Episodios
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From the 1930s through to the 1960s the regulation of Queer nightlife in America was permanently on the agenda of the police authorities. Persecution by local police ran parallel to the activities of the State liquor authorities, newly empowered in the years following the Repeal of Prohibition to shut down licensed bars and clubs where there was any indication of Gay activity therein. The draconian manner in which the liquor boards targeted Gay clientele prompted a form of activism fed into the nascent Gay Rights movement. We are spending the next few episodes examining the history of how this activism, specifically around New York and San Francisco, led to legal reforms that would be fundamental to the development of Gay social life and, more specifically, nightclub culture in the Pre-Disco era of the early 1970s. This period, which followed the Stonewall Riots of 1969, saw an acceleration in Gay social culture that dovetailed with technological developments in music production and presentation. The network of underground clubs in Downtown New York operated by Gay promoters (like David Mancuso, Nicky Siano, and Michael Brody) and supported significantly by the LGBT population of the City (including The Sanctuary, The Loft, The Gallery and later the Paradise Garage) would serve as the incubators for Disco and modern electronic dance music. Often not exclusive to an LGBT crowd, these venues were nonetheless sustained by a sense of underground identity and solidarity that had developed in the face of severe aggression and discrimination on the part of Governmental authorities against Queer people throughout the 20th Century in America.
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The role of jazz music in Cold War propaganda and the respect which foreign audiences attributed to it greatly influenced its place in American culture. However, its wider cultural acceptance by the early 1950s was aided by significant developments in musical styles and performance environments. The ability of musicians, critics, and promoters to equate jazz with a genuine artistic sensibility derived partly from changes that brought one wing of the music (classified as Cool Jazz, Third Stream, and West Coast Jazz) âcloser to the appearance of a fashionable and utterly respectable modernist classical musicâ. Musicians like Dave Brubeck and Miles Davis enjoyed immense success and became household names. This transition brought into sharp relief the extent to which race relations within the United States were transforming at this point in time with greater emphasis on social de-segregation and integration. These developments would both influence and be influenced by the radical changes in how Jazz music was composed, recorded, and performed live. The broader racial composition of musicians and audiences would manifest itself in the form of more diverse, sometimes oppositional, musical styles; the Afro-American influence of the blues and spirituals clashing against and melding with the modernist aesthetics of European classical music.
Tracks:
Dave Brubeck Quartet - 'Le Souk' (Dave Goes To College)
Dave Brubeck Quartet - 'Take Five' (Time Out)
Duke Ellington - 'Diminuendo In Blue' (Live at Newport)
Modern Jazz Quartet - 'Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea' (The Modern Jazz Quartet)
Lennie Tristano - 'Wow'
Dizzy Gillespie - 'Swing Low, Sweet Cadillac (The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie)
Shorty Rogers - 'Short Stop' (Cool and Crazy)
Miles Davis - 'Moon Dreams' & 'Budo' (Birth of the Cool)
Miles Davis Sextet - 'Walkin' (Walkin')
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During the Cold War, America recruited some of its most talented Jazz musicians in a cultural propaganda war against the Soviet Union. Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong, Dave Brubeck, and Duke Ellington were all enlisted to perform in the Middle East, South America and post-colonial Africa, parts of the World where Americaâs interests were dictated by its geo-political strategy. Musicians that experienced racial and economic hardship at home were suddenly being celebrated by the American Government for their musical innovation, and representation of cultural freedom. Their place on the world stage and the celebration of Jazz music abroad altered the perception of the music at home. Jazz music would develop a political importance and establish itself during the 1950s as the distinctive American artform. This official State branding was problematic in many ways, and as we move through the season, we will discuss how some of the greatest American musicians and political activists of the 20th Century; Max Roach, Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, and John Coltrane among them, would revolutionize musical culture and the position of Jazz musicians in relation to American society. In doing so they would effectively deconstruct the Americanization of the music, re-infusing Jazz with an African heritage that was by the mid-50s in danger of being stripped away. The development of Jazz music is representative of the shifting social and economic patterns of the United States during this period. These artists managed to tie their music to the everyday social struggles of their people and the political challenges of the time, while at the same time creating music that was deeply spiritual and transcendental.
Tracks:
'Cherokee' - Duke Ellington
âKokoâ - Charlie Parker
'Saturday Night Fish Fry' - Louis Jordan
'Kush (Live)' - Dizzy Gillespie
'In A Persian Market' - Wilbur De Paris
'The Real Ambassador' - Dave & Iola Brubeck, Louis Armstrong
'The Eternal Triangle' - Dizzy Gillespie, Sonny Stitt & Sonny Rollins
Books:
This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture (The Arts and Intellectual Life in Modern America) Paperback - Iain Anderson
Soundtrack to a Movement: African American Islam, Jazz, and Black Internationalism - Richard Brent Turner
Freedom Sounds, Civil Rights Call Out to Jazz In Africa - Ingrid Monson
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Completed in 1972, the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway resulted in the displacement of over 60,000 people from primarily Black and Latino neighbourhoods in the South Bronx, New York City. A combination of severe austerity measures including the closure of fire stations combined with âDisinvestmentâ by local landlords and widespread arson further contributed to the decimation of 80% of available housing stock, with large swathes of The Bronx left in ruins.
In this same period, following the Hoe Avenue Gang Truce of 1971, the street parties hosted by Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash (all children of Caribbean immigrants) would trigger the emergence of Hip-Hop which would impose an irreversible influence on global music culture in the decades that followed.The music of NYC resident Gil-Scott Heron in the early 70s would transform and elevate American soul and jazz music, informing Hip-Hop as it progressed into THE dominant form of musical expression for socially conscious Black artists from the 1980s onwards. Venues like The Nuyorican Poets Cafe opening in 1973 would facilitate the growth of a more lyrical street poetry throughout the City.
And Archie Sheppâs seismic 1972 album âAttica Bluesâ would represent an attempt to transcend the brutal events of the 1971 Attica State Prison Uprising where 43 men were killed when State authorities regained control of the prison from inmates protesting living conditions after a five-day siege.
A vital period in Black American music culture.
Books
âBlack Noiseâ Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary Americaâ â Dr. Tricia Rose
âCanât Stop Wonât Stop: A History of The Hip-Hop Generationâ â Jeff Chang
âThe Come Up: An Oral History of the Rise of Hip-Hopâ â Jonathan Abrams
âThe Last Holidayâ â Gil Scott-Heron
Songs
âDeath Rapâ â Margoâs Kool Out Crew
âApacheâ â Incredible Bongo Band
âZulu Nation Throwdownâ â Afrika Bambaataa & The Soul Sonic Force
âFantastic Freaks at The Dixieâ â Fantastic Freaks (Wild Style OST)
âThe Bottleâ / âThe Revolution Will Not Be Televisedâ - Gil Scott-Heron
âGive It Up or Turnit A Looseâ â James Brown
âAccentsâ â Denice Frohman (Live at The Nuyorican CafĂ©)
âAttica Bluesâ / âQuiet Dawnâ â Archie Shepp
EMCK
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In this episode, we veer away from discussing musicians almost entirely and focus on the establishment of the area south of Houston Street known as SoHo as the centre of habitation for other artists living in the City in the early 1970s. We discuss how the physical features of the abandoned industrial loft buildings made it attractive for artists to live and work in this Downtown neighbourhood, and how the influx of galleries (both commercial and co-operative) shifted the centre of the New York Artworld from Midtown to SoHo. The consolidation of artists in the area helped create a new politicised community that managed to spearhead opposition to the Lower Manhattan Expressway project, saving a large section of Downtown Manhattan from destruction and economic abandonment, in doing so preserving the areaâs architecture and cultural importance for decades to come.
Books
Aaron Shkuda - âThe Lofts of SoHo: Gentrification, Art, and Industry in New York, 1950-1980â (2016)
Sharon Zukin â âLoft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Changeâ (1989)
Jane Jacobs â âThe Death & Life of Great American Citiesâ (1961)
Songs
Meredith Monk â âEducation of the Girlchild: The Taleâ / âFear & Loathing in Gotham: Gotham Lullabyâ (Dolmen Music - 1981)
EMCK
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In this episode, we move beyond Jazz to discuss some of the other experimental music and art that was being pioneered in early 1970s New York, specifically in the Downtown artistsâ lofts and experimental performance venues around the area south of Houston Street known as SoHo. One particular venue known as The Kitchen had special importance for the Cityâs exponents of new electronic music and the presentation of ground-breaking mixed media art.
We also discuss the creation of two of the greatest American experimental albums of all time, Steve Reichâs âMusic for 18 Musiciansâ and Laurie Spiegelâs âThe Expanding Universeâ.
Books
Steve Reich â âConversationsâ
Philip Glass â âWords Without Musicâ
Kris Needs â âDream Baby Dream (Suicide: A New York Story)"
https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9886-blood-and-echoes-the-story-of-come-out-steve-reichs-civil-rights-era-masterpiece/
https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9002-laurie-spiegel/
Songs
La Monte Young â âComposition 1960 No. 7â
Philip Glass - Music In Twelve Parts, Part 8 (1974)
Steve Reich â âItâs Gonna Rainâ (1965), âCome Outâ (1967), Music for 18 Musicians, Part VIIIâ (1978)
Laurie Spiegel â âPatchworkâ & âEast River Dawnâ (1976)
Suicide â Rocket U.S.A. (1977)
EMCK
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We discuss the network of Downtown Jazz Lofts created by experimental musicians in Manhattan in the early 1970s. We examine how the spirit of independence and artistic adventure dovetailed with a determined organisation by jazz musicians to create an alternative to the traditional music industry platforms. These factors culminated in the formation of the New York Musicians Organisation (NYMO) and the counter-festival staged by the NYMO to challenge the imposition of the Newport Jazz Festival which was held in New York City for the first time in 1972. The growth and decline of the Jazz Loft scene is representative of the changing economic conditions of the City at this time, and how the ethics of Black Nationalism were adopted by many Jazz musicians as a central part of their personal and musical identity.
Books
âLoft Jazz: Improvising New York in the 1970sâ by Michael C Heller.
âAs Serious As Your Life: Black Music and the Free Jazz Revolution: 1957-1977â by Val Wilmer.
âLove Goes To Buildings On Fireâ by Will Hermes.
Music
'Tranquility' - Sam Rivers (Crystals) / 'Crossing (Fourth Movement' - Cecil Taylor (Silent Tongues) / 'Hence Forth' - Roy Ayers (Red, Black & Green) / 'Blue Phase' - Ahmed Abdullah (Wildflowers 3 - The New York Loft Jazz Sessions) / 'Four Winds' - Dave Holland Quartet (A Conference of the Birds) / 'You Gotta Have Freedom' - Pharaoh Sanders (Live at Fabrik Hamburg 1980) / 'Marshmallow' - Anthony Braxton (In the Tradition)
EMCK
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We introduce our new podcast, the first season of which aims to examine the development of new music in New York in the first half of the 1970s.
We then skip back to the period following the repeal of Prohibition to discuss the restrictive effect of the 1926 Cabaret Laws which massively affected how small music clubs were able to operate in New York, and the personal impact of the regulations on artists such as Billie Holiday, Miles Davis, and Thelonius Monk. We also consider how the administrative reforms introduced by progressive Mayor John Lindsay removed some of the more destructive effects on performing musicians.
Books:
Paul Chevigny: "Gigs: Jazz and the Cabaret Laws in New York City"
Songs:
Fats Waller - "Aint Misbehavin'" / Billie Holiday - "T'Aint Nobody's Business If I Do" / Thelonius Monk - "Blue Monk" (Live at The Five Spot 1968) / Zoot Sims - "âLover Come Back to Meâ â Live at The Half Note NYC 1959
EMCK