Episoder
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 153
*The Mysterious Origins of Martian Minerals
A new study suggests that some Martian minerals may have formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water. While traditional views link Mars' dry river channels to past water presence, this research indicates that under ancient Martian conditions, liquid CO2 could have been a significant factor in shaping the planet's geological features. This finding, published in Nature Geoscience, adds a new layer to the ongoing debate about Mars' liquid past and its implications for the planet's habitability.
*Australia's Arnhem Space Centre Shuttered
Equatorial Launch Australia has announced the closure of the Arnhem Space Centre due to unresolved lease issues with the Northern Land Council. Originally envisioned as a hub for commercial space launches, the project faced multiple delays over land agreements. Plans are now underway to relocate operations to Queensland, aiming to establish the Australian Space Centre, Geberic which promises significant economic benefits and indigenous employment opportunities.
*Discovery of the Heaviest Antimatter Particle
Physicists at CERN's Large Hadron Collider have identified what could be the heaviest antimatter particle ever detected. Using the ALICE experiment, researchers observed anti-hyperhelium 4, an exotic hypernucleus. This discovery provides new insights into the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of the Big Bang and the universe's evolution.
00:00 Some Martian minerals may have been formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water
06:01 Scientists find evidence for what appears to be the most massive antimatter particle ever detected
13:15 Move of time projection chamber into ALICE detector starts very slowly
15:22 The TPC is our main tracking detector for heavy ion collisions
20:21 Living in an agricultural community with high pesticide use may increase cancer risk
22:50 Former CNN reporter Tucker Carlson claims he was attacked by a demon while sleeping
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✍️ Episode References
Journal of Nature Geoscience
[Nature Geoscience](https://www.nature.com/ngeo/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover mission
[NASA Perseverance](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Equatorial Launch Australia
[Equatorial Launch Australia](https://ela.space/)
Large Hadron Collider
[CERN LHC](https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider)
ALICE experiment
[ALICE Experiment](https://alice.cern/)
Northern Land Council
[Northern Land Council](https://www.nlc.org.au/)
Journal Frontiers of Cancer Control and Society
[Frontiers in Cancer](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cancer)
Journal Science
[Science Journal](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Australian Skeptics
[Australian Skeptics](https://www.skeptics.com.au/)
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 152
*Martian Dust Storms: A New Understanding
A groundbreaking study reveals the triggers behind Mars' infamous planet-wide dust storms. Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder suggest that relatively warm and sunny days could initiate these massive storms. Presented at the American Geophysical Union's 2024 meeting, the findings could pave the way for forecasting Martian weather, similar to Earth meteorology. Understanding these storms is crucial, as they pose significant challenges to Mars missions by affecting rovers and landers.
*Discovery of New Dark Comets
Astronomers have doubled the known population of dark comets, discovering seven more of these enigmatic celestial bodies. These objects, which resemble asteroids but behave like comets, are categorized into two groups based on their orbits and reflectivity. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explores their potential role in delivering vital materials to Earth, such as water.
*Space Weather's Impact on National Security
As technology advances, space weather events pose an increasing threat to national security assets. Geomagnetic storms, part of the Sun's 11-year cycle, can disrupt satellites, power grids, and communications. Johns Hopkins researchers are developing models and tools to predict and mitigate these impacts, emphasizing the importance of understanding space weather to protect critical infrastructure.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 27, Episode 152 for broadcast on 18 December 2024
00:47 New study could help predict extreme weather events on Mars
04:34 Astronomers have detected seven more dark comets, doubling the number
08:26 Scientists are working on new research projects to protect national security assets from space weather
12:35 Are we prepared for a catastrophic solar storm? The dangers of a solar eruption come in three phases
16:24 The gap between our health span and lifespan is getting wider globally
19:51 Apple have just released their new 18.2 AI suite just in time for Christmas
21:40 Google has launched its own AI assistant called Gemini 2.0
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✍️ Episode References
American Geophysical Union
https://www.agu.org/
University of Colorado Boulder
https://www.colorado.edu/
NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/
The Martian (2015 Film)
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Michigan State University
https://msu.edu/
Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
https://www.jhuapl.edu/
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/
University of New South Wales
https://www.unsw.edu.au/
Angavande Shemi Journal
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15213773
Apple AI
https://www.apple.com/
Google Gemini 2.0 AI
https://blog.google/products/ai/
Space Time with Stuart Gary Gary
https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/
Tech Advice Life
https://techadvice.life/
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Manglende episoder?
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 151
*A New Perspective on the Moon's Aitken Basin
Recent observations of the Moon's south pole reveal that the Aitken Basin crater is more circular than previously believed. This significant discovery challenges existing theories about its formation and has implications for future lunar missions, including NASA's Artemis program. The study, published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, suggests a more direct impact created the crater, offering potential access to deep lunar material for study.
*Gravitational Wave Maps Unveil Hidden Cosmic Structures
Astronomers have developed the most detailed gravitational wave maps yet, revealing hidden black holes and cosmic structures. Using pulsar timing arrays, researchers have detected a background of gravitational waves across the universe. This groundbreaking research, reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, opens new avenues for understanding galactic evolution and the universe's history.
*NASA's First Aircraft Accident Investigation on another planet
NASA has conducted its first aircraft accident investigation on another planet following the crash of the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. The investigation revealed that the helicopter's navigation system struggled with the featureless Martian terrain, leading to a hard landing. Despite the crash, Ingenuity continues to provide valuable data for future Mars missions.
00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 151 for broadcast on 16 December 2024
00:47 New observations of the Moon's south pole have shown the Aitken Basin crater is circular
05:04 Space astronomers have created the most detailed maps ever of gravitational waves across universe
14:10 The Meerkat radio telescope is probably the best radio telescope at the moment
18:52 NASA conducting first ever aircraft accident investigation on another planet
24:11 Single mutation on H5N1 bird flu could make human infections more likely
26:14 A recent study found journalists brains are suffering from poor executive functioning
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
University of Maryland
https://www.umd.edu/
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/earth-and-planetary-science-letters
Artemis Missions
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
Chandrayaan 3
https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3.html
Swinburne University
https://www.swinburne.edu.au/
Osgrav
https://www.ozgrav.org/
Meerkat Radio Telescope
https://www.sarao.ac.za/science-engineering/meerkat/
LIGO
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/
Virgo
https://www.virgo-gw.eu/
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Mars Sample Return
https://mars.nasa.gov/msr/
Dragonfly Mission
https://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 150
*Venus: A Lifeless World
New research has debunked the long-standing theory that Venusmight have once been habitable. Despite being Earth's sister planet, a study of its atmospheric chemistry reveals that Venus has always been too dry to support oceans, making it an inhospitable world throughout its history. These findings, published in Nature Astronomy, have significant implications for the search for life on exoplanets, suggesting a focus on more Earth-like candidates.
*Mars Perseverance Rover Reaches Jezero Crater Rim
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has successfully reached the rim of Jezero Crater, where it is examining the Picotquino region. This area could provide insights into ancient geological processes on Mars, potentially revealing clues about the planet's past climate and the impact that formed the crater.
*Quantum Sensors in Space
NASA's Cold Atom Lab aboard the International Space Station has achieved a groundbreaking milestone by using ultra-cold atoms to detect environmental changes in Space. This marks a new era in quantum science, with potential applications in studying planetary compositions and testing fundamental theories of gravity.
00:00 New study suggests Venus was never habitable; quantum sensor used in space
00:26 New study has shown that the planet Venus was never habitable
06:32 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has finally reached the rim of Jezero
08:56 NASA's Cold Atom Lab has taken another step towards quantum science in space
16:33 Permafrost thawing due to climate change could lead to wildfires
19:30 New images have emerged of what's reported to be the famed Loch Ness Monster
23:41 Space Time podcast features Stuart Gary talking about Bigfoot in America www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
[Nature Astronomy Journal](https://www.nature.com/natastron/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover
[NASA Perseverance Rover](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Cambridge University
[University of Cambridge](https://www.cam.ac.uk/)
NASA's Da Vinci Mission
[NASA Da Vinci Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-davinci-mission-to-take-the-plunge-through-massive-venus-atmosphere)
James Webb Space Telescope
[James Webb Space Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
NASA Cold Atom Lab
[NASA Cold Atom Lab](https://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Grace FO Mission
[GRACE-FO Mission](https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Nature Communications
[Nature Communications Journal](https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
Forensic Science International Genetics
[Forensic Science International: Genetics](https://www.journals.elsevier.com/forensic-science-international-genetics)
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 149
*Did Earth's Oceans Come from Comets?
New research suggests that Earth's oceans may have originated from comets, reigniting the debate about the origins of Earth's water. Recent observations of Comet 67P reveal a similar molecular signature to Earth's oceans, challenging previous findings and suggesting Jupiter family comets could have contributed to Earth's water supply. This discovery, led by Kathleen Mandit from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, highlights the importance of understanding the origins of water, a crucial element for life on Earth.
*Discovery of a Rare Main Belt Comet
A mysterious object in the main asteroid belt has been confirmed as a rare main belt comet. Identified as 456P PanSTARRS, this comet displays regular cometary features despite residing in the main asteroid belt. This discovery, led by Henry Heissch from the Planetary Science Institute, adds to the small but growing list of known main belt comets, offering new insights into the icy bodies of the solar system and their potential to trace ices across the cosmos.
*BepiColombo's Fifth Mercury Flyby
The BepiColombo spacecraft has successfully completed its fifth flyby of Mercury, bringing it closer to entering orbit around the solar system's innermost planet. This mission, a collaboration between ESA and JAXA, aims to uncover the mysteries of Mercury's surface and magnetic field. During the flyby, BepiColombo's instruments collected valuable data, including the first mid-infrared measurements of Mercury's surface, crucial for understanding the planet's composition.
00:00 New observations suggest that Earth oceans may have come from comets after all
09:22 Main belt comets are icy objects found in the main asteroid belt
12:43 The BepiColombo spacecraft has completed its fifth flyby of Mercury
15:10 Eating a healthy diet during pregnancy is linked to lower risk of autism
17:27 Samsung are testing new artificial intelligence upgrades for their Galaxy smartphones
19:36 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 148
*Another Delay for NASA's Artemis Moon Mission
NASA has announced a delay in the launch of its Artemis 2 manned Moon mission, now rescheduled for April 2026. Originally planned for September 2025, the delay is due to concerns about the Orion spacecraft's heat shield. This postponement also affects the timeline for Artemis 3, which aims to return humans to the lunar surface. NASA's focus is on ensuring the safety and reliability of the spacecraft's reentry systems, with adjustments planned for the Artemis 2 mission trajectory.
*Ancient Hot Water Activity on Mars Uncovered
A groundbreaking study has provided the oldest direct evidence of ancient hot water activity on Mars, suggesting a potentially habitable past. Researchers analysed zircon grains from the Martian meteorite NWA 7034, known as Black Buddy, revealing elemental evidence of water-rich fluids from 4.45 billion years ago. This discovery enhances our understanding of Mars' hydrothermal systems and their role in the planet's early habitability.
*Proba-3: Europe's Eclipse-Making Double Satellite
The European Space Agency's Proba-3 mission has successfully entered orbit, marking a new era in solar observation. Launched aboard an Indian PSLV rocket, the twin satellites will perform precise formation flying to create artificial solar eclipses, allowing for detailed study of the Sun's corona. This innovative mission aims to fill observational gaps and advance our understanding of solar dynamics and Space weather.
00:00 Another delay for the first manned moon mission in half a century
00:48 NASA postpone launch of Artemis 2 Man Moon mission until April 2026
04:08 New study finds oldest direct evidence of ancient hot water activity on Mars
06:43 Black Beauty contains some of the oldest materials known from Mars
14:16 You found evidence of what would call hydrothermal activity on Mars
15:41 We wanted to focus on trace elements in zircon
22:52 Was it internal heat release from Mars or was it impact driven
28:42 European Space Agency's probe of three spacecraft has successfully achieved orbit insertion
32:29 House panel says lab leak likely caused COVID 19 pandemic
34:46 Scientists have documented the collapse of the Conga Glensa Ice Shelf
37:04 Between 68 and 94% of people believe sensation is caused by being watched
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 147
*A Cosmic Glimpse into the Universe's Past
Astronomers have witnessed a rare supernova, 2023 UFX, offering insights into the early universe. This unusual stellar explosion involved a metal-poor red supergiant star, providing clues about the cosmic conditions when the universe began. The study, led by Michael Tucker from Ohio State University, reveals how early supernovae seeded the next generation of stars, shaping galaxies like the Milky Way. The findings underscore the significance of dwarf galaxies as analogues for the universe's infancy, highlighting how metal-poor environments influenced star evolution and supernova behaviour.
*Volcanic Mysteries on Jupiter's Moon Io
A new study reveals that Io, Jupiter's volcanic moon, has active volcanoes at its poles, potentially regulating internal tidal heating. This discovery, based on NASA's Juno spacecraft data, sheds light on Io's intense volcanic activity and its role in planetary formation processes. Tidal heating, caused by gravitational interactions, plays a crucial role in sustaining subsurface oceans on other moons, offering a glimpse into the dynamic geological processes shaping celestial bodies.
*America's Next Mega Rocket: New Glenn
Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket has been positioned vertically on its launch pad, preparing for its maiden flight. This 98-metre-tall launch vehicle is set to join the ranks of NASA's SLS Orion and SpaceX's Starship in advancing Space exploration capabilities. The upcoming hot fire test will evaluate the rocket and launch pad systems, paving the way for future missions. New Glenn aims to lift significant payloads into various orbits, with plans for reusability akin to SpaceX's Falcon 9.00:00 This is space Time Series 27 episode 147 for broadcast on 6th December 2024
00:44 2023 UFX is the most metal poor stellar explosion ever observed
04:17 Active volcanoes at IO's poles may help regulate internal tidal heating
07:08 Blue Origin's New Glenn ready for hot fire test ahead of maiden flight
09:22 December's astronomical highlight is the December solstice which occurs on Saturday
14:29 Astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types based on temperature and characteristics
18:11 Two blue stars nearing end of their lives expected to go supernova
23:41 The brightest star in Orion is a red supergiant called Betelgeuse
33:40 Once the sun has gone down and the sky is dark, you will see Orion
36:34 The Pleiades cluster is also known as the Seven Sisters
38:45 If you look down to the south, we'll see that Southern Cross
40:09 Venus shining big and bright above the western horizon after sunset
41:18 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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✍️ Episode References
Ohio State University
[Ohio State University](https://www.osu.edu/)
NASA's Webb Space Telescope
[NASA Webb Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
Astrophysical Journal
[Astrophysical Journal](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
637X)
4--- Blue Origin
[Blue Origin](https://www.blueorigin.com/)
Space Launch Complex 36
[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station](https://www.spaceforce.mil/)
United Launch Alliance
[ULA](https://www.ulalaunch.com/)
Geophysical Research Letters
[Geophysical Research Letters](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007)
Cornell University
[Cornell University](https://www.cornell.edu/)
NASA's Juno spacecraft
[NASA Juno Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html)
Sky and Telescope magazine
[Sky & Telescope](https://skyandtelescope.org/)
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 146
*Supernova's Potential to End the Dark Matter Search
Astronomers are eagerly awaiting a nearby supernova that could finally solve the mystery of dark matter. A new study suggests that axions, hypothetical particles, could be discovered within seconds of a supernova's gamma-ray burst. The Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope might detect these gamma rays, offering insights into the mass of QCD axions. However, the rarity of such supernovae and the telescope's limited field of view pose challenges. Researchers are considering launching a fleet of gamma-ray telescopes, named GALAX, to ensure comprehensive coverage.
*Magnetic Tornadoes at Jupiter's Poles
A recent study reveals that Jupiter's poles are home to magnetic tornadoes that generate Earth-sized concentrations of hydrocarbon haze. These phenomena, visible only in ultraviolet light, are linked to the planet's strong magnetic fields. The findings, based on Hubble Space Telescope images, shed light on the unique atmospheric dynamics of Jupiter, contrasting with Earth's auroral processes.
*Arrival of the World's Biggest Digital Camera at NASA
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre has received the Wide Field Instrument, the largest digital camera ever built, for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. This advanced camera will offer an unprecedented panoramic view of the universe, aiding in the study of dark energy, dark matter, and exoplanets. Scheduled for launch in 2027, Roman's capabilities will surpass those of current Space telescopes.
The Science Robert
A new study links prolonged sedentary behaviour with increased heart disease risk, even among active individuals. Research highlights the crucial ecological role of large sharks, threatened by overfishing and habitat loss. Palaeontologists use dinosaur faeces to trace the evolutionary rise of dinosaurs. Advances in lithium battery technology promise safer and longer-lasting power sources, potentially revolutionising energy storage.
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00:00 How a nearby supernova could end the search for dark matter
09:33 Magnetic vortexes at Jupiter's poles may be generating Earth sized hydrocarbon haze
13:22 The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is designed to study dark energy
17:29 More sedentary time may increase risk of heart disease and death, study finds
20:48 Next generation of safer lithium batteries may well be on their way
25:44 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
✍️ Episode References
Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope
[NASA Fermi](https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
Physical Review Letters
[Physical Review Letters](https://journals.aps.org/prl/)
University of California, Berkeley
[UC Berkeley](https://www.berkeley.edu/)
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre
[NASA Goddard](https://www.nasa.gov/goddard)
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
[NASA Roman](https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
Hubble Space Telescope
[NASA Hubble](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html)
Cassini spacecraft
[NASA Cassini](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/)
National Reconnaissance Office
[NRO](https://www.nro.gov/)
Tech Advice
[Tech Advice](https://www.techadvice.life/)
Journal of Science
[Science Journal](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 145
*Unveiling the Mysteries of Uranus and Neptune
A new study reveals that Uranus and Neptune, the ice giants of our solar system, may have layered interiors composed of water, methane, and ammonia, similar to oil and water that do not mix. This discovery could explain their unique magnetic fields, previously a mystery to scientists. The research, led by Burkhard Miltzer from the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that these planets have a water-rich layer beneath their cloud tops, followed by a denser carbon-rich layer, challenging previous theories about their internal structure.
*Parker Solar Probe's Final Venus Flyby
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has completed its last Venus gravity assist, setting its course to come within 6.2 million kilometers of the Sun's surface. This maneuver, aside from aiding the primary mission, has provided new insights into Venus, as the probe's instruments captured unexpected data revealing the planet's surface glowing in the near-infrared spectrum. These findings offer fresh perspectives on Venusian surface conditions and composition.
*NASA's SphereX Mission: A Kaleidoscope of the Cosmos
Scheduled for launch next year, NASA's SphereX mission will create the most colorful map of the cosmos ever attempted. By observing the universe in 102 infrared colors, SphereX aims to uncover the mysteries of the universe's formation and evolution, including the origins of water on planets like Earth. This mission will provide a comprehensive 3D map of hundreds of millions of galaxies, offering unprecedented insights into cosmic history and the distribution of essential life ingredients across the Milky Way.
The Science Report
Russia has deployed a new nuclear-capable hypersonic missile, marking a significant escalation in its military capabilities. The Lancet's report on climate change impacts highlights that nearly half the world experienced extreme drought last year. Archaeologists have discovered what might be the oldest alphabetic writing in Syria, dating back to 2400 BCE. A new documentary explores the British royal family's interest in UFOs and the paranormal, revealing a long-standing fascination with these phenomena.
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00:00 New study suggests Uranus and Neptune feature layers that don't mix
07:04 NASA's Parker Solar Probe completes its final Venus gravity assist flyby
11:14 NASA's SphereX mission will look at the universe in 102 colors
20:50 Modern astronomy is built upon spectroscopy. Spectra unveil the structures of black holes
22:42 Russia has commenced using a new nuclear capable hypersonic missile to attack Ukraine
25:35 Almost half of the world experienced extreme drought last year, according to Lancet study
University of California, Berkeley
[berkeley.edu](https://www.berkeley.edu)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
[pnas.org](https://www.pnas.org)
NASA's Parker Solar Probe
[nasa.gov/solarprobe](https://www.nasa.gov/solarprobe)
Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
[jhuapl.edu](https://www.jhuapl.edu)
NASA's SphereX Mission
[nasa.gov/spherex](https://www.nasa.gov/spherex)
Magellan Spacecraft
[nasa.gov/magellan](https://www.nasa.gov/magellan)
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
[jpl.nasa.gov](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov)
The Lancet
[thelancet.com](https://www.thelancet.com)
Johns Hopkins University
[jhu.edu](https://www.jhu.edu)
Space Time with Stuart Gary Gary
[spacetimewithstuartgary.com](https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com)
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 144
*Young Exoplanet Challenges Planet Formation Theories
Astronomers have discovered an exoplanet, Taade 1b, that is just 3 million years old, challenging our current understanding of the speed at which planets form. This young planet, orbiting its star every seven Earth days, offers a unique glimpse into the early stages of planetary formation. The study, led by Madison Barber from the University of North Carolina, highlights the surprising rapidity of Taade 1b's formation compared to Earth's estimated 10 to 20 million-year formation period. The discovery provides new insights into the differences between our solar system and those hosting close-in giant planets like Taade 1b.
*Photon Shape Revealed by New Quantum Theory
A groundbreaking theory has allowed scientists to define the precise shape of a photon for the first time. Reported in Physical Review Letters, this research explores how photons, as particles of light, interact with matter at the quantum level. The study reveals that photons have a spherical shape with varying light levels, providing new insights into their dual wave-particle nature. This advance opens up new research avenues in quantum physics and nanophotonic technologies, potentially revolutionising communication, pathogen detection, and chemical reaction control.
*NASA's Swift Space Telescope: 20 Years of Discovery
NASA's Swift Space Telescope, dedicated to studying gamma-ray bursts, celebrates its 20th year in Space. Originally launched to solve the mystery of gamma-ray bursts, Swift has played a crucial role in identifying the origins of these powerful cosmic explosions. The observatory's rapid response capabilities have enabled significant discoveries beyond gamma-ray bursts, contributing to multi-messenger astronomy and enhancing our understanding of the universe.
The Science Robert
New research warns that combining blood-thinning drugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen doubles the risk of internal bleeding. A study on the DNA history of ancient aurochs reveals complex ancestry for modern cattle. Scientists discover that the boundaries between solid and liquid metals are more fluid than previously thought, with implications for metal alloy applications. Psychologists explore the human brain's predisposition to believe in the supernatural, highlighting pattern recognition and expectation effects.
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00:00 A new discovery challenges our current understanding of how planets are formed
00:26 Astronomers have discovered an exoplanet that's just 3 million years old
03:48 New theory explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level
06:55 NASA's Swift Space Telescope helps astronomers identify gamma ray bursts
16:01 People on blood thinners double risk of internal bleed when taking non steroidal anti inflammatories
18:24 Psychologists say the human brain is pre wired to believe in the supernatural
✍️ Episode References
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
[https://www.unc.edu](https://www.unc.edu)
NASA TV Mission
[https://tess.mit.edu](https://tess.mit.edu)
University of Birmingham
[https://www.birmingham.ac.uk](https://www.birmingham.ac.uk)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
[https://www.nasa.gov/goddard](https://www.nasa.gov/goddard)
Physical Review Letters
[https://journals.aps.org/prl](https://journals.aps.org/prl)
Nature Journal
[https://www.nature.com](https://www.nature.com)
Australian Sceptics
[https://www.skeptics.com.au](https://www.skeptics.com.au) -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 143
*The Milky Way: An Unusual Galaxy
A new study reveals that our Milky Way galaxy is an outlier among similar galaxies, challenging the assumption that it is a typical model for understanding galactic formation and evolution. Published in the Astrophysical Journal, the research highlights differences in the Milky Way's evolutionary history compared to other galaxies of similar mass. The Satellite Surround Galactic Analogues (SEGA) survey has identified 101 Milky Way-like analogues, revealing that the Milky Way hosts fewer satellite dwarf galaxies than its peers. Additionally, star formation in the Milky Way's satellite galaxies is less active, raising questions about its unique galactic environment.
*Europe's Prober 3 Mission to Study the Sun
All systems are go for the European Space Agency's Prober 3 mission, set to launch next month to study the Sun's corona. This double-satellite mission will create artificial eclipses, allowing for prolonged observations of the Sun's atmosphere. The mission will employ precise formation flying, with one satellite blocking the Sun's disc for the other, enabling extended studies of the solar corona, the source of solar wind and Space weather.
*Australia's Secret Satellite Launch
A classified mission for Optus and the Australian Defence Force has been launched by SpaceX. The mission, known as TD7, involves a military telecommunications satellite placed into geostationary orbit. Built by Northrop Grumman, the satellite is designed for future mission extensions. The launch marks SpaceX's 16th mission for the same Falcon 9 booster, which successfully returned to Earth.
The Science Report
The World Health Organisation reports a surge in measles cases worldwide, with 10.3 million cases last year. A new study finds accelerated ice loss in an Alaskan ice field since 2005, contributing to sea level rise. Japanese scientists discover that domestic cats can associate human words with images without rewards. Norton issues a cyber warning on rising scam tactics and malware threats. Meanwhile, OpenAI considers developing its own web browser amidst debates on internet censorship and digital ID in Australia.
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00:00 This is space time series 27 episode 143 for broadcast on 27 November 2024
00:48 New study finds Milky Way is an outlier among similar galaxies
06:01 ESA's Prober 3 mission to study the sun will launch next month
08:20 Two satellites will fly together as one with millimetre level control
12:35 SpaceX has just launched a classified mission for Optus and the Australian Defence Force
15:31 World Health Organisation warns measles cases have now surged across the world
21:08 Department of Justice asking Google to consider breaking up with Chrome
22:07 It looks like the Internet censorship bill will be defeated in the Senate -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 142
*How Mars Got Its Moons
A groundbreaking study suggests that Mars acquired its moons, Phobos and Deimos, after a passing asteroid was torn apart by the planet's gravity. This new hypothesis, based on NASA's supercomputer simulations and published in the journal Icarus, challenges previous theories of their origin, such as capture or major impact. The upcoming Martian Moons Exploration mission by JAXA, with NASA's involvement, aims to further investigate these theories by collecting samples from Phobos.
*Starship Test Flight 6
SpaceX has successfully completed its sixth test flight of the Starship Mega rocket, overseen by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and U.S. President-elect Donald Trump. The test included a splashdown of the booster in the Gulf of Mexico and a successful orbital journey of the Starship, which trialled new heat shield materials and descent strategies. This marks the final test for this version of Starship, with an upgraded version expected to fly soon.
*Revisiting Earth's Ore Deposits
New research reveals that the largest iron ore deposits in Western Australia's Pilbara are around a billion years younger than previously thought. Using advanced geochronology techniques, scientists have dated these deposits to between 1.1 and 1.4 billion years, reshaping our understanding of Earth's geological history and aiding future exploration efforts.
The Science Report
A study suggests that a daily hour-long walk for those over 40 could extend life expectancy by five years. Meanwhile, global plastic waste is projected to double by mid-century, but a combination of policies could reduce it by 90%. Additionally, switching to a vegan diet could lower food costs by 19%, unlike the Mediterranean diet. The Bent Spoon Award was given to the Cancer Council of Western Australia for endorsing pseudoscientific practices like Richie.
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00:00 New study suggests Mars got its two moons after asteroid was torn apart
04:57 SpaceX has undertaken a successful sixth test flight of its Starship Mega rocket
08:17 Super heavy booster is attempting an offshore landing off the Gulf coast of Texas
10:18 The next milestone is Starship uh, is in terminal guidance
14:29 Starship is approaching the peak heating phase of entry
19:56 SpaceX's Starship rocket successfully carried its first ever biological payload
23:07 A new study finds planet Earth's largest iron ore deposits are younger than previously thought
33:14 A new study looked at physical activity and life expectancy
35:54 Western Australian Cancer Council endorsed pseudo medical and unscientific treatments
38:33 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcasting platforms
✍️ Episode References
Icarus Journal
[https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus](https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus)
NASA Ames Research Centre
[https://www.nasa.gov/ames](https://www.nasa.gov/ames)
Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)
[https://mmx.jaxa.jp/en/](https://mmx.jaxa.jp/en/)
SpaceX
[https://www.spacex.com](https://www.spacex.com)
Curtin University
[https://www.curtin.edu.au](https://www.curtin.edu.au)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
[https://www.pnas.org](https://www.pnas.org)
British Journal of Sports Medicine
[https://bjsm.bmj.com/](https://bjsm.bmj.com/)
Journal of Science
[https://www.sciencemag.org/](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Journal of the American Medical Association
[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama)
Australian Sceptics
[https://www.skeptics.com.au](https://www.skeptics.com.au) -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 141
*Supermassive Black Hole Consumes Matter at Record Speed
Astronomers have discovered a supermassive black hole in the early universe consuming matter at a rate more than 40 times its theoretical limit. This black hole, catalogued as LID568, was observed by the Webb Space Telescope and is providing new insights into the rapid growth mechanisms of black holes shortly after the Big Bang. The findings challenge existing theories on how these cosmic giants formed so quickly and open new avenues for future research.
*Uranus' Magnetic Mysteries Unveiled
New analysis of 38-year-old data from NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft reveals that a space weather event dramatically compressed Uranus' magnetosphere just before the flyby in 1986. This event provides clues to the planet's unusual magnetic field and suggests that Uranus' moons might be more geologically active than previously thought. The findings are crucial for understanding this enigmatic ice giant and its unique characteristics.
*New Satellite to Track Earth's Surface Movements
Scientists are preparing to launch a new satellite, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR), designed to measure ground movement on Earth's surface. Scheduled for launch next year, NISAR will provide detailed data on earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides, enhancing our ability to prepare for natural disasters. This mission will offer unprecedented insights into the dynamics of our planet's surface.
The Science Report
The World Meteorological Organization predicts 2024 to be the hottest year on record, driven by rising greenhouse gas levels. Meanwhile, ultra-processed foods are dominating global diets, linked to numerous chronic diseases. A study of dog breeds reveals that toy dogs have larger brains relative to their body size compared to working dogs. Lastly, a retrospective look at NASA's 1996 tether experiment debunks UFO theories, emphasizing the importance of scientific explanations.
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00:00 Black hole found to be consuming matter faster than its theoretical limit
04:37 Space weather event squeezed Uranus magnetosphere before 1986 Voyager 2 flyby
08:30 Scientists developing a new satellite designed to measure ground movement on the Earth's surface
13:10 World Meteorological Organization says 2024 will be the hottest year on record
✍️ Episode References
Webb Space Telescope
https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/
Chandra X Ray Observatory
https://chandra.harvard.edu/
National Science Foundation's National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory
https://www.noirlab.edu/
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Journal of Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Voyager 2
https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/
COP 29 Climate Change Conference
https://unfccc.int/
World Meteorological Organization
https://public.wmo.int/
International Congress on Obesity
https://www.worldobesity.org/
Biological Letters
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsbl -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 140
*Revisiting the Milky Way's Black Hole Image
A new study questions the accuracy of the first-ever image of Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. Researchers suggest the image may not accurately represent its appearance, proposing a more elongated accretion disc instead of the ring-like structure previously released by the Event Horizon Telescope.
*Methane in Titan's Crust
Data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft indicates that Saturn's moon Titan may have a methane-rich crust up to 10 kilometres thick. This insulating layer could explain Titan's shallow impact craters and its methane-rich atmosphere, providing insights into its unique geological and atmospheric dynamics.
*Updates on Earth's Ozone Hole
NASA reports that the annual ozone hole over Antarctica was smaller this year, ranking as the seventh smallest since recovery efforts began. The ozone layer is on track to fully recover by 2066, thanks to international agreements curbing ozone-depleting chemicals.
The Science Report
Antarctic ice core samples suggest Earth has already surpassed a 1.5°C global temperature rise due to human-induced climate change. A study links outdoor lighting at night to increased Alzheimer's risk for those under 65. LED lights on surfboards could reduce shark attacks by mimicking natural camouflage. Nord's latest survey reveals continued use of weak passwords, with "123456" and "password" among the most common.
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00:00 New study suggests first ever picture of Milky Way's black hole might not be accurate
00:47 New study claims first ever images of Sagittarius A may be inaccurate
03:57 New study suggests Saturn's moon Titan may have an insulating methane crust
09:12 Scientists say Antarctic ozone layer could fully recover by 2066
20:04 New study suggests Earth has already passed 1.5 degrees Celsius warming attributable to climate change
21:24 A new study claims exposure to outdoor lighting at night increases Alzheimer's risk
25:29 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available on numerous podcast platforms -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 139
*Gilmore Space Cleared for Orbital Launch
The Australian Space Agency has granted Gilmore Space the final approval needed to conduct its maiden orbital test flight of the Ares rocket from the Bowen Spaceport in North Queensland. This launch will mark the first orbital test flight of an Australian-made rocket from Australian soil, showcasing a new hybrid propulsion system developed by the company.
*Discovery of Red Monster Galaxies in the Early Universe
Astronomers have identified three ultra-massive galaxies, each nearly the size of the Milky Way, that reached their colossal size within the first billion years of the universe's existence. These findings, reported in Nature, challenge existing models of galaxy formation and suggest a more efficient star formation process in the early universe.
*Signs of an Ancient Martian Ocean
China's Mars rover, Zhurong, may have found evidence supporting the theory that Mars' northern hemisphere was once covered by a vast ocean. The terrain around Zhurong's landing site includes features that could indicate past water or ice activity, suggesting a Martian ocean existed billions of years ago.
The Science Robert
Archaeologists in Israel have uncovered 12,000-year-old pebbles that may be precursors to the wheel, potentially pivotal in the evolution of rotating technologies. Meanwhile, the COP 29 climate summit highlights the ongoing rise in fossil emissions, with China remaining the largest polluter. Additionally, a study finds that frequent snoring in tweens is linked to behavioural issues, and a lack of conceptual clarity may explain beliefs in the paranormal.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27 Episode 139 for broadcast on 18 November 2024
00:46 Australian Space Agency gives final approval for Gilmore Space to launch Ares rocket
02:31 ERIS is a three stage orbital launch vehicle powered by hybrid rocket engines
08:49 Gilmore is developing a rocket called ERIS which will go into orbit
12:42 Gilmore Space Technologies have plans to launch an ERIS satellite from Bowen
15:39 Three ultra massive galaxies discovered by NASA's Webb Space Telescope
23:39 Ancient pebbles from Israel may have paved way for wheel invention
24:42 New study finds teens who frequently snore more likely to have behavioural problems
✍️ Episode References
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
[Event Horizon Telescope](https://eventhorizontelescope.org/)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
[NAOJ](https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/)
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
[MNRAS](https://academic.oup.com/mnras)
NASA Cassini Mission
[Cassini Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html)
Planetary Science Journal
[PSJ](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
3338)
6--- University of Hawaii
[University of Hawaii](https://www.hawaii.edu/)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
[NASA Goddard](https://www.nasa.gov/goddard)
Montreal Protocol
[Montreal Protocol](https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol)
Nature Geoscience
[Nature Geoscience](https://www.nature.com/ngeo/)
Macquarie University
[Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/) -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 138
*Discovery of the Outer Solar System's Magnetic Field
Scientists have discovered evidence of an ancient magnetic field at the far reaches of our solar system. Research published in AGU Advances, based on 4.6 billion-year-old grain samples from the asteroid Richie, suggests the presence of a weak magnetic field during the formation of the outer solar system. This field, although weak, could have been instrumental in the formation of the outer planets, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The findings provide new insights into the magnetic influences shaping our solar system.
*Southern Launch Gets Green Light for Orbital Missions
Southern Launch has received federal and state government approval for its Whalers Way orbital launch complex in South Australia. The site is poised to support up to 42 orbital rocket launches annually, with plans for multiple launch pads and comprehensive tracking facilities. This development marks a significant step forward for Australia's growing Space industry.
*Axiom Unveils New Lunar Spacesuits for NASA
Axiom Space has revealed the new spacesuits for NASA's Artemis 3 mission, set for a lunar landing in 2026. Designed to withstand the harsh lunar environment, these suits feature improved mobility and dust resistance. The new design includes interchangeable segments to accommodate various body types, reflecting advancements in spacesuit technology since the Apollo era.
The Science Robert
A study has identified a decline in low-pressure weather systems, crucial for rainfall in southern Australia, since the mid-20th century. Meanwhile, the largest study of brain volume to date has found genetic links between ADHD and Parkinson's disease. In wildlife news, taming wild elephant calves has been shown to increase stress levels, potentially affecting their health. Finally, the paranormal world is abuzz with sightings of Robin Hood's ghost in Sherwood Forest, though sceptics remain unconvinced.
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00:00 Scientists uncover an ancient magnetic field at the outer edge of the solar system
08:09 Axiom Space has unveiled the new lunar spacesuits NASA plans to use
13:50 Low pressure weather systems driving southern Australia's rainfall have declined over decades
16:19 Reports in England that Robin Hood has been seen haunting Sherwood Forest -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 137
*The Earth: A Giant Slushie?
New research reveals that Earth once experienced a "slushy" period following its snowball Earth phase. Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study by Virginia Tech scientists suggests that as the planet thawed, it transitioned into a slushy state, marked by high carbon dioxide levels and rapid melting. The findings offer fresh insights into Earth's climate evolution and the resilience of life under extreme conditions.
*Phobos Eclipses the Sun
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has captured a rare celestial event: the Martian moon Phobos eclipsing the Sun. Using its Mastcam-Z camera, Perseverance observed the tiny moon transiting the Sun from its position in Jezero Crater. This remarkable event highlights the ongoing challenges and discoveries as the rover ascends the crater's rim.
*SpaceX Dragon Boosts ISS
For the first time, NASA has utilized the SpaceX Dragon capsule to boost the International Space Station into a higher orbit. This maneuver, using Dragon's Draco thrusters, is part of a broader strategy to maintain the station's altitude and test future deorbit capabilities. The mission also delivered over 2,700 kg of supplies and scientific equipment, including a wooden cubesat and human tissue samples for aging research.
The Science Report
A new study attributes last year's global temperature spike primarily to El Nino, rather than climate change. Meanwhile, scientists discover a 161-million-year-old giant tadpole fossil, shedding light on the evolution of frogs and toads. Additionally, research indicates that popular music in the US has become simpler since the 1950s. Plus, global cell phone sales show regional variations post-COVID, with notable growth in the US, Europe, and Australia.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27, episode 137 for broadcast on 13 November 2024
00:47 New research suggests that as the planet thawed, it went slushy
04:46 NASA's Mars Perseverance rover captures rare Phobos eclipse of the Sun
07:15 NASA uses SpaceX Dragon cargo ship to boost International Space Station to higher altitude
14:38 Study says El Nino Southern Oscillation caused global temperatures spike last year
16:55 Scientists in South America have discovered the fossilized remains of a 161 million year old tadpole
18:33 New figures show that global cell phone sales dropped following the COVID pandemic -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 136
*Discovering the Origins of Magnetars
A groundbreaking study reveals that magnetars, highly magnetic neutron stars, are born from stellar mergers rather than single star supernova events. These findings, published in Nature, delve into the origins of fast radio bursts (FRBs), which are high-energy flashes releasing more energy in nanoseconds than half a billion suns. The research indicates that FRBs are more common in massive star-forming galaxies, suggesting a link to magnetars formed from stellar mergers. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about magnetar formation and sheds light on the dynamic processes in the universe.
*Voyager 1 Approaches One Light Day from Earth
NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft is set to become the first human-made object to travel more than a light day's distance from Earth, a monumental 26 billion kilometers away. This historic milestone is expected in January 2027. Despite recent communication challenges due to a fault protection system glitch, engineers successfully reestablished contact. Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, continue their journey through interstellar space, providing invaluable data about the cosmos.
*Australia Axes Vital Military Satellite Defense System
In a surprising move, the Australian government has canceled a crucial $7 billion satellite defense project. The JP9102 military satellite communications system, awarded to Lockheed Martin, was intended to enhance Australia's military communications amid growing regional tensions. The decision, amid geopolitical challenges, raises concerns about Australia's defense capabilities and secure communications network.
The Science Robert
A study highlights the significant carbon footprint of private jet users, who generate 500 times more CO2 than the average person. Meanwhile, research identifies 22 pesticides linked to prostate cancer, and a systematic review confirms no link between cell phone use and brain cancer. Plus, a fascinating look at how animals in the wild might consume alcohol from fermented fruits.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 136 for broadcast on Remembrance Day
00:46 New study suggests highly magnetic neutron stars are born out of stellar mergers
05:06 NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft lost contact with mission managers on October 18
15:10 Australian government has just axed a crucial $7 billion satellite defense project
17:38 A new study has identified 22 pesticides consistently linked to the incidence of prostate cancer
20:53 A new systematic review confirms there is no scientific evidence that cell phones cause cancer
✍️ Episode References
NASA
[https://www.nasa.gov/](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Caltech
[https://www.caltech.edu/](https://www.caltech.edu/)
Deep Synoptic Array
[https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/dsa/](https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/dsa/)
Owens Valley Radio Observatory
[https://www.astro.caltech.edu/ovro/](https://www.astro.caltech.edu/ovro/)
Nature Journal
[https://www.nature.com/](https://www.nature.com/)
Lockheed Martin
[https://www.lockheedmartin.com/](https://www.lockheedmartin.com/)
Australian Defence Force
[https://www.defence.gov.au/](https://www.defence.gov.au/)
UNRWA
[https://www.unrwa.org/](https://www.unrwa.org/)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
[https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/) -
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 135
*Could Uranus Moon Miranda Have a Subsurface Ocean?
A new study suggests that Uranus' moon Miranda may harbour a liquid water ocean beneath its peculiar jigsaw-like surface. The findings, published in the Planetary Science Journal, challenge existing assumptions about Miranda's history and composition, potentially placing it among the select few worlds in our solar system with environments that could support life. The study highlights the intriguing possibility of a vast ocean beneath Miranda's icy crust, kept warm by gravitational tidal forces.
*NASA Discovers Weird Red Rocks with Green Spots on Mars
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has stumbled upon strange red rocks with green spots on the Martian surface. As the rover continues its journey towards the rim of Jezero Crater, it has uncovered a new geological puzzle featuring red and green rocks. Scientists are intrigued by the green spots, which could suggest past water activity, but their exact composition remains a mystery due to the rover's current limitations.
*First Humans on Mars by 2035?
NASA is planning to send humans to Mars as early as 2035. The mission would be part of the Artemis programme, with a journey that could take up to 14 months, including a 500-day stay on the Martian surface. This ambitious plan hinges on the successful deployment of the Lunar Gateway Space Station and other key technologies.
The Science Report
New research finds that children exposed to cannabis in the womb are more likely to exhibit behavioural issues. Meanwhile, ancient DNA studies reveal two genetically distinct populations north and south of the Caucasus Mountains, and a study links Airbnbs to increased crime rates. Plus, a fact-based conversation with AI might help some conspiracy theorists reconsider their beliefs.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 134
*Perseverance's Uphill Struggle in Jezero Crater
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover faces challenges as it attempts to climb the steep and slippery ridgeline of Jezero Crater. Despite its previous experience with steep inclines, this mission marks the first time the rover has tackled such a challenging combination of slope and surface. Engineers are exploring new strategies, including driving backwards and zigzagging, to improve traction. The goal is to reach the crater's rim for valuable scientific exploration, with plans to study potential microbial life signs preserved in ancient rock layers.
*ESA's Ramses Mission to Apophis
The European Space Agency is preparing for its Ramses mission to study the asteroid Apophis as it makes a close flyby of Earth in 2029. This rare event offers a unique opportunity to understand Apophis's composition and reaction to gravitational forces, crucial for future planetary defence strategies. The mission is modelled on the HERA spacecraft, and aims to launch by 2028 to reach Apophis in time.
*Shenzhou 19 Docks with China's Space Station
China's Shenzhou 19 spacecraft has successfully docked with the Tiangong Space Station. The crew will conduct experiments, including tests on manufacturing lunar bricks, as part of China's goal to land taikonauts on the Moon by 2030. The mission highlights China's expanding space ambitions and technological advancements.
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