Episodit
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It's very bad to interfere at the site of the bite. You shouldn't make incisions, cut marks with a dirty penknife or anything else. You shouldn't suck out the venom, you shouldn't apply a tight band or tourniquet to obstruct the blood flow, you should not apply an electric shock which has been quite popular and fashionable recently, in recent years. All these very popular remedies for snakebite are far more harmful than they are beneficial. The key thing to do is to try to immobilise the bitten limb because the more you contract your muscles in the arm or leg that's been bitten, the more likely you are to pump venom into the system. So try to immobilise the limb, with a sling in the case of the arm or a splint in the case of the leg, and if you have such a thing, a very good way of keeping the limb still is to bind it up with a long, stretchy bandage, a crepe bandage. Vocabulary incisions - naříznutí venom - hadí jed suck out the venom - vysát jed tourniquet - obinadlo, škrtidlo apply a tourniquet - zaškrtit blood flow - krevní oběh to obstruct the blood flow - bránit krevnímu oběhu snakebite - uštknutí hadem immobilise - znehybnit limb - končetina pump - pumpovat to pump venom into the system - napumpovat jed do systému sling - závěsná páska splint - dlaha in the case of the leg - pokud jde o nohu
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Professor David Worral: Most jellyfish have a sting of sorts and some are lethally dangerous such as the famous, notorious box jellyfish. What happens, if the, these box jellyfish touch you with their long tentacles, the tentacles will be broken off and the tentacles have thousands of little stinging cells. So, the point of first aid here is to stop those stinging cells discharging venom through the skin which in exceptional circumstances can cause rapid death, and the very best thing you can do is to slosh a whole lot of vinegar or dilute acetic acid on the skin. Vocabulary: sting, stinging - bodlina/žihadlo, spálit/bodnout Most jellyfish have a sting of sorts. - Většina medúz dokáže člověka žahnout. lethally dangerous - smrtelně nebezpečný the notorious box jellyfish - nechvalně známá (proslulá) hranatka tentacles - chapadla The tentacles have thousands of little stinging cells. - Chapadla obsahují tisíce žahavých buněk. discharge venom - vypouštět, vylučovat jed to slosh - nalít, propláchnout vinegar - ocet dilute acetic acid - zředěná kyselina octová The very best thing you can do is to slosh a whole lot of vinegar or dilute acetic acid on the skin. - Nejlepší je polít postižené místo octem, či zředěnou kyselinou octovou.
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Puuttuva jakso?
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Professor David Worral: Fish stings are extremely painful. This is one of those beautiful, highly coloured, reef fish like the lion fish or turkey fish that are found in tropical waters which can sting with spikes along their back, or on their fins or gill covers. The very best remedy for this excruciating pain from a fish sting is to apply very hot but not scalding water and this produces a magically rapid diminution in the pain because the fish venom is rapidly broken down by heat. Vocabulary: painful - bolestivý Fish stings are extremely painful. - Rybí bodnutí je velmi bolestivé. coloured - pestrobarevný reef - korálový útes spikes - bodliny, trny fin - ploutev gill covers - žaberní víčko They can sting with spikes along their back or on their fins or gill covers. - Dokážou člověka bodnout trny, které mají na zádech, případně v ocasní ploutvi, či na víčkách žaber. excruciating pain - mučivá, nesnesitelná bolest scalding - vařící very hot but not scalding water - velmi horká ale ne vařící magically rapid - zázračně rychlý, náhlý diminution in the pain - snížení, zeslabení bolesti
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Professor David Worral: As long as the sting is embedded, it will be pumping venom into the wound, so you should remove the sting as quickly as possible and a recent study suggests that it doesn't matter how you do this, pull it out between your fingers, scrape it out perhaps even better, but remove the sting as quickly as possible. The best way to prevent these things is to learn more about which venomous animals there are living in your particular area; learn as much as you can about their habits so that you can avoid the particular places that they like to congregate in. You can avoid particular times of the year when they are particularly active and you can avoid dangerous behaviour - I mean obvious dangerous behaviour would be walking at night along paths in the undergrowth without a torch. Vocabulary: to embed - zapíchnout as long as the sting is embedded - dokud je žihadlo zapíchnuté to pump, pumping - vstříknout, vstřikovat wound - rána pumping venom into the wound - vstříkování jedu do těla to scrape out - vyškrábnout venomous animals - jedovatí živočichové to learn about their habits - poznat jejich zvyky to congregate in - shromažďovat se dangerous behaviour - nebezpečné chování undergrowth - podrost, zarostlé místo Dangerous behaviour would be walking at night along paths in the undergrowth without a torch. - Nebezpečné by bylo například kráčet v noci podrostem bez baterky.
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Dr. William Bosu: Fever is commonly due to infection but we also have other causes of fever. This could be due, for example, to a body reaction to something that is not good for the body, it could also be due to a drug, it could also be due to a cancer. Indeed there are various other causes of fever. If we opened the windows to allow some fresh air in, the patient may feel more comfortable. Well, in addition to this, you could remove the patient's clothes or we could take a shower or we could soak a towel and rub it gently over the patient's body and when some fresh air has blown over this patient, the temperature would usually come down. Vocabulary: fever - horečka infection - infekce Fever is commonly due to infection. - Příčinou horečky je nejčastěji infekce. a body reaction - reakce těla drug - lék cancer - rakovina It could also be due to a drug, it could also be due to a cancer. - Příčinou může být také nějaký lék, nebo výjimečně i rakovina. fresh air - čerstvý vzduch comfortable - cítit se dobře, mít pohodlí, být v pohodě If we open the windows to allow some fresh air in, the patient may feel more comfortable. - Pacient se může cítit příjemněji, když otevřeme okno a pustíme dovnitř trochu čerstvého vzduchu. shower - sprcha soak a towel - namočit ručník temperature - teplota to come down - snížit se, klesnout
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Jill Volpie: This is very frightening and one's got to remind oneself to stay calm in these situations. If at all possible these days, it's important to try to avoid at least, direct contact with blood. Everyone, everywhere these days needs to be mindful of the risk of HIV and we need to take care but of course one also has to do something and try and stop the bleeding. The problem with that is that of course it also stops the circulation to the lower end of that limb, and this is very, very dangerous because it can lead very quickly, surprisingly quickly, to gangrene and (it's) quite possible then for your patient to actually have to lose a whole limb, the tissue in the limb can die quite quickly. Vocabulary: frightening - děsivý, hrozný to stay calm - zachovat klid, chladnou hlavu blood - krev to avoid direct contact with blood - vyhnout se přímému kontaktu s krví to be mindful - být si něčeho vědom, být dbalý be mindful of the risk of HIV - nesmí zapomínat na nebezpečí nákazy virem HIV bleeding - krvácení to stop the bleeding - zastavit krvácení circulation - krevní oběh a tourniquet stops the circulation - zaškrcením končetiny zastavíte krevní oběh gangrene - gangréna tissue - tkáň the tissue in the limb can die quite quickly - tkáň končetiny může velice snadno odumřít
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Jill Volpie: If you have very severe bleeding, the best thing to do is simply to find some pad, something clean, and press as firmly as you can into the wound. That should be dry and if possible you can use a bandage to bandage that into place but not to use it as a tourniquet. And of course if the blood soaks through that, then you need to simply put something else, and keep putting other dressings on top until you can stop it and get assistance. One needs also to be mindful that there may be a fracture and at the same time you could make the fracture worse or create more damage because of the fracture. The best way to find out whether that is the case is to see if the patient can actually lift their arm or raise their leg slightly, perhaps if it's a leg put it up on a cushion or a chair or something like that, and just use common sense to see how, to what extent that limb can actually be moved. Vocabulary: if you have very severe bleeding - při silném krvácení a clean pad - polštářek z čistého materiálu bandage, dressings - obinadlo, obvaz assistance - pomoc fracture - zlomenina, fraktura damage - poškození create more damage - ještě více poškodit to lift, raise - dát nahoru, zvednout cushion - polštář chair - židle put it up on a cushion or a chair - položte ji na polštář, nebo židli common sense - zdravý selský rozum
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John Pooley: If the patient's conscious, then obviously they'll tell you that they're in severe pain. The patient usually grimaces and tries to hold or guard against people touching the area that's injured. There could be swelling, there could be like a bruising around it; there could be a shortening of the limb or the limb is usually in a position that isn't normal, in a position that you wouldn't expect to see that limb, such as a hand turned out the wrong way or a foot turned out the wrong way. No, it's better that you leave it alone; you can cause more harm than good. You cited the incidence of maybe a bone sticking through the skin; the pure fact of you moving it may cause the bone to go through the skin. The broken bone may be resting on an artery - you could do more harm than good. Vocabulary: if the patient's conscious - když je pacient při vědomí to grimace - dělat obličeje, šklebit se the patient usually grimaces - pacientovi se bolestí stáhne obličej guard against - bránit se, hlídat si injured - zraněný to guard against people touching the area that's injured - dovolit lidem sahat si na poraněné místo swelling - otok bruising - modřina harm - poškození, škoda to cause more harm than good - způsobit víc škod než užitku incidence - případ of the bone sticking through the skin - zlomená kost může být patrná přes kůži artery - tepna
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John Pooley: The object of the exercise is to try and make people more comfortable. It's because it reduces pain, makes people feel more confident about the outcome of their injury. So what we try to do is move the injured limb as little as possible and pad it if you can - a rolled up rug, a coat, a pillow, a cushion, anything that's soft that you could possibly rest the limb upon to try and make it more comfortable for the person concerned. Splints really don't do any good for people that are just lying on the floor injured. Splints are about when you want to move that person and they immobilise the limb or keep the limb still when you're trying to move them. That's really a job for the professionals, the emergency services. Vocabulary: the object of the exercise - cílem celého úkonu to make comfortable - uklidnit, zajistit klid a pohodu to reduce - zmírnit it reduces pain - zmírňuje bolest to be confident - nabýt na sebedůvěře outcome - výsledek injury - zranění It makes people feel more confident about the outcome of their injury. - Lidé nabývají na důvěře, že všechno dobře dopadne. splint - dlaha to immobilise the limb - znehybnit končetinu professionals - profesionálové, odborníci the emergency services - záchranná služba
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John Pooley: By all means put a blanket on them to maintain their body heat. Don't put piles and piles of blankets on people, don't try to warm them up - just maintain their body heat. When they get to hospital, they may need an anaesthetic for resetting of the bone that's broken, so don't give them anything to drink but if they are really, really dry, you can dab their lips with a little water. You could make a makeshift stretcher out of pieces of wood, cloth, rolled-up blankets - there are lots of things you can do. Splinting - then's the time to think of splinting. You could use a rolled-up newspaper, a piece of stick, a piece of wood. The object is not to straighten the limb, the object is to keep it as still as possible. But remember that if there is nothing around to tie the limb with, the human body is the best splint you have. Vocabulary: blanket - deka maintain - udržet body heat - tělesná teplota To put a blanket on them to maintain their body heat. - Přikrýt dekou, abyste udrželi jejich tělesnou teplotu. anaesthetic - anestetikum To reset the bone that's broken. - Narovnat zlomenou kost. a makeshift stretcher - provizorní nosítka splinting - dlaha a rolled-up newspaper - srolované noviny The object is not to straighten the limb. - Cílem není narovnat končetinu.
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Jill Volpie: The first thing to be aware of is that fainting is the body's own way of responding to a situation. It's actually encouraging blood flow, particularly to the brain and therefore one should always resist the temptation to sit the patient up or stand them up or get them to walk around or even walk outside to fresh air. It is actually possible to create more damage to the patient by doing this, because by so doing, if the circulation hasn't fully been restored back to the head, you can actually give them more problems long term. So resist the temptation to move the patient unless they're in obviously a very unsafe situation, in the middle of a street, or something like that. Vocabulary: to faint - ztratit vědomí to encourage - podpořit, povzbudit it's actually encouraging blood flow - povzbudit krevní oběh resist the temptation - odolat pokušení fresh air - čersvý vzduch to restore - obnovit If the circulation hasn't been restored back to the head. - Pokud se mozek znovu neprokrví. You can actually give them more problems long term. - Můžete jim přivodit dlouhodobější problémy. an unsafe situation - nebezpečná situace
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Jill Volpie: Leave them where they are - either, if they're already sitting, perhaps to put their head down between their knees to encourage the circulation of blood or, if they're on the ground, perhaps elevate the feet slightly, just to encourage the blood coming back from the feet and the legs. Try to make sure that they have as much fresh air as possible. One of the big problems with anyone collapsing anywhere usually, particularly if there are other people around, is that everybody wants to crowd around to see what's happened. Most people don't know what to do and they quite often tend to close in on the patient. And it's very important to get people to move back to ensure there's plenty of fresh air for the patient to breathe. Vocabulary: to put their head down between their knees - sklonit jim hlavu mezi kolena to elevate the feet slightly - nepatrně pozvednout nohy to come back - vrátit se Encourage the blood coming back from the feet and the legs. - Napomůžete tak, aby se krev vrátila z nohou do mozku. to collapse - zhroutit se to crowd around - nahrnout se kolem, uzavřít kruh to close in - stáhnout se kolem to move back - posunout se zpátky, stáhnout se to breathe - dýchat Get people to move back to ensure there's plenty of fresh air for the patient to breathe. - Je potřeba lidem říct, aby ustoupili/udělali místo, aby se k pacientovi dostalo co nejvíc čerstvého vzduchu a mohl dýchat.
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Barry Powell: The mainstay of treatment for these kind of burns is water. And by that I just mean ordinary tap water. Don't go out and get ice bags, don't put your hands into buckets of ice - ordinary tap water which usually is at 8 degrees centigrade is sufficient. Now, what you need to do is place that part of you in running water and keep it in the water until the pain goes. That is the fundamental, best thing you can do. Graham Easton: If you don't have running water, soak some cloths or towels in water and cover the burn with them. Don't prick any blisters which form and don't apply lotions or creams. Try to remove any rings or tight bracelets before the hands swell from the burn. Vocabulary: the mainstay of treatment - nejdůležitější a nejlepší způsob ošetření Ordinary tap water which is usually 8 degrees centigrade is sufficient. - Stačí obyčejná voda z kohoutku, která má obvykle má 8 stupňů Celsia. fundamental - základní to soak some towel - namočit ručník don't prick any blisters - puchýře nepropichujte lotions and creams - pleťové vody a krémy
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Barry Powell: I don't think that fat and butter or any substance like that helps deal with the burn. One of the reasons why I advocate water is that not only is it extremely good for pain relief - far better than any tablets you can take - but it also cools down that area that has been burnt very quickly and by doing that you can actually minimise the severity of that burn. Well, I think this is now a very difficult area because it depends how big the burn is, what has actually caused the burn and also, in fact, how deep the burn is, ie how much damage has been done. I really think that in the home situation, the best thing you can do is get a cloth or any bathroom towel, soak it in water and cover the area that has been burnt and then probably seek medical advice. Vocabulary: substance - látka to advocate - hájit, zastávat se, přimlouvat se za něco pain relief - ulevení bolesti minimise - minimalizovat, snížit severity - závažnost you can minimise the severity of that burn - minimalizuje závažnost/hloubku popálení to depend - záležet na It depends what caused the burn, how deep the burn is. - Záleží na tom tom, jak k popálení došlo, jak je hluboké. in the home situation - pokud jste doma to seek medical advice - vyhledat lékařskou pomoc
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Graham Easton: Other forms of dressing can be used to keep the burn clean and free of infection. The thin plastic films used to wrap food can sometimes make an effective emergency dressing. But if you don't have any, there are other possibilities. Many of us have used varieties of vegetable skin, potato, banana skin are all extremely good forms of dressing but these are all very temporary until you can actually get a more permanent dressing applied. Barry Powell: Well, the problem is when you burn yourself, the burn damages the skin and that damage gets rid of all the body's defences, so it opens it up to infection. Get an infection into the burn, not only will it make that burn worse, but it could actually then eventually get into the blood stream and cause an infection to the body. Vocabulary: dressing - zábal free of infection - bez infekce the thin plastic films used to wrap food - potravinová fólie emergency dressings - provizorní zábal varieties of vegetable skin - banana skin - různé slupky od ovoce či zeleniny, například banánová slupka. temporary - dočasný permanent - trvalý defence - ochrana, obrana That damage gets rid of all the body's defences , so it opens it up to infection, eventually gets into the blood stream. - Spálená kůže ovšem ztrácí svou funkci jako ochrana před infekcí a tělo je tedy "otevřeno infekci" a krví se může infekce roznést do celého těla.
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Barry Powell: The answer to that is "No". The problem with children and burns is if you do put them into cold water, they drop their temperature, they become what is called hypothermic and that is not good for the child. For the child, first of all you need to reassure them - I think that's desperately important - and the same story holds true, get cold water and apply it to them. Now, obviously you can't put a child completely into a running tap, so bring the running tap to the child, in the essence of soaking a towel, keep soaking the towel and changing it, but be very careful with children because if you keep them too cold and wet, they will become hypothermic and shocked and that is not in the child's interest. Vocabulary: temperature - teplota hypothermic - podchlazení They can drop their temperature, they become what is called hypothermic. - Tělesná teplota dítěte by prudce poklesla a došlo by k podchlazení. reassure - uklidnit that's desperately important - to je nesmírně důležité the same story holds true - i v tomto případě platí to samé obviously - pochopitelně in the essence of soaking a towel - v podobě namočeného ručníku keep soaking a towel and changing it - ručník pravidelně namáčejte a měňte shocked - v šoku
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Barry Powell: The obvious thing is to try and get that person away from where the fire is, if that is at all possible. The second thing is, if their clothes are on fire, and this is desperately important, make sure they lie down. If they stand up, then their clothes, if they catch fire, will just burn upwards and cause more and more damage to the skin. So, lie them down and that will reduce the area of skin that is burnt. Roll them. By rolling them in the ground or in a carpet or a rug or anything that you can, smother the fire. That is the best way to put it out. Vocabulary: if at all possible - pokud je to vůbec možné lie down - ležet na zemi stand up - stát catch fire - chytit/ začít hořet upwards - směrem nahoru make sure they lie down - je nutné ho položit na zem If they stand up, then their clothes, if they catch fire, will just burn upwards. - Kdyby stáli, tak plameny z hořícího oděvu šlehají nahoru. reduce the area of skin that is burnt - omezíme rozsah popálení roll - válet, vyválet, kutálet carpet - koberec rug - předložka, pokrývka, hadr smother the fire - udusit oheň the best way to put it out - nejlepší způsob, jak oheň uhasit
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Jill Volpie: The important thing to know about diarrhoea is of course that the patient is losing a lot of fluid and that this can very quickly turn into a serious situation of dehydration and can actually be a killer, and is a killer, in children. So it's very important to be able to respond quickly. In a first aid situation, if the patient is able to take anything by mouth, then it's important that they're encouraged to drink. If possible, local remedies, local rehydration solutions, which are made perhaps of boiled rice water, water from other grain cooking or solutions which contain salt and sugar, are very important, correctly measured of course. But, of course, the most important thing of all is that they're given safe water to drink. Vocabulary: diarrhoea - průjem losing a lot of fluid - ztrácí hodně tekutiny dehydration - dehydratace it can be a killer in children - může u dětí snadno skončit smrtí respond - reagovat, jednat It's very important to be able to respond quickly. - Je velice důležité, aby člověk jednal rychle. by mouth - ústy, ústně, perorálně If the patient is able to take anything by mouth. - Pokud je pacient schopen přijímat jídlo ústy local remedies - domácí léčba rehydration solutions - rehydratační tekutiny boiled rice water - vývar z rýže safe water - nezávadná voda water that's been boiled and cooled - převařená zchlazená vod
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I think there's a big temptation to eat less or not at all; if one has diarrhoea one doesn't feel like eating. But of course it's very important that nutrition is maintained in this state. The body needs to continue to be fed and rehydration solutions, even the prepacked ones in the sachets, do not provide any, or very, very little, in the way of nutrition. Milk is of course quite nutritious. Some will say that it does actually irritate the stomach. I think it depends a lot on what you have to hand, of course; and what the patient can tolerate. If you find that you give milk and that's immediately rejected or the patient is sick, then obviously go back to just your safe rehydration fluids and wait until the patient's condition is a little better. Vocabulary temptation - pokušení nutrition - výživa, živiny nutritious - výživný maintain - udržovat sachets - sáčky to irritate the stomach - dráždit žaludek to have to hand, to have available - mít po ruce tolerate - tolerovat, snášet reject - odmítnout There's a big temptation to eat less or not at all. - Člověk je v pokušení jíst málo a nebo vůbec ne. It is very important that nutrition is maintained. - Je velmi důležité, aby byl přísun živin zajištěn. Rehydration solutions, even the prepacked ones in the sachets… - Kupované, hotové rehydratační roztoky…
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Peter Banham: This I am afraid is a fallacy. Lungs do not fill up with water. It is quite likely that the casualty in the water may have breathed in a little water but it's very unlikely for the lungs to be waterlogged. Certainly there would be more than enough space left in the lungs for you to blow into the mouth of the casualty and inflate their lungs. Graham Easton: If you're sure that the person is unconscious and not simply asleep, the important thing to do is to check to see whether the person is breathing and whether their heart is beating. A good way to remember how to do it is to remember the first three letters of the English alphabet, a-b-c. Vocabulary: drowning - topit se fallacy - falešná představa lungs do not fill up with water this is a fallacy - plíce po vrch naplněné vodou je klamná představa casualty - oběť, zraněný, postižený to breathe - dýchat The casualty in the water may have breathed in a little water. - Tonoucí může samozřejmě vdechnout trochu vody. waterlogged - plný vody, nasáklý vodou inflate the lungs - nafouknout plíce unconscious - být v bezvědomí be asleep - spát beat - tlouct, tep Whether the person is breathing and whether their heart is beating… - Jestli dýchá a jestli mu tluče srdce… The first three letters of the english alphabet a-b-c… - První tři písmena anglické abecedy…
- Näytä enemmän
