displacement of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals by ultra-processed foods induces passive dietary energy overconsumption and increases the risk of obesity and other chronic non-communicable diseases, and of all-cause mortality. These studies also show that the ill-effects of ultra-processed foods do not depend only on the use of high amounts of fat, sugar or salt in their manufacture. Other likely mechanisms are due to ultra-processing itself such as the destruction of the food matrix and the loss of the synergy existing in the original foods between nutrients and other bioactive compounds. Or the presence of harmful substances created by high temperatures and compression or released by synthetic packaging material. Ultra-processing also depends on the use of a myriad of additives whose effects on health, cumulatively and in combination, are unknown. This is why ultra-processed foods reformulated with less salt, sugar or fat remain harmful to health. Official international and national dietary guidelines should all emphasise a great diversity of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, mostly plants, and freshly prepared meals, and clearly state that ultra-processed foods should be avoided. National dietary guidelines already do so in Brazil and a few other countries. This will benefit human health and well-being. It will also have social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits, including the support of local cooperative and family farming, retailing and catering businesses, and protection of non-renewable resources and biodiversity. Statutory policies and programmes should now be put in place, approximating to those now used to limit smoking and use of tobacco. They should also support, protect and encourage the production, distribution and consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods, and the preparation and enjoyment of fresh meals at home, schools, workplaces, hospitals, community facilities, and in modestly priced restaurants.
Carlos Augusto Monteiro
Carlos A. Monteiro, MD, PhD, is a Professor of Nutrition and Public Health at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. His research interests include new methods to assess diet quality, epidemiology of all forms of malnutrition, dietary determinants of non-communicable diseases, and food processing and human health. On these subjects, he has published more than 250 journal articles that had more than 22,000 citations in the Web of Science (H index: 72). He has served on numerous national and international nutrition expert panels and committees and, since 2010, he is a member of the WHO Nutrition Expert Advisory Group.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : An Exposome Perspective of Food Toxicology
Intervenant(s)
Pr Robert Barouki, Professor Université Paris Cité
Résumé
The exposome represents the set of exposures that can influence human health throughout life. It includes, according to Chris Wild, the external physical exposures, the psychological and social context and the regulations of the internal environment. This new concept actually encompasses all risk factors of non-genetic origin. The diet is one of the major vectors of the chemical exposome. Additional contributions followed that of Wild, specifying in a more concrete way what the exposome could correspond to. Price et al. have defined the functional exposome as corresponding to the biological impacts of the exposome. Thus bridges have been built between exposome and toxicology with the objective of 1) developing an integrated analysis of the various stresses (mixture of chemical substances, interaction diets and exposure to chemical substances, interaction between psychosocial stresses and chemical substances taking into account long-term and potentially multi-generational effects; 2) strengthen the study of the impact of environmental factors on epigenetic regulations and eventually develop epigenotoxicity tests; 3) introduce the exploration of the exposome in clinical medicine (dietary contamination, indoor air, work environment, endocrine disruptors, etc.).
Robert Barouki
Robert Barouki, MD, PhD, is Professor of Biochemistry at Université Paris Cité and head of the Inserm unit T3S: "Toxicology, Therapeutic Targets, cellular Signaling and Biomarkers". He also heads the clinical metabolomics and proteomic biochemistry laboratory at the Necker Enfants malades hospital. His research is focused on the impact of environmental contaminants on human health, in particular POPs and EDCs and more generally on the links between the exposome and health. He is involved in several EU projects: HBM4EU and PARC (linking exposure to health), Heals and Neurosome (exposome), HERA (setting the research agenda in environment and health) and Oberon (EDC testing). He has also been involved in the networking of French and European research in the field of environment and health as well as in communicating scientific data to citizens.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Nutritional Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Omics Era
Intervenant(s)
Pr Frank Hu, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass., USA
Résumé
Nutritional epidemiology plays a critical role in understanding the relationship between diet and risk of chronic diseases. With recent advances in omics technologies including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and metagenomics, there are new opportunities to explore biological mechanisms underlying diet, metabolic pathways, and health outcomes. In my presentation, I will discuss our efforts to incorporate omics technologies especially high throughput metabolomics into our large cohort studies including the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study as well as the PREDIMED trial. The integration of omics data in nutritional epidemiology holds great promises in identifying novel biomarkers for dietary intakes and predicting future disease risk. The repeated measures of diet enable us to examine long-term relationships between dietary factors and chronic disease risk and whether these associations are mediated or modified by individuals' metabolic profiles. These analyses have the potential to facilitate more effective precision or personalized nutrition interventions. Continued efforts and collaboration are necessary to fully leverage the potential of omics data in nutritional epidemiologic research and chronic disease prevention.
Franck Hu
Dr. Frank Hu is Chair of Department of Nutrition, Fredrick J. Stare Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Dr. Hu received his MD from Tongji Medical College in China and MPH and PhD in Epidemiology from University of Illinois at Chicago. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Nutritional Epidemiology at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Hu's major research interests include epidemiology and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases through diet and lifestyle; gene-environment interactions; nutritional metabolomics; and nutrition transitions in low- and middle-income countries. Currently, he is Director of Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Epidemiology and Genetics Core and Director of Dietary Biomarker Development Center at Harvard University. He has published a textbook on Obesity Epidemiology (Oxford University Press) and >1400 peer-reviewed papers with an H-index of 290. He served on the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Preventing the Global Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease, the Obesity Guideline Expert Panel, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, and the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, USDA/HHS. He has served on the editorial boards of Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Diabetes Care, and Clinical Chemistry. Dr. Hu was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2015.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Séminaire - Stéphane Gigandet & Pierre Slamich : Données, intelligence artificielle et technologies du futur : quel potentiel pour révolutionner la recherche et l'action de santé publique de demain en nutrition et santé, l'exemple d'Open Food Facts
Donner à tous – y compris aux consommateurs et citoyens que nous sommes – les informations et les outils pour agir et améliorer l'alimentation de tous, c'est la mission que s'est donné il y a dix ans Open Food Facts, le wikipédia des produits alimentaires. Grâce à des approches innovantes (collecte citoyenne, données ouvertes, logiciel libre) et au développement massif de technologies comme les smartphones et l'intelligence artificielle, le projet citoyen et collaboratif Open Food Facts est devenu une ressource inestimable pour les consommateurs, les industriels, les journalistes et les pouvoirs publics, mais également pour les scientifiques. À travers l'exemple d'Open Food Facts, cette conférence présente comment les technologies du futur telles que l'intelligence artificielle vont révolutionner les sciences participatives et permettre à chacun d'aider la recherche et l'action publique de demain en nutrition et en santé.
Stéphane Gigandet
Stéphane Gigandet est directeur technique d'Open Food Facts, le wikipédia des produits alimentaires. Il est diplômé de l'École centrale de Nantes en informatique. Après dix ans de recherche et développement au sein de Yahoo, il crée en 2012 Open Food Facts, une base de données collaborative libre et ouverte sur les produits alimentaires. Il y développe en particulier la collecte et l'enrichissement des données, et met en place le calcul de scores nutritionnels et environnementaux tels que le Nutri-Score, NOVA et l'Eco-Score.
Pierre Slamich
Pierre Slamich
Pierre Slamich est le directeur produit d'Open Food Facts, le wikipédia des produits alimentaires. Il est diplômé de Sciences Po en Finance et Stratégie. Après avoir travaillé chez Google et créé JobMind, un coach carrière qui utilise l'intelligence artificielle, il a cofondé l'association Open Food Facts. Il se concentre sur les projets émergents comme l'Eco-Score ou Open Products Facts, mais aussi sur l'ensemble des outils créés par Open Food Facts, afin de maximiser leur utilité et leur impact pour les divers publics qui en dépendent.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
08 - Grandes perspectives en nutrition : de la recherche à l'optimisation des politiques de santé publique
Au-delà des niveaux de preuve robustes aujourd'hui établis pour plusieurs facteurs nutritionnels, de nombreuses questions demeurent autour de facteurs encore pas ou peu explorés, qu'il s'agisse de composés bioactifs non nutritionnels véhiculés par notre alimentation, de l'impact de certains régimes spécifiques, du rôle joué par le microbiote intestinal, ou encore par les rythmes circadiens qui rythment nos prises alimentaires et les mécanismes physiopathologiques en jeu... Autant de thèmes qui font l'objet d'un fort dynamisme de recherche et de pistes prometteuses pour les années à venir. En parallèle, les connaissances accumulées permettent d'ores et déjà de mettre en place des actions de santé publique, qui pourraient aller bien au-delà des mesures actuellement en place...
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Séminaire - Serge Hercberg : Les 1 000 premiers jours : une fenêtre d'opportunité pour réduire les inégalités sociales de santé. Exemple de l'étude ECAIL, une intervention complexe de santé publique
Il existe de fortes inégalités sociales de santé en France, notamment pour les maladies chroniques liées à l'alimentation, à l'activité physique et au comportement sédentaire. Ces comportements, impliqués dans la balance énergétique, sont socialement différentiés dès le plus jeune âge. La plus forte prévalence du surpoids dans les milieux plus défavorisés, dès l'âge de deux ans, en est une des conséquences. Les connaissances croissantes sur les origines précoces de la santé renforcent l'opportunité de cibler la fenêtre dite des 1 000 premiers jours pour promouvoir des comportements favorables à la santé. Dans un contexte de précarité et d'insécurité alimentaire croissantes, il est essentiel de développer et d'évaluer des programmes de santé publique innovants, associant à la fois un accompagnement nutritionnel et un accès facilité à des aliments de bonne qualité. L'étude interventionnelle ECAIL vise à tester l'efficacité d'un tel programme sur l'alimentation, les modes de vie et la croissance de jeunes enfants en situation de vulnérabilité sociale.
Sandrine Lioret est un chercheur en épidémiologie / santé publique, et travaille au sein d'une équipe Inserm dédiée à la recherche sur les origines précoces de la santé. Ses activités de recherche portent sur les vulnérabilités et les inégalités sociales de santé, avec un focus sur la croissance précoce et le surpoids de l'enfant. Elle cherche à comprendre comment les comportements liés à la balance énergétique, à savoir : alimentation, comportements sédentaires et activité physique sont impliqués dans l'expression de telles inégalités sociales de santé, avec une double approche, observationnelle et interventionnelle.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
07 - Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : Recherche, surveillance, politique nutritionnelle de santé publique : un continuum pour la prévention des maladies liées à la nutrition et la réduction des inégalités sociales de santé
La recherche en nutrition permet d'identifier les facteurs à favoriser ou à limiter pour maximiser les bénéfices santé de l'alimentation et des pratiques d'activité physique. Une surveillance fine de ces facteurs à l'échelle de la population et de groupes spécifiques (selon l'âge, le statut socio-économique, etc.) permet d'en mesurer l'évolution au fil des ans et est nécessaire pour guider l'action de santé publique.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Séminaire - Serge Hercberg : Lobby agroalimentaire versus santé publique ; la saga du Nutri-Score
Comment les lobbys agroalimentaires s'opposent aux mesures de santé publique qu'ils considèrent aller à l'encontre de leurs intérêts économique : l'exemple de Nutri-Score.
Serge Hercberg
MD, PhD, ex-directeur de l'EREN (Inserm/Inrae/Cnam/USPN), ex-président du PNNS, professeur émérite de nutrition à l'Université Paris Nord.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
06 - Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : Nutri-Score : le logo nutritionnel simplifié et validé pour guider les consommateurs vers des choix alimentaires favorables à la santé
L'étiquetage nutritionnel est un des leviers clés pour guider les consommateurs dans leurs choix alimentaires quotidiens et encourager les industriels à améliorer l'offre agroalimentaire. Le Nutri-Score, un logo à 5 lettres / 5 couleurs en face avant des produits alimentaires, synthétise de manière claire et simple les informations nutritionnelles complexes fournies sur les emballages. Près de cinquante publications scientifiques ont conduit à sa validation et à son adoption comme logo officiel en France et dans six pays européens.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : de la recherche à l'action de santé publique
Séminaire - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot & Julia Baudry : Durabilité des régimes alimentaires : enseignements de l'étude NutriNet-Santé
Résumé
Les systèmes alimentaires constituent des leviers prioritaires pour résoudre les enjeux nutritionnels, de santé et environnementaux. Dans une approche épidémiologique, l'Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Nutritionnelle a développé le projet multidisciplinaire (biologie, toxicologie, économie, épidémiologie, agronomie) BioNutriNet visant à caractériser la durabilité des régimes alimentaires plus ou moins bio des participants à l'étude de cohorte NutriNet-Santé. Ce projet a permis de construire une large base de données de plus de 30 000 individus, qui permet aujourd'hui de répondre à de nombreuses questions sur les liens entre alimentation, environnement et santé en considérant les profils individuels. Des travaux descriptifs, étiologiques et d'optimisation sont conduits pour proposer des leviers d'action à des fins de santé publique et d'apporter des éléments chiffrés et documentés aux politiques publiques (ministère de la Transition écologique, ADEME etc.).
Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot (directrice de recherche à l'INRAE) est initialement ingénieure agronome d'Agroparistech, aujourd'hui épidémiologiste de la nutrition rattachée à EREN (Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm U1153 /Inrae 1125/Cnam/Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et biostatistique Sorbonne Paris Cité).
Elle développe des recherches sur les liens entre agriculture, alimentation, environnement et santé à partir de données individuelles issues de cohortes, mais aussi de mise en œuvre de modèles notamment d'optimisation. Elle est co-investigateur de l'étude NutriNet-Santé et enseigne l'épidémiologie nutritionnelle à l'Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (masters nutrition humaine et santé publique).
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
05 - Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : Durabilité et impact environnemental de l'alimentation, effets sur la santé de la consommation de bio et de l'exposition aux résidus de pesticides
L'impact sur la santé des agriculteurs et autres professionnels au contact de certains pesticides est aujourd'hui établi. Qu'en est-il de l'impact à long terme sur la santé des citoyens des résidus de pesticides auxquels nous sommes exposés via l'alimentation courante (substances individuelles et mélanges) ? La consommation d'aliments bio permet-elle de réduire le risque de certaines maladies chroniques ? Au-delà de l'impact de notre alimentation sur la santé humaine, quel est son impact sur la santé de la planète, et est-il possible de tendre vers des régimes plus durables ?
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : de la recherche à l'action de santé publique
Séminaire - Marie Préau : Alimentation et santé : des représentations aux pratiques de consommation : l'apport de la psychologie sociale
Cette intervention vise à présenter les principaux enjeux psychosociaux qui entourent les croyances, représentations et pratiques alimentaires en lien avec la survenue d'une pathologie chronique. Il s'agira d'ancrer ces travaux et apports dans une perspective contemporaine qui met en exergue les fake news et l'usage des réseaux sociaux.
Marie Préau
Professeure de psychologie sociale de la santé, directrice adjointe de l'Unité Inserm 1296, chargée de mission Santé Université Lyon 2.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
04 - Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : Régimes « détox », sans gluten, jeûne ou crudivore, effets santé du chocolat, du vin, du lait ou des probiotiques… tour d'horizon des idées reçues en nutrition et état des connaissances scientifique
Au quotidien et tout au long de la vie, l'alimentation concerne chacune et chacun d'entre nous. Ainsi, il n'est pas surprenant d'assister à un réel raz-de-marée d'informations dans ce domaine, que ce soit dans la presse, sur Internet ou sur les réseaux sociaux. Entre « fake news » et réelles connaissances scientifiques, il est parfois difficile de s'y retrouver. Ce cours a pour vocation d'aider à y voir plus clair à travers un éventail d'idées reçues et de questionnements actuels en matière de nutrition et santé.
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Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France
Prévention nutritionnelle des maladies chroniques : de la recherche à l'action de santé publique
Séminaire - Benoît Chassaing : Impact des additifs et UPF sur le microbiote
The host-gut microbiota relationship is an important determinant of intestinal homeostasis, and perturbations in this equilibrium are associated with numerous chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and metabolic syndrome. Intestinal microbiota perturbations can be triggered by environmental factors, especially through dietary habits. Ultra-processed food, which includes many synthetic and non-nutritional ingredients such as dietary emulsifiers, is associated with alterations in microbiota composition as well as a higher risk for development of IBD.
Among the food additives used by the food industry, dietary emulsifiers are widely used in order to improve organoleptic properties and extend shelf-life, with the most commonly used being lecithin, mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids, guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, polysorbate-80 (P80) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)(109,110). In recent years, dietary emulsifiers have received particular attention due to their possible implication in the pathogenesis of IBD and metabolic dysregulations.
When investigating their impact on the development of chronic inflammatory disease, several studies from Dr. Chassaing's and other laboratories have revealed that the administration of CMC and P80 to mice is sufficient to drive microbiota alterations in a way that increases its pro-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, emulsifiers consumption is sufficient to induce microbiota encroachment, characterized by microbiota penetration of the normally sterile mucus layer lining the intestinal mucosa. Altogether, these microbiota alterations ultimately lead to chronic intestinal inflammation which manifest as colitis in genetically susceptible host and metabolic dysregulations in wild-type host.
Moreover, a recent double-blind controlled-feeding study investigated the impact of CMC consumption on the intestinal microbiota and intestinal health in healthy human participants. Results obtained demonstrated that CMC consumption is sufficient to detrimentally alter the intestinal microbiota composition and fecal metabolome, suggesting the dire need for further studies focusing on the role played by long-term emulsifier consumption in healthy individuals as well as in various diseases characterized by a chronic intestinal inflammation state (IBD, metabolic syndrome, etc.…).
Dr. Benoit Chassaing obtained his PhD in microbiology at the University of Clermont-Ferrand (France), identifying factors involved in the virulence of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli strains (pathovar involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease). Following his PhD defense in 2011, he has been working at Georgia State University (Atlanta) with Dr. Andrew T. Gewirtz on various subjects related to mucosal immunology, trying to decipher how genetic and environmental factors can perturb intestinal microbiota composition in a detrimental way, leading to intestinal inflammation.
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