Episodios
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Doc 1: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, A Student Demonstration of Sorts in Tiananmen Square (11/21/85)
Doc 2: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, Government Arrests Student Demonstrators (11/25/85)
Doc 3: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, More Student Demonstrations (12/23/85)
Doc 4: From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, Student Demonstrations Update (12/24/86)
Doc 5: IPAC Daily Intelligence Summary 1-87, China: Student Demonstrations (01/02/87)
Doc 6: IPAC Daily Intelligence Summary 10-87, China: Hu Yaobang Resigns (01/17/87)
Doc 7: Memorandum of Conversation, [George Bush] Meeting with Wan Li, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and Member of the Politburo, People’s Republic of China (05/23/89)
Doc 8: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/0289, China: Stalemate Continues
Doc 9: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/03/89, China: Police Use Tear Gas on Crowds
Doc 10: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 27: Martial Law with Chinese Characteristics (06/03/89)
Doc 11: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 28: Ten to Fifteen Thousand Armed Troops Stopped at City Perimeter by Human and Bus Barricades (06/03/89)
Doc 12: Cable, From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: U.S. Embassy Beijing, and All Diplomatic and Consular Posts, TFCHO1: SITREP 1, 1700 EDT (06/03/89)
Doc 13: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/04/89, China: Troops Open Fire
Doc 14: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 32 (06/04/89)
Doc 15: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 33 (06/04/89)
Doc 16: Cable, From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: U.S. Embassy Beijing, China Task Force Situation Report No. 3 (06/04/89)
Doc 17: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/05/89, China: After the Bloodbath
Doc 18: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 35 (06/05/89)
Doc 19: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/06/89, China: Descent into Chaos
Doc 20: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, TFCH01--SITREP No. 37 (06/06/89)
Doc 21: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/07/89, China: Tense Standoff Continues
Doc 22: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, TFCH01--SITREP No. 38 (06/07/89)
Doc 23: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/9/89, China: Uneasy Calm
Doc 24: Department of State Intelligence Brief, "Current Situation in China: Background and Prospects" (Ca. 06/10/89)
Doc 25: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/10/89, China: Mixed Signals on Purge
Doc 26: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 49, (06/11/89)
Doc 27: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/14/89, China: Back to Business, But Crackdown Continues
Doc 28: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/15/89, China: Accusation over Fang Lizhi
Doc 29: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 06/21/89, China: Swift Justice
Doc 30: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, Eyewitness Account of June 4 PLA Tank Crushing 11 Students and Related Early Morning Events in Tiananmen Square (06/22/89)
Doc 31: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, What Happened on the Night of June 3/4? (06/22/89)
Doc 32: Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, TFCH01: SITREP No. 65 (06/27/89)
Doc 33: State Department document entitled "Themes" (06/29/89)
Doc 34: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "Status Report on Situation in China as of 07/ 26/89"
Doc 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis" (07/27/89)
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While the Yongzheng Emperor attempts to get his domestic policy ducks in a row from the Forbidden City, out on the Western Frontiers, change is the only constant. Between squabbling Tibetan lamas, restless Kokonor Khans, and the ever-dangerous Dzungar Empire still on the loose out there, the new successor of the late, great Kangxi Emperor has some very big combat-boots to fill...
Time Period Covered:
ca. 1722-1728 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Empire:
Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1661-1722]
Yongzheng Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen) [r. 1722-1735]
Prince Yinti, the Fuyuan Daijiangjun [1688-1755]Governor Nian Gengyao [1679-1726]Governor-General Yue Zhongqi [1686-1754]General Erentei [d. 1718]Funingga [d. 1728]
Dzungar Khanate:
Tsewang Rabdan, Khong Tayiji [r. 1697-1727]
Galdan Tseren, Khong Tayiji [r. 1727-1745]
General Tsering Dondup
Tibetan Gelupa/“Yellow Hats”:
5th Dalai Lama[r. 1642-1682]
6th Dalai Lama [r. 1697]
7th Dalai Lama [r. 1720-1757]
sDe-pa Sangya Gyatso [1652-1705]
Polhanas (Polhané Sönam Topgyé) [1689-1747]
Kokonor Mongols (Khoshots):
Güshi Khan (Torbaikhu) [r. 1642-1655]
Lhazang Khan [r. 1700-1717]
Prince Lobzang Danjin, Dalai Hongtaiji [d.
1731]
Sources Cited:Perdue, Peter C. China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia.Rowe, William T. China's last empire: the great Qing.
Zelin, Madeline. “The Yung-chung reign” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9: The Ch'ing Dynasty, Part 1: To 1800.
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Leaving behind the imperial court of Beijing, we return to the far frontiers of the northwest, where China, Tibet, Mongolia, and Russia all converge and vie for power. Glory and riches to the victors, subjugation or death for those destined to lose. Into this mix, we follow the travels of three emissaries as they cross deserts, mountains, words, and wits to ensure their sovereign emerges on top.
Time Period Covered:
~1712~1724 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Dzungar Khannate:
Tsewang Rabdan
Tsarist Russia:
Tsar Peter I
Leon Vasielevich Izmailov
Captain Ivan Unkovskii
John Bell
Governor Gragarin of Siberia
Glazunov
Great Qing Empire:
The Kangxi Emperor [r. -1722]
The Yongzheng Emperor [r. 1722-17]
Tulisen
Mongols:
Ayuki Khan of the Torghuts [r. 1673-1724]
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The Yongzheng Emperor brings Peace, Justice, & Security to his new Empire.
Time Period Covered:
1723-1728 CE
Major Works Cited:
Perdue, Peter C. China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia.
Qin, Han Tang (秦漢唐). 不同於戲裡說的雍正皇帝 [A different Yongzheng from the work of fiction]
Rowe, William T. China's last empire: the great Qing.
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The Yongzheng Emperor's stylings:
https://bsky.app/profile/thoc.bsky.social/post/3lnvmogqntk2g
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Patreon.com/thehistoryofchina
With the passing of his titan of a father, the Kangxi Emperor's 4th curviving son Prince Yinzheng, will assume the Dragon Throne amidst a tumultuous succession. Amid betrayals and backstabbings, this unlikely monarch will ultimately find himself sandwiched between his father and his son - two uncontestable pillars of Chinese history. And yet, he'll still find ways to shine through, all his own...
Time Period Covered:
1722~1728 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Manchu:
The Yongzheng Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen) [r. 1723-35], Kangxi's 11th (4th surviving) Son
Empress Dowager Xiaogongren [1660-1723]
Longkodo, Commandant of the Capital Gendarmerie [d. 1728]
Prince Yunzhi, Kangxi's 10th (3rd) Son [1677-1732]
Prince Yinsi, Kangxi's 16th (8th) Son [1681-1726]
Prince Yintang, Kangxi's 17th (9th) Son [1683-1726]
Prince Yinxiang, Kangxi's 22nd (13th) Son [1686-1730]
Prince Yunti, Kangxi's 23rd (14th) Son [1688-1755]
O'er'tai [1680-1745]
Hanjun:
Chen Menglei [1650-1741]
Nian Genglao, Sichuan-Shaanxi Governor-General [1679-1726]
Zeng Qing [1679-1736]
Yue Zhongqi [1686-1784]
Lü Liuliang [1629-1683]
Jiang Tingxi [1669-1732]
Zhang Tingyu [1672-1755]
Li Wei [1687-1738]
Tian Wenjing [1662-1732]
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Beginning in Beijing, and then expanding out all the way to the "New Frontier" of Dzungaria, we take a survey-altitude view of the final decade-ish of the Kangxi Emperor's life & reign over the Qing Empire
Time Period Covered:
~1700-1722 CE
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Original publication: 03/21/2025
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In the wake of the Kangxi Emperor's flawless victory + fatality of Galdan Khan, he erects his own definitive version of "The Way Things Happened" - five stone stelae monuments as an everlasting tribute to his greatness, and his side of the story literally written in stone.
But even one so mighty as the Lord of Great Qing is not above the twist of fate's knife. For he has been receiving highly disturbing reports about his son and heir, Crown Prince Yinreng...
Time Period Covered:
1697-1707 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Great Qing:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuande) [r. 1654-1722]
Crown Prince Yunreng [1674-1725]
Prince Yinxu
Minister Songgotu [1636-1703]
Minister Maci [1652-1739]
Jesuits/Catholic Church:
Pope Clement XI [r. 1700-1721]
Bishop Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon [1668-1710]
Fr. Joachim Bouvet [1656-1730]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Kingdom of France:
King Louis XIV, "The Sun King" [r. 1643-1715]
Major Works Cited:
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Shelly, Percy Bysshe. "Ozymandias."
Spence, Jonathan D. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi.
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The History of Aotearoa/New Zealand asked for a little boost in the "what going on elsewhere in the world?" category ca. 1759. Well, we were inclined to be accommodating...
It also just so happened that the Qing Empire under the Qianlong Emperor happened to be engaged in a tremendous border clash far to its south...
Presenting: The Sino-Burmese War
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We end our trio of insider views into the Forbidden City by looking at the life - and strictures - of the Big Man himself: the emperor.
Turn out it's not all banquets and parades.
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A look into the inner heart of the mysterious Forbidden City of Beijing, and at its most protected - and confined - denizens: the women of the Imperial palace. From Empress, to concubine, to lowly maid - women hold up half of Heaven.
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patreon.com/thehistoryofchina
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Everything you ever wanted to know (and probably some you didn't) about Court Eunuchs in Imperial China
(warning: contains description of castration & its effects)
Mary M. Anderson, Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China.
Duhalde, Marcelo. "How an army of eunuchs ran the Forbidden City" in The South China Morning Post.
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Genghis Khan is dead, and his 3rd son Ögedei has ben selected to lead the Mongol Empire into an uncertain future. Once he is confirmed on the throne, he'll strike on in every direction against every foe at once. On the way, there will be virgin sacrifices, talking wolves, free money, mass enslavement, Persian princes, Assassins, poison, angry water spirits, battle-mages, cannibalism... and that's just the tip of the iceberg!
Time Period Covered:
1227-1234 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Ogedeids:
Ogedei Khaghan
Subotai the Valiant
General Chormakhan
General Dokholkhu Cherbi
Minister Yelu Chu Cai
Toluids:
Tolui Khan
Sorkhakhtani Beki Khatun
Chagatids:
Chagatai Khan
Khwarazmia:
Jalal al-Din
Kingdom of Georgia:
Queen Rusudan
Jin Dynasty:
Emperor Aizong
General Wanyan Yi
General Cui Li
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Galdan is dead. Kangxi's victory is total. It's all over but the crying.
... and the executions via slow-slicing... and the crushing of his bones... and the punishment of his family... and the writing him out of history...
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patreon.com/thehistoryofchina
Time Period Covered:
1697-8 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Dynasty:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1654-1722]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Gen. Fiyanggu
Gen. Sunsike
Dzungar Mongols:
Galdan, the Boshugtu Khan [r. 1679-1697]
Lamist Tibetans:
The Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso [1683- after 1706]
sDe-pa Desi Sangye Gyampo [1653-1705]
Major Sources Cited:
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Spence, Jonathan D. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi.
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The Kangxi Emperor ruthlessly tracks down Galdan Khan, leaving him and his followers with nowhere to turn and nowhere to hide. The end draws close...
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patreon.com/thehistoryofchina
Time Period Covered:
1697-8 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Dynasty:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1654-1722]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Gen. Fiyanggu
Gen. Sunsike
Dzungar Mongols:
Galdan, the Boshugtu Khan [r. 1679-1697]
Lamist Tibetans:
The Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso [1683- after 1706]
sDe-pa Desi Sangye Gyampo [1653-1705]
Major Sources Cited:
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Spence, Jonathan D. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi.
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Even the invincible Genghis Khan must face the inevitability of death. It holds no fear for him personally, but before he surrenders at last to oblivion, he needs to see two tasks through to the end: who will succeed him as Emperor of the World, and making sure an old enemy gets what has long been coming to them...
Time Period Covered:
1220-1227 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Mongol Empire:
Genghis Khan [Temüjin] (1162-1227)
Börte Khatun (c.1161-c.1130)
Yesui Khatun (d. ?)
Jochi (1181-1226)
Chagatai Khan (1183-1242)
Ögedei Khan (c.1186-1241)
Tolui (c.1191-1232)
Xi Xia:
Emperor Shenzong [Li Zuxun] (r. 1211-1223)
Emperor Xianzong [Li Dewang] (r. 1223-1226)
Emperor Mo [Li Xian] (r. 1226-1227)
Empress Kurbelzhin (d. 1227)
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The jaws of the Kangxi Emperor close in around Galdan Khan, as his own dream of "The Great Mongol Enterprise" crash down around him at a fateful stand of 100 trees abutting a tiny stream somewhere in the vastness of the steppes. To the victor go the draft histories...
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Time Period Covered
1696 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Dynasty:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1654-1722]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Gen. Fiyanggu
Gen. Sunsike
Dzungar Mongols:
Galdan, the Boshugtu Khan [r. 1679-1697]
Lamist Tibetans:
The Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso [1683-after 1706]
sDe-pa Desi Sangye Gyampo [1653-1705]
Major Sources Cited:
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Spence, Jonathan D. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi.
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Galdan Khan has slipped The Kangxi Emperor’s trap, but only by the skin of his teeth. Now having retreated deep into the heart of Central Asia, he’ll think himself safe. But the Dread Lord of Great Qing is not one to let a vendetta go so easily…
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Time Period Covered
1691-1696 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Dynasty:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1654-1722]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Dzungar Mongols:
Galdan, the Boshugtu Khan [r. 1679-1697]
Lamist Tibetans:
The Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso [1683- after 1706]
sDe-pa Desi Sangye Gyampo [1653-1705]
Major Sources Cited:
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Spence, Jonathan D. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi.
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In an epic handshake of history, the Qing and Russian Empires hammer out the first major treaty between East and West. It's good for Great Qing, it's maybe good for Russia... but it's definitely not good for the Mongols who got iced out of the negotiations by a couple of Puritan hustlers, like Galdan Khan and his harried host of Dzungars. Not good news at all...
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patreon.com/thehistoryofchina
Time Period Covered:
1690-91 CE
Major Historical Figures:
Qing Dynasty:
The Kangxi Emperor (Aisin-Gioro Xuanye) [r. 1654-1722]
Jean-Francois Gerbillon, Puritan Missionary
Tómas Pereira, Puritan Missionary
Russian Empire:
Count Fedor Alekseevich Golovin [1650-1706]
Mongols/Tibetans:
Lamist Tibetans:
The Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso [1617–1682]
Dzungar Mongols:
Galdan, the Boshugtu Khan [r. 1679-1697]
Khalkha Mongols:
Jebzongdanba Khutukhtu
Tusiyetu Khan
Chechen Khan
Tsewang Rabdan
Major Sources Cited:
Liu, Cixin. Death's End.
Munkh-Erdene, Lamsuren. The Taiji Government and the Rise of the Warrior State.
Perdue, Denis. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.
Thokmay, Darig. “Game Changers of the Tibetan Buddhist Political Order in Central Asia in the Early Eighteenth Century” in The Tibet Journal, Vol. 46, No. 1.
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