Episoder
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Peter Pellegrini emerged victorious in the second round of presidential elections in Slovakia. Yet, it's apparent that the true beneficiary is the populist Prime Minister, Robert Fico. A shift towards a more Russia-friendly political stance, coupled with Euroscepticism, has now gained solid ground. Tomรกลก Strรกลพay of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association expresses concerns, but amidst the apprehension, there remains a glimmer of optimism.
A project Protecting European Values. The podcast was co-funded by the European Commission.
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What does "strategic communication" really mean? What is the current state of strategic communication in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland? Kristรญna ล efฤรญkovรก from Prague Security Studies Institute and Adam Lelonek, International Republican Institute "The Beacon Project" discuss weaknesses and the best practices of strategic communication in the region.
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Manglende episoder?
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Andreas Metz, Director for Public Affairs at the German Eastern Business Association, highlights Germany's pivotal role in Europe's support for Ukraine. Emphasizing the necessity of collaboration with Poland in the realm of international relations, Metz suggests that Europe must be ready for the increasingly unpredictable nature of American support for Ukraine. Furthermore, he underscores the importance of Kyiv undertaking necessary reforms to align with EU standards. Metz asserts that Ukraine requires swift reforms rather than a hasty shortcut to EU membership.
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
In their paper, Pavel Havlรญฤek of the Association for International Affairs in Prague and Adam Balcer from the College of Eastern Europe argument that the Czech Republic and Poland have the potential to serve as a central political nexus for the entire region. In the podcast, Havlรญฤek, the Czech expert, emphasizes the shared political positions between Prague and Warsaw, particularly on issues such as Russian aggression in Ukraine and other pivotal European matters. As the collaboration between the two capitals deepens over time, it holds the promise of not only garnering support from other regional capitals for the collective benefit of stakeholders within the EU and NATO frameworks, but also marginalizing detrimental policies of Hungary's Viktor Orban.
This podcast has emerged as a result of the project "Czech-Polish Cooperation in Eastern Europe at the Turn of New Opportunities" implemented by the Association for International Affairs (AMO) in Prague and College of Eastern Europe (KEW) and was supported by the Czech-Polish Forum.
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Agnieszka Bryc from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruล explain why Russia might be thinking that it is winning the war against the West. Ukraine is only a part of a broader strategy aimed at challenging the current world order. In addition, by supporting i.a., far right and populist tendencies, Kremlin is waging a cognitive warfare against the West.
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
The European Union has opted to commence accession talks with Ukraine. Iryna Solonenko, a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Liberal Modernity, underscores the challenging and intricate nature of these negotiations, emphasizing the presence of numerous difficult technical hurdles. She also highlights Ukraine's readiness to undertake essential reforms for full EU integration. At the same time, Solonenko advocates for a transformation within the EU itself to facilitate the enlargement process. Expressing hope, she envisions the end of the war in Ukraine before the conclusion of negotiations, thereby paving the way for the country's accession to the EU.
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
Speaking on the role of Russian-language independent journalism, Barbara von Ow-Freytag said that media outlets have to find a way to get through to people in Russia itself, with their audiences often having to resort VPNs or piggybacking through an available service in Russian territory.
Independent outlets provide a window of objectivity in a media landscape which is dominated by Kremlin-backed propaganda. Funding independent media such as Meduza and Dozhdโ [ยซะะพะถะดัยป] https://tvrain.tv/ โre-empowers independent thinking [and] gives hope,โ says von Freytag.
Apart from larger media organizations, there are a number of grassroots projects also taking hold. Not everyone in Russia supports the Putin regime, not least representatives of the countryโs numerous ethnic minorities such as the Buryats and Kalmyks in Siberia and the Caucasus respectively.
A new podcast project called โGovorit Respublika_โ [ยซะณะพะฒะพัะธััะตัะฟัะฑะปะธะบะฐ _ยป] https://www.instagram.com/re.public_speaking/ hopes to help โredefine and rediscover identity because there has been a systemic Russification of all the places where ethnic minorities areโ in the words of Barbara von Ow-Freytag, who adds that these young journalists โwant a future Russia that respects their cultural rights, their language rights and their minority rights.โ
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
Olha Nykorak, Human Security Coordinator at Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung, presents the reciprocal benefits of Ukraine's integration into NATO. The deepening collaboration between the partners is evident in the transformation of the NATO-Ukraine Commission into the NATO-Ukraine Council. Furthermore, Ukraine's military is aligning itself with NATO standards, presenting a valuable contribution in exchange for the Alliance's support in the ongoing conflict against Russian aggression.
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, faces a formidable challenge as he navigates a complex situation he created. His reliance on European funds to sustain his political influence clashes with the EU's insistence on reforms that pose a direct threat to his government's stability. Compounding this, Orban's pro-Russian stances have eroded trust among his Western partners.
The recent removal of Law and Justice from power in Poland further complicates Orban's situation. Zsuzsanna Vegh, a visiting fellow at the German Marshall Fund, describes the evolving situation. Hungary's government increasingly resorts to illiberal and authoritarian methods to consolidate power. This includes the potential cracking down on civil society organizations and manipulating public opinion through media control.
A project Protecting European Values. The podcast was co-funded by the European Commission.
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Alina Koushyk, serving as a Representative for National Revival in the United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus, underscores the shared goals of Belarusians and Ukrainians. Their struggles for freedom from Russian colonialism and commitment to European integration are intricately linked. Koushyk further outlines various potential future scenarios, emphasizing the active involvement of Western partners in supporting Belarusian democratic forces.
The podcast was produced as a part of the 5th German-Polish Round Table on the Eastern Europe.
Project partners: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej, Zentrum Liberale Moderne and Austausch e.V., co-funded by Heinrich-Bรถll-Stiftung Warszawa and Fundacja Wspรณลpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej/Stiftung Fรผr Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit. -
Several factors suggest that despite his illiberal rhetoric, the new Slovak Prime Minister, Robert Fico, may not significantly alter the country's policies. Slovakia is deeply integrated into both the EU and NATO, and PM Fico, being an experienced politician, recognizes the importance of Ukrainian independence. Tomรกลก Strรกลพay of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association also emphasizes the significance of the V4 forum in the region, noting that its informal format facilitates the resolution of profound differences among member states.
A project Protecting European Values. The podcast was co-funded by the European Commission.
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Vit Dostal, the Executive Director of the Association for International Affairs, provides insight into the current political landscape in the Czech Republic. Although the government is facing unpopularity, it remains stable. Conversely, the populist ANO party is striving to garner support by emphasizing three key issues: immigration, the green deal, and sovereignty. It will be intriguing to observe how the situation unfolds in the months leading up to the European Parliament elections.
A project Protecting European Values. The podcast was co-funded by the European Commission.
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Prof. Maria Wincลawska from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruล comments on the recent parliamentary elections in Poland. There is a change, but how deep it will go? Poles participated in unprecedented numbers and clearly showed fatigue with illiberal, even autocratic rule of Law and Justice. But is there a real mandated to reform the state and rebuild a true liberal democracy?
A project Protecting European Values. The podcast was co-funded by the European Commission.
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The Black See plays a key role in the Russian aggression on Ukraine. Together with the Caucasus, it also has an important role for the EU and NATO. Despite its crucial position, as well as political and economic weight, the West has neglected the area, as argued by Wilfried Jilge, an expert on Eastern Europe, Ukraine and the Black Sea Region at the Center of International Peace Operations in Berlin. The fault has to be mended.
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Russia is devastating Ukrainian economy. Garry Poluschkin, an economic advisor for the Ukrainian government in a project financed by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, describes the current needs and the level of support Ukraine required at the moment. At the same time, the expert underlines that there are discussions about the post-war reconstruction and the reforms that Ukraine will have to implement in order to attract investment and ensure compliance with EU requirements. A perspective of EU membership would attract investors and help the country.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine caught Germany completely unprepared. Berlin was entangled into a web of mutual economic and political relationships with Moscow. The attitude is slowly changing and the aid to Ukraine is flowing. Germany still has problems with breaking the appeasement attitude and see the aggressor for what it is, as explained by Franziska Davies, a historian of East European history at the University of Munich.
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ืื ื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืชื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืคืื ืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืขื ืืช ืฉื ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืฉื. 21,000 ืืื ื ืจืืื ืืกืื ืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืืืจืงื ืื. ืขืงื ืืืืืช, ืจืขื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืื ื ืช, ืจืง ืื ืืื ืฉืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืื
ืชืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืงืจื ื-15,000 ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืกืืืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ื. ืืืงื, ืืขืืงืจ ื ืฆืืืื ืคืืืืืืื, ืื ื ืจืฉืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืชื. ืจืง ืืขืืื ืืชืื 12,000 ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืฆื. ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืืฉืืืืฅ ืืืืจ ืคืืืฉืช ืืจืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ื-1941 ืขืื ื, ื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืืก ืืืจืืข ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืกืืจืื ืืืจืืช, ืืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืฆืื ืืฉืชืคืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข 1942, ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืงืงื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืขืืืืืช. ืชืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฉืืืื ืงืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจืืืช ืื ืงืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืคืืจ ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืชืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืื, ืื ืคืขื ื ืืืกื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืชืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืืชื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื-ืกืืจ ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืืื ืขืื ืืจืขืืื ืืงืขืงืข ืืช ืืืกืคืจืื ืืฆื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืื. ืจืง ืืืืื 1942 ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืขืงืข ืืืืคื ืฉืืืชื ืืช ืืกืคืจื ืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืจืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืื
ื-400 "ืืืงืจื ืืชืื ืืงืืืฉ", ืฉืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืืืื, ืืืจืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืฉืืืืฅ-ืืืจืงื ืื. ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืื ืขืงื ืืฉืชืืืืืชื ืืืชืืช. ืื ืกืืจืื ืื ืจืง ืืฉืืจืืช ืฆืืื, ืืื ืืคืืื ืืขืืืื ืืชืขืฉืืืช ืื ืฉืง โ ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืฉื. ืื ืืืจืฉื ืืฆืืช ืืืืคืฉื ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืชืืจ ืืืชื ืขื ืขืงืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืชืืื, ืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืฉืืืืฅ-ืืืจืงื ืื
ืงืฉื ืืืื ืืงืืืข ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืกืงืกืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ื. ืืคื ืืืฆืืื ืฉื ืึผืึนืึฐืึธื ืคึผืึตืื ึฐืืงึธื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืฅ-ืืืจืงื ืื, ืืื ืื ืจืื 77 ืืื, ืื ืึธืืฆึถืง ืึธืึถื ึฐืึผึฐืจืึนืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืจืื ื ืจึทืึฐื ึถืจ ืืึผืคึฐืฉืึดืืึฐื ืืขื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืื ื-130 ืืกืืจืื ืืืื. ืื ืืืืืงืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืขืืจืคื ืฉืืื. ืืืงื ืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืืชืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืืืง ืืขืื ืฉืื ืฉืขืกืง ืืืืืืกืงืกืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืกืืจืื ืคืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืจืืง ืฉืืืฆื ืืกืืจืื ืคืืืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืฆืืืข ืขื ืื ืฉืืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืก ืืืจืืข ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ื
ืืคืืืงืืกื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืคืจืืืงื ืฉื ืืงืจื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืคืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืง-ืื'ืืจืื ืกืงื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช. ืคืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช ืืชืืจืืช "ืืืคืืืืืื ืฆืืืืจืืช 2022". ืืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืืข ืขื ืขืืืชื ืืจืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช
ืชืจืืื ืืขืืจืืช: ืืืื ืืจืืืจ
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Members of various ethnic, religious or sexual groups and minorities were victims of the racist policies of the Third Reich. In Birkenau, 21,000 members of the Roma and related Sinti communities were registered. Disease, starvation and later their planned extermination meant that only one in seven of them made it out alive after the campโs liquidation.
An unusually high mortality rate was also recorded among the approximately 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war brought to the camp. Some of them, in particular political officers, were not registered but were sent to their deaths straight away. Only a few of the 12,000 registered survived. The prisoners of war brought to Auschwitz after the German invasion of the USSR in 1941 were subjected to torture, assigned to the hardest labour and treated worse than other groups of prisoners, with the exception of the Jews. Their situation began to gradually improve from mid-1942, when the Germans needed more hands to work. Initially, registered Russian prisoners of war were given a number on scraps of cloth to sew onto their uniforms. However, it turned out that many were dying and the others were taking parts or whole garments together with the numbers from the dead, which caused confusion in the camp registers. Hence the idea of tattooing the numbers on the left side of the chest. Only later, from the spring of 1942, did the Germans start systematically tattooing numbers on the left forearm of all registered prisoners.
Around 400 โBible Studentsโ, whom we would now call Jehovahโs Witnesses, were also deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They ended up in the concentration camps because of their deep commitment to their beliefs. They refused not only military service, but even work in the armaments industry, which was punishable in the Third Reich. They had the possibility of regaining their freedom in exchange for a written renunciation of their religious principles. At Auschwitz-Birkenau, no one signed such a document.
It is extremely difficult to ascertain exactly how many homosexuals were sent to the camp. According to Bogdan Piฤtka of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum, there may have been 77. Jacek Lachendro points out that German researcher Rainer Hoffschildt puts the number at over 130. The inaccuracies are due to the ambiguous marking of this category of prisoner. Some received pink triangles signifying imprisonment under the paragraph condemning homosexuals, but there were also those who might have received red triangles intended for political prisoners or green triangles signifying criminals. In contrast, historiansโ research suggests that these people were among the most mistreated groups.
The podcast was produced as part of the Jan Nowak-Jezioraลski Eastern Europe College project funded by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Public task financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland within the grant competition โPublic Diplomacy 2022โ. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the official positions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
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ืืืจื ืกืคืืจื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืข ืืืืฉืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ 1942 ืืื 999 ืืกืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืช ืืจึธืืึถื ึฐืกึฐืึผึฐืจึดืืง, ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืงืื ืืช ืืื ื ืื ืฉืื. ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืง ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืงืื. ืืชืืืื ื ืจืื ืืื ืื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืืขื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืื. ืจืง ืืงืืฅ ืืืขืืจื ืจืื ืืืกืืจืืช, ืฉืืืกืคืจื ืขืื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืจ ืขื ื-17,000, ืืื ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ื ืื ืฉืื" [ืคึฐืจึธืืึผื ึฐืึธืืึถืจ] ืืืืจืงื ืื, ืฉื ืืืขืกืงื ืืขืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืช. ื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืขืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืจืืช ืืืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ื, ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช
ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืืจื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืคื ืืื โ ืื ืืฆืืื ืช ืชึตืจึตืึธื ืืึนื ึฐืืึนืจ-ืฆึด'ืืึดื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืฅ-ืืืจืงื ืื. โ ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืขืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืคื, ืืืคืื ืืกืืื ืืืจื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืช. ืืืกืืจืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืขื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืชืข ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืช ืืช ืืฉื ืืื. ืืขืืืื ืืืชืืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืงื, ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืขืืจ ืืชืงื ืื ืกื ืืืจืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืชืงืื, ืฉืืคืื ืืช ืขืืจื ืืืคืืจ ืืืืืกืคืก. ื ืืฉื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืคืืืืืืืืืื: ืืคืกืงืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืงื, ืืคืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืขืฆืื ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื โ ืืื ืืืกืืคื
ืืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืงื ืืืช ืฉื ืืกืืจืืช ืฉืฆืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืึนืคึฐืึธื ืกึฐืึตืคึฐืึตืื-ืึผึทืืืึนืจ. ืื ืฉืื ื ืจืืืช ืืคืืคืืืช, ืืขืืืช ืฉืืขืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืจ. ืึธืึฐื ึดืืึถืฉืึฐืงึธื ืฉืึถืจึธืึฐืึฐืงึธ ืืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืกืืจืืช ืืืืฉืคืืืช, ืืกืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืจืง ืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืชื
ืืคืืืงืืกื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืคืจืืืงื ืฉื ืืงืจื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืคืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืง-ืื'ืืจืื ืกืงื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช. ืคืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช ืืชืืจืืช "ืืืคืืืืืื ืฆืืืืจืืช 2022". ืืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืืข ืขื ืขืืืชื ืืจืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืช
ืชืจืืื ืืขืืจืืช: ืืืื ืืจืืืจ
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With the first transport of women to Auschwitz in March 1942, 999 German women prisoners from Ravensbrรผck were brought in to form a womenโs camp. An identical number of young Jewish women from Slovakia arrived on the same day. Initially, the camp authorities did not seem to know what to do with such a large number of women. It was difficult to find suitable work for them all. It was not until the summer that most of the already 17,000 women prisoners were transferred to the so-called Frauen-Lager (German: womenโs camp) in Birkenau, where they were employed in construction and agricultural work. Educated women, especially those with knowledge of foreign languages, were employed in the administration, and medical staff were sent to the camp hospitals.
โThe women who were incarcerated in the camp underwent physical changes very quickly,โ says Teresa Wฤ tor-Cichy of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. โAlready during registration at the camp, most had their heads shaved. They were losing something that is an element of beauty, of care, a recognition of being a woman. Female prisoners said that they stood in a group as colleagues who had known each other for many years and suddenly could not recognise each other. Working beyond their strength in the camp and the minimal amounts of food caused them to lose weight. The lack of sanitary facilities, and therefore the possibility to wash themselves, caused their skin to become grey and rough. Another element that was of great concern to the female prisoners were the changes related to physiology: the stoppage of menstruation, precisely because of the loss of weight, because of the fear, the traumatic experiences they went through and witnessed,โ she adds.
The Museumโs collection includes a dozen or so portraits of female prisoners drawn by Zofia Stฤpieล-Bator. The women look beautiful, have long hair and are elegantly dressed. Agnieszka Sieradzka emphasises that in this way the humiliated, deprived of identity and ailing female prisoners regained not only their beauty, but also their dignity and humanity.
The podcast was produced as part of the Jan Nowak-Jezioraลski Eastern Europe College project funded by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Public task financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland within the grant competition โPublic Diplomacy 2022โ. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the official positions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
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