Episodes
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Glenn Flickinger leads a conversation with experts and historians on the final push into Germany in World War II, including the crossing of the Rhine at Remagen 80 years ago in March.
By March 1945, World War II in Europe was reaching its final phase. The Allies had advanced deep into Germany, and the last major natural barrier between them and the heart of the Reich was the Rhine River. The unexpected capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen by the U.S. Army on March 7, 1945, was a turning point, allowing American forces to establish a bridgehead on the east side of the Rhine. This surprise victory accelerated the collapse of Nazi Germany.
The Rhine River had long been considered a critical defensive line for Germany. Adolf Hitler and his generals believed that by destroying the bridges spanning the river, they could slow the Allied advance and mount a more effective defense. Most of the Rhine crossings had already been demolished by retreating German forces, but at Remagen, the Ludendorff Bridge remained standing, albeit rigged with explosives.
On March 7, 1945, elements of the U.S. 9th Armored Division approached Remagen, expecting to encounter a destroyed bridge. To their astonishment, the Ludendorff Bridge was still intact, albeit heavily damaged. German engineers had attempted to demolish it, but faulty detonators prevented the charges from fully going off.
Recognizing the opportunity, Brigadier General William M. Hoge ordered an immediate assault. A force of infantrymen and engineers rushed the bridge under intense German fire. Despite casualties from machine guns, artillery, and collapsing sections of the bridge, the Americans managed to seize control. Engineers quickly began defusing remaining explosives and reinforcing the structure to support heavy traffic.
The fall of the Ludendorff Bridge was a severe blow to Hitler, who ordered immediate countermeasures. The Germans launched fierce artillery barrages and airstrikes, including attacks by jet-powered Me 262 fighters and V-2 rockets. They even attempted to destroy the bridge with frogmen and a last-ditch commando raid, but none of these efforts succeeded.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Army worked frantically to expand the bridgehead, pushing more men, tanks, and supplies across the Rhine. Within days, pontoon bridges were constructed alongside the damaged structure, ensuring a steady flow of troops into the German heartland.
After ten days of heavy use and constant bombardment, the Ludendorff Bridge finally collapsed on March 17, killing 28 U.S. engineers. However, by this point, its purpose had been fulfilled. The Allies had established a firm foothold on the eastern side of the Rhine, shattering Germanyâs last major defensive position. Within weeks, U.S. and British forces surged deep into Germany, encircling the Ruhr industrial region and cutting off the last remnants of the Wehrmachtâs effective resistance.
The capture of the bridge at Remagen hastened the end of the war in Europe. With the Rhine crossed, German defenses crumbled rapidly. By April, American and Soviet forces were racing toward Berlin. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally.
The events at Remagen remain one of the most dramatic moments of World War II, a testament to battlefield initiative and the importance of seizing opportunities in war. The bravery of the U.S. 9th Armored Division helped bring the conflict to a swifter conclusion, saving countless lives in the process.
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We talk about the âFlying Coffinsâ of World War II that silently transported troops, weapons, and equipment behind enemy lines . . . getting lots of troops killed and wounded in the process.
Glider warfare experts Monique Taylor, author of Suicide Jockeys: The Making of the World War II Combat Glider Pilot, and Bill Bonnamy, creator of the 319 Gliderman website, devoted to the WWII 319th Glider Field Artillery of the 82nd Airborne Division, tell us about what these contraptions were, how they were used, and what it was like to fly and crash in the,
During World War II, the United States developed and deployed combat gliders as part of its airborne operations, using them to silently transport troops, equipment, and supplies behind enemy lines. These unpowered aircraft, towed by powered planes before being released to glide to their destinations, were used in several major operations in both the European and Pacific Theaters.
These contraptions were notoriously dangerous, and those who flew in them faced harrowing experiences.
The Waco CG-4A, the most widely used American glider, was a high-wing, fabric-covered aircraft with a tubular steel frame. It could carry a pilot, copilot, and up to 13 fully equipped troops or a combination of supplies, including a Jeep or a 75mm howitzer. The CG-4A measured 48 feet in length with an 83-foot wingspan and weighed approximately 3,900 pounds empty. It had no engine, so it relied on a tow from a C-47 Dakota or other tow aircraft using a 300-foot nylon or steel cable.
Another less common glider, the CG-13A, was a scaled-up version of the CG-4A, capable of carrying 30 troops or heavier equipment. Though tested, larger gliders such as the CG-10A and CG-15A were not widely deployed in combat.
The United States first used gliders with the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) in July 1943 where they suffered heavy losses due to navigational errors, miscommunications, and enemy fire. Many gliders crashed into the sea or were scattered far from their intended landing zones.
Glider operations were instrumental in the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. Hundreds of CG-4As carried elements of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions into enemy territory, reinforcing the initial paratrooper drops. These troops secured critical bridges, road junctions, and other key positions before the main invasion force arrived.
One of the most famous American glider operations took place during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. This ambitious attempt to seize a series of bridges in the Netherlands involved the largest airborne operation of the war, with over 2,000 gliders deployed. CG-4As delivered troops, anti-tank guns, and vehicles behind German lines. Though the operation ultimately failed to achieve its final objectiveâthe capture of the bridge at Arnhemâit demonstrated the effectiveness of glider-borne troops in securing initial positions.
Gliders were again heavily utilized in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 â January 1945), delivering reinforcements and supplies to encircled Allied forces in Bastogne. In the Pacific Theater, gliders saw more limited use due to the dense jungle terrain, though they were employed in the Burma campaign to deliver supplies to Merrillâs Marauders and other special forces units operating behind Japanese lines.
Flying in a combat glider was an experience filled with danger. Pilots, trained under the Army Air Forces, were considered among the most courageous aviators of the war. Unlike powered aircraft, gliders had no means of escape once they were released from their tow planes. Pilots had to skillfully navigate to their landing zones, often under intense enemy fire. Glider landings were abrupt and often destructive, as they had no engines to regulate descent and typically crashed into rough terrain, obstacles, or defensive positions. Many troops sustained injuries upon landing, sometimes before even engaging the enemy. The lack of defensive armament made them easy targets, and glider pilots had one of the highest casualty rates among Army Air Forces personnel.
After the war, the military quickly phased out combat gliders with the development of more advanced transport aircraft and helicopter technology.
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Episodes manquant?
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We are proud to welcome two amateur historians who have changed our understanding of one of the most iconic images in Americans history. Eric Krelle and Brent Westemeyer, through expert and diligent research, uncovered the true identities of the men who raised the flag on Iwo Jima, an act forever enshrined in American memory as a result of Joe Rosenthal's famous photograph.
The flag-raising photograph taken by Rosenthal on February 23, 1945, atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima became one of the most enduring symbols of American unity and sacrifice during World War II. The image captured six men hoisting a large American flag after a grueling campaign to secure the island, a strategic foothold in the Pacific. Unbeknownst to Rosenthal at the time, his photograph would resonate deeply with the American public, becoming a symbol of hope and perseverance during a critical period of the war.
The photograph had an immediate and profound impact when it was published in newspapers across the country. For a nation weary from years of war, the image embodied the courage, determination, and teamwork of American service members. It quickly became a rallying point for the war effort, inspiring patriotism and boosting morale on the home front. The photo was also instrumental in a nationwide war bond campaign, helping to raise billions of dollars to support the war. Its significance was further cemented when it won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in 1945. For the Marine Corps, the photograph symbolized the core values of honor, courage, and commitment and became an integral part of their identity, eventually immortalized in the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia.
In 1947, the six flag raisers were identified as Ira Hayes, Franklin Sousley, Michael Strank, John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, and Harlon Block. However, this identification was later found to be inaccurate, with errors corrected decades after the war through the efforts of amateur historians Eric Krelle and Brent Westemeyer.
Eric Krelle first noticed discrepancies in the iconic image while comparing it with other photographs and records. Krelle observed that John Bradleyâs uniform and gear did not match the individual thought to be him in Rosenthalâs photograph. His research suggested that Harold Schultz, a Marine who had never been publicly credited, was one of the six flag raisers. Schultz, who died in 1995, had reportedly mentioned his role to family members casually but never sought recognition.
At the same time, Brent Westemeyer conducted a parallel investigation into the photographâs details. Using archival materials, personal accounts, and photographs, Westemeyer concluded that Rene Gagnon, another Marine initially identified in the photo, was not present in the iconic scene. Instead, he determined that Harold Keller, another Marine previously unacknowledged, was one of the flag raisers. Both Krelle and Westemeyer also confirmed that John Bradley, despite long-standing claims, was not in the photograph.
The Marine Corps responded to these findings with a formal review in 2016, ultimately validating the conclusions reached by Krelle and Westemeyer. The Corps officially recognized Harold Schultz and Harold Keller as among the six flag raisers and acknowledged that John Bradley and Rene Gagnon had been misidentified. They expressed gratitude for the independent researchersâ meticulous work and reaffirmed their commitment to historical accuracy. The corrections, while significant, did not diminish the photographâs symbolic power but instead deepened its historical narrative by honoring the overlooked contributions of Schultz and Keller.
Rosenthalâs photograph continues to be a powerful emblem of the collective sacrifice of all those who fought in the Pacific. Its impact on the American public in 1945, as both a source of inspiration and a tool for unifying the nation, remains a testament to the resilience of the human spirit during times of adversity. The efforts of Krelle and Westemeyer ensured that the story of the flag raising on Mount Suribachi reflects not only its symbolic importance but also the truth of the moment and the individuals who made it possible.
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We welcome 99-year-old WWII veteran George Rubin, a veteran of the 8th Air Force, 486th Bomb Group, 835th Squadron.
George graduated high school in 1943 and was drafted soon after, initially training as a pilot before being reassigned as a B-17 armorer and waist gunner. At just 19 years old, he joined his crew at Sudbury in the fall of 1944 and flew 18 missions before being shot down over Munich on February 25, 1945. His aircraft, losing multiple engines due to flak damage, attempted to reach Switzerland but was forced to crash-land near Sonthofen, Germany.
The entire crew survived, though Rubin suffered serious leg wounds. They landed near a Hitler Youth training camp, where they were quickly captured and threatened with execution. A German officer intervened, saving their lives, and they were subsequently imprisoned. Rubin was sent to Dulag Luft for interrogation before being transferred to Stalag 13D in early March 1945. Later that month, he and others were forced to march to Stalag 7A in Moosburg, where they were liberated by Pattonâs forces on April 30 after a fierce three-hour battle.
Returning to the U.S. by July 1945, Rubin was stationed at Fort Dix, serving as an air steward assisting in the repatriation of POWs. He suffered from PTSD throughout his life, finally seeking treatment in his 90s. A visit to Sonthofen, recommended by his doctors, helped him find closure.
He continues to meet weekly with a PTSD support group, where he is the oldest member among Vietnam and Afghanistan veterans.
Later in life, Rubin embraced Quakerism and pacifism.
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Iwo Jima Marine Bob Brutinel joined us near his 100th birthday to share his story of service. "I don't believe in medals," was his response when we asked him about the Silver Star he received for valor on Iwo.
Private First Class Robert C. Brutinel, born in El Paso, Texas, and later residing in Clifton, Arizona, served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He was assigned to Company H, 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division. His service included participation in several significant battles in the South Pacific, notably Guadalcanal, Choiseul, and Iwo Jima. ABC15.COM
On March 12, 1945, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, PFC Brutinel's company encountered a fortified Japanese pillbox that impeded their advance. Serving as a demolition man and flamethrower operator, Brutinel executed a direct frontal assault on the enemy position, utilizing his flamethrower until its fuel was depleted. He then returned to the company supply point to refuel his weapon and proceeded to launch a second attack, ultimately neutralizing the pillbox. This act of valor significantly contributed to his unit's progress during the battle.
In recognition of his gallantry and intrepidity in action, PFC Brutinel was awarded the Silver Star, the third-highest military combat decoration for valor awarded by the United States. His official citation commends his courage and dedication to duty, reflecting great credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service.
Following his military service, Robert Brutinel became a longstanding member of the Casa Grande, Arizona, community, where he has been actively involved for over 60 years. In August 2024, the Casa Grande Detachment 901 of the Marine Corps League, along with other local organizations, honored him on his 100th birthday, celebrating his service and contributions to the community.
Throughout his life, Brutinel has been recognized as a mentor and respected figure within his community, embodying the values of service and dedication both in his military and civilian endeavors.
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Glenn Flickinger marks the 80th anniversary of the Yalta Conference with a conversation with experts and historians. Yalta was held from February 4 to 11, 1945, and it was a pivotal meeting during World War II between the Allied leaders: Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Taking place in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea, the conference aimed to address the post-war reorganization of Europe and establish a framework for lasting peace.
By early 1945, the defeat of Nazi Germany was imminent. Allied forces were advancing on multiple fronts, with the Red Army pushing through Eastern Europe and the Western Allies moving toward Germany from the west. The conferenceâs primary objectives were to ensure coordinated military strategy in the final stages of the war, decide on the political future of liberated countries, and establish mechanisms to prevent future conflicts.
The leaders agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones controlled by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and, later, France. Berlin, situated in the Soviet zone, would also be split into four sectors. Stalin sought to secure Soviet influence in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland, which was a contentious issue. The Allies agreed that Polandâs borders would be shifted westward, with the Soviet Union annexing eastern Polish territories. In return, Stalin promised free elections in Poland and other Eastern European countries, though this commitment was later undermined. Plans for the establishment of the United Nations (UN) were finalized, with agreements on the structure of the UN Security Council, including veto power for its five permanent members: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China. Stalin also pledged that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan within three months of Germanyâs surrender. In exchange, the Soviet Union was promised territorial gains, including southern Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and influence in Manchuria. Additionally, the conference produced a declaration committing the Allies to support democratic institutions and free elections in liberated nations, though the interpretation and implementation of this agreement varied, particularly in Eastern Europe.
The Yalta Conference laid the groundwork for the post-war geopolitical order, but it also sowed the seeds of the Cold War. The division of Germany and Berlin set the stage for the eventual establishment of East and West Germany. The Allied Control Council was created to administer Germany jointly, but growing tensions between the Soviet Union and Western Allies led to increasing division. Stalinâs influence over Eastern Europe grew rapidly after the conference. Despite promises of free elections, communist governments were installed in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and other countries, creating a Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc. The resolution of the Polish question was a source of lasting tension. The Western Alliesâ acceptance of Soviet demands alienated the Polish government-in-exile in London and led to widespread dissatisfaction among Poles.
The creation of the United Nations was a significant achievement, providing a forum for international diplomacy and conflict resolution. However, the Security Councilâs veto system reflected the power dynamics of the major Allied nations and limited the organizationâs ability to act decisively during the Cold War. The differing visions of the United States and the Soviet Union for post-war Europe became evident at Yalta. While the United States and the United Kingdom emphasized self-determination and democratic governance, the Soviet Union prioritized security through territorial expansion and the establishment of friendly regimes in its sphere of influence. These conflicting priorities contributed to the ideological divide that defined the Cold War.
The Yalta Conference has been criticized for its perceived concessions to Stalin, particularly regarding Poland and Eastern Europe. Critics argue that Roosevelt and Churchill underestimated Stalinâs ambitions or were in a weak negotiating position due to the Red Armyâs dominance in Eastern Europe. Others contend that the agreements reflected the realities of power on the ground and that the Allies had limited leverage to influence Soviet actions. Despite its controversies, the conference was a landmark in shaping the modern world. It demonstrated the complexities of coalition diplomacy and the challenges of balancing competing interests in a time of global upheaval. The agreements reached at Yalta influenced the political landscape of Europe for decades and highlighted the difficulties of securing lasting peace in the aftermath of war.
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Nick Cressy and Josh Muri join us to share two amazing WWII B-26 Marauder stories from WWII.
On June 4, 1942, during the pivotal Battle of Midway, Joshâs grandfather Lt. James P. Muri piloted âSusie-Q,â into history with an audacious attack on the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi. Muri and his crew were part of a daring mission to halt the Japanese fleetâs advance toward Midway Atoll. Their objective: deliver a torpedo strike against the heart of the enemy force.
Muriâs bomber, one of four launched from Midway Island, faced relentless fire from Japanese fighter planes and naval guns. Hit multiple times, the aircraft sustained significant damage, and three crew members were wounded. Undeterred, Muri pressed on, releasing a torpedo aimed at the Akagi. To evade the intense enemy fire, Muri took the extraordinary step of flying his damaged bomber directly down the Akagiâs flight deck, barely skimming the surface of the ship. This low-level maneuver minimized the exposure of his plane to anti-aircraft fire and swarming Zero fighters.
The Susie-Q returned to Midway Island, riddled with over 500 bullet holes, yet miraculously intact. Muriâs actions not only saved his crew but also disrupted Japanese Admiral Nagumoâs battle strategy. This moment proved critical in setting the stage for the American victory at Midway, a turning point in the Pacific Theater of World War II.
Muri and his crew received the Distinguished Service Cross for their bravery. His feat was immortalized in Lonnie Bellâs song âMidwayâ and honored decades later with the Jimmy Doolittle Award. After his military service, Muri lived a quiet life in Montana, passing away in 2013 at age 93.
Nick Cressyâs uncle, Staff Sergent Nick Bentas, was an engineer/top turret gunner served first in the Mediterranean flying from Sardinia then Corsica and then Dijon France on missions to Italy, France and Germany. They supported the invasion of Southern France and transferred to support the 7th Army. On a mission on 19 January 1945, his plane lost the right engine and crashed outside Fontain France, killing the crew. Nick captures the story in his book, Back from 44: The Sacrifice and Courage of a Few â A Story of Heroism in the Skies Over Western Europe.
The B-26 Marauder, the aircraft flown by Muri, became renowned for its versatility and durability. Known for its low loss rates, the B-26 flew more than 110,000 sorties during the war, dropping 150,000 tons of bombs. Despite its early deployment challenges, the Marauder earned a distinguished record in Allied operations.
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World War II historians Colin Heaton and Marilyn Walton join us to share remarkable stories of courage, mercy, and humanity on the part of those who fought on the other side, the Axis powers of Germany and Japan.
Stories include:
Captain Werner Hartenstein: On September 12, 1942, the German submarine U-156, commanded by Hartenstein, torpedoed the British RMS Laconia in the Atlantic. The Laconia, a military target, carried British troops, Italian POWs, and civilians, including women and children. Upon discovering Italian POWs and civilians among the survivors, Hartenstein defied the âNo Rescue Order,â prohibiting aid to shipwreck victims. He ordered his crew to rescue many survivors, taking over 200 aboard U-156 and using towlines to connect to lifeboats. A Red Cross flag was raised, and he broadcast a message to Allied forces asking for help, promising not to attack rescue vessels. However, an American B-24 bomber attacked U-156, forcing Hartenstein to stop the rescue. Survivors were transferred to other German U-boats, and eventually some were collected by a Vichy French cruiser. U-156 resumed patrols, leaving many survivors in lifeboats, leading to the âLaconia Order,â which prohibited future rescue attempts.
Hartenstein is remembered for his humanity in a brutal conflict. He prioritized rescuing women, children, and Italians, showing concern for all survivors. His actions stood out in a war marked by atrocities, offering a rare glimpse of empathy from a German officer. Hartensteinâs rescue effort symbolized the potential for humanity, even amid harsh realities of war.
Hans-Joachim Marseille: The story of Marseille, known as the âStar of Africa,â is one of remarkable skill and complex morality. Born in 1919 in Berlin, Marseille was a talented pilot but had a rebellious nature. He gained fame during the Battle of Britain for his aerial combat skills and later matured under Captain Eduard Neumann in North Africa. Marseille developed tactics that earned respect and was known for his compassion, often risking his life to notify Allied forces about downed pilots. His defiance of Nazi commands and sympathy for Jews caused tension within the military. Despite his fierce skill that made him a propoganda figure, he subtly showed disdain for Nazi principles. Marseille died tragically at 22 in an accident, leaving a legacy as a complex, legendary figure.
Irv Baum
Saburo Sakai: Sakai was a renowned Japanese ace known for his honorable conduct. He refrained from unnecessary killings and spared enemies when possible. After the war, he disapproved of Japanâs wartime propaganda and sought accountability for war crimes, ultimately becoming a pariah in Japan but gaining respect from former enemies. His contributions to reconciliation were not fully acknowledged in his own country.
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Navy veteran and photographer Richard Sherman joins us with former US Secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission, Maj. Gen. Bill Matz, to talk about his new book, Never Home: Remembering the Military Heroes Who Never Returned.
The book presents a deeply moving tribute to the American soldiers who rest in the 23 overseas military cemeteries from World War I and World War II. This work, the culmination of eight trips across five years and three continents, is both a historical document and a poignant meditation on sacrifice.
Shermanâs book is structured into three interconnected sections. The first showcases sweeping architectural photographs that capture the solemn grandeur and meticulous design of these memorial grounds. His lens balances the monumentalâthe vast seas of white crossesâwith intimate and unexpected moments, like a craftsman engraving a headstone. These images provide a visual narrative of loss and commemoration, resonating with both technical precision and emotional depth.
The second section delves into over 59 biographical portraits, meticulously researched and vividly presented. Sherman highlights a diverse array of individuals, including Medal of Honor recipients, siblings who served together, nurses, chaplains, and civilian specialists. Drawing from personal letters, family photos, and historical accounts, he transforms these names and dates into poignant human stories. The biographical sketches offer readers a glimpse into the lives and sacrifices of these individuals, bridging the gap between history and humanity.
The final section, titled âTaps,â serves as a photographic meditation, reflecting on the enduring significance of these sacred spaces. Sherman allows his photographs to speak volumes, with text appearing sparingly to enhance rather than overshadow the imagery. His approach underscores the power of visual storytelling, allowing readers to engage with the material on an emotional level.
Though the repetition of certain images, such as rows of crosses, may feel redundant at times, it serves as a reminder of the scale of sacrifice. This minor flaw is overshadowed by the bookâs heartfelt presentation and the depth of its content.
Never Home is a profound exploration of the human cost of war and a testament to the enduring legacy of those who gave their lives in service. It will resonate deeply with military families, history enthusiasts, and anyone seeking to understand the personal and collective impact of war.
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Our friend from St Lucia and creator of the WWII Log Book Project, Nick Devaux, joins us to talk about a truly forgotten front of World War II, the Caribbean Basin.
During World War II, the Caribbean played a significant but often overlooked role in the broader conflict. Its strategic position made it a critical area for military operations.
The Caribbean bordered vital sea lanes connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Panama Canal, as well as shipping routes between the Americas and Europe. These routes were essential for transporting troops, raw materials, and supplies. The Axis powers, particularly Germany, targeted the Caribbean to disrupt Allied supply chains. German U-boats operated extensively in the region, attacking merchant ships and tankers carrying oil from Venezuelan and Trinidadian refineries to Allied forces. The Battle of the Caribbean, as this campaign became known, resulted in significant losses for Allied shipping.
Oil production in the Caribbean was another critical factor. The regionâs refineries, especially those in Aruba, Curaçao, and Trinidad, were among the largest in the world. Protecting these installations from Axis attacks became a top priority. The United States established military bases in several Caribbean territories, including Trinidad, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas, to guard refineries and shipping lanes. The British also strengthened defenses in their colonies, recognizing the importance of these assets to the war effort.
To secure the region, the Allies implemented agreements with local governments, many of which were colonial administrations under British, Dutch, or French control. The 1940 Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom allowed the U.S. to build military bases in British territories, providing critical infrastructure for anti-submarine warfare and air reconnaissance. These bases included significant facilities in Antigua, St. Lucia, and Jamaica.
The presence of American and British military personnel brought cultural influences and new ideas, fostering aspirations for greater political autonomy among Caribbean populations. Many Caribbean men who served in the armed forces or worked abroad during the war returned with heightened expectations for social and economic progress, contributing to postwar movements for independence and self-governance. In colonies like Trinidad and Jamaica, these changes helped lay the groundwork for decolonization in the following decades.
The Caribbeanâs civilian population endured hardships during the war. German submarine activity disrupted trade, leading to shortages of food and essential goods. Rationing became widespread, and fears of invasion or sabotage created an atmosphere of uncertainty. In some areas, blackouts and other security measures were implemented to protect against potential attacks. Despite these challenges, Caribbean civilians contributed to the war effort through fundraising, volunteering, and production of war materials.
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We discuss the experiences of German POWS held during World War II in the United States with Carole Popchock and others who have researched and written about the subject.
During World War II, the United States became home to over 400,000 German prisoners of war (POWs) held in camps across the country. The influx of these POWs began in 1943, as the Allies gained the upper hand in North Africa and Europe, capturing large numbers of German soldiers. By the warâs end in 1945, approximately 511 camps had been established in 45 states, with the largest populations concentrated in Texas, California, and the Midwest. The decision to house these POWs on American soil was driven by logistical necessity and international agreements.
The Geneva Conventions of 1929 established guidelines for the treatment of POWs, including adequate shelter, food, and the opportunity to engage in productive work. The U.S. government sought to adhere to these standards, though the experiences of POWs varied significantly depending on the location and management of individual camps. Many camps were located near military bases or in rural areas where labor shortages provided opportunities for POWs to work.
The prisonersâ daily lives revolved around routines designed to maintain order and provide meaningful activity. Work assignments were a central feature, as the U.S. faced labor shortages due to the war. German POWs were employed in agriculture, forestry, construction, and other industries. In many cases, they replaced American workers who had joined the armed forces. The Geneva Conventions prohibited forced labor directly related to the war effort, so prisoners were not assigned tasks such as manufacturing weapons. Instead, they performed essential civilian work, often for private employers who paid the U.S. government for their labor. The prisoners themselves received a small stipend, which they could use to purchase goods at camp canteens.
Housing conditions in the camps ranged from basic to relatively comfortable. Most camps consisted of barracks surrounded by fences and guard towers. Inside the barracks, prisoners slept in bunk beds and had access to communal facilities such as dining halls and recreation areas. The quality of food provided to the prisoners was often better than what they had experienced in the German military, which led to some complaints from American civilians who were dealing with wartime rationing.
Education and cultural activities were encouraged within the camps. Many prisoners took advantage of classes in English, mathematics, and other subjects, while others participated in theatrical productions, musical performances, and sports. Religious services were also provided, with chaplains assigned to cater to the prisonersâ spiritual needs. These activities helped maintain morale and occupied the prisonersâ time, reducing the likelihood of unrest.
Relations between the POWs and the local American communities were complex. In some cases, prisoners worked alongside civilians, fostering a level of mutual understanding and even friendship. Some German POWs were invited into American homes for meals or holidays, particularly in rural areas where their labor had a significant impact on the local economy. However, there were also instances of hostility and suspicion, especially in areas with strong anti-German sentiment. Security concerns occasionally arose, but escapes were rare and typically nonviolent. Most escapees were recaptured quickly, as they faced significant challenges blending into American society.
The ideological diversity among the prisoners was a source of tension within the camps. Some German soldiers were staunch Nazis, while others were apolitical or opposed to Hitlerâs regime. To prevent Nazi indoctrination or coercion within the camps, the U.S. authorities monitored prisoner activities and separated known Nazi loyalists from others when possible. Re-education programs were introduced late in the war, aiming to expose prisoners to democratic values and counteract Nazi propaganda. These programs had varying degrees of success, but they marked an early effort at postwar reconciliation.
As the war ended in 1945, the process of repatriating German POWs began.
The presence of German POWs in the United States during World War II offers a unique lens through which to examine the broader dynamics of war and humanity. Despite the underlying conflict, the treatment of these prisoners demonstrated an effort to uphold international norms and maintain a degree of civility amidst the chaos of war. The legacy of these camps is a testament to the complexities of war, where adversaries could find moments of shared understanding and human connection.
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On its 80th anniversary, we discuss the Battle of the Bulge, fought between December 16, 1944, and January 25, 1945. It was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by American forces during World War II. It also represented Nazi Germanyâs last major offensive on the Western Front, a desperate bid to reverse the Alliesâ advance toward Germany.
By late 1944, the tide of World War II had definitively turned against Germany. The Allies had stormed ashore in Normandy in June, pushing through France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, while Soviet forces were steadily advancing from the east. Despite these setbacks, Adolf Hitler refused to concede defeat. Instead, he conceived a bold and highly ambitious plan to strike at the Alliesâ weakest point, drive a wedge between their armies, and force them to the negotiating table.
Hitlerâs strategy, codenamed Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine), aimed to exploit what he perceived as vulnerabilities in the Allied lines. The Ardennes region of Belgium and Luxembourg, a densely forested area of rolling hills, was held by a mix of battle-worn and inexperienced American units. Hitler believed that a surprise attack here could achieve a breakthrough, allowing his forces to drive westward to Antwerp. Capturing this crucial port city would sever Allied supply lines, split the British and American armies, and potentially lead to a repeat of Dunkirk, where British forces had been forced to evacuate across the Channel in 1940.
The offensive required immense resources, but by late 1944, Germanyâs ability to sustain its war effort was crumbling. Nonetheless, the Nazi regime undertook Herculean efforts to assemble a formidable strike force. Over 250,000 troops were mobilized for the attack, including 12 newly formed Volksgrenadier (Peopleâs Grenadier) divisions. These divisions were cobbled together from conscripts, Luftwaffe ground crews, and naval personnel, with a heavy reliance on older men and teenagers. Although understrength, these units were bolstered by significant firepower, including machine guns, mortars, and Panzerfaust anti-tank weapons.
Despite assembling such a force, the Germans faced profound logistical challenges. The Wehrmacht was critically short of fuel, ammunition, and bridging equipment, which would prove disastrous during the offensive. Moreover, the plan itself was overly ambitious. It called for German forces to cross eight rivers, reach the Meuse within three days, and secure Antwerp within a weekâan objective that even optimistic commanders deemed unattainable.
The German offensive began in the early hours of December 16, 1944, with a massive artillery barrage along an 85-mile front. Under the cover of darkness and poor weather, German infantry advanced rapidly, overwhelming thinly stretched American defenses. The element of surprise was critical; many American units were caught off guard, and chaos ensued as German Panzers pushed deep into Allied territory.
Despite initial gains, the Germans soon encountered significant resistance. American troops, though initially outnumbered and disorganized, regrouped and fought tenaciously. Strategic locations such as St. Vith and Bastogne became focal points of the battle. At St. Vith, American forces delayed the German advance for several days, buying precious time for reinforcements to arrive. Meanwhile, Bastogne, a key road junction, became the site of a heroic defense by the 101st Airborne Division, who held the town against overwhelming odds until relieved by General Pattonâs Third Army.
The Battle of the Bulge was a catastrophic defeat for Germany. The Wehrmacht suffered over 100,000 casualties, including many of its best remaining troops and officers. It also lost irreplaceable equipment, including over 600 tanks and 1,000 aircraft. These losses effectively crippled Germanyâs ability to mount further large-scale offensives, hastening the collapse of the Third Reich.
For the Allies, the battle underscored their logistical and material superiority. Despite suffering nearly 90,000 casualties, the Allied forces demonstrated remarkable resilience and coordination. The ability to mobilize reinforcements rapidly and utilize airpower effectively were decisive factors in their victory.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #usarmy #uscoastguard #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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Glenn Flickinger welcomes three leading experts on the finest medium range bomber in history, the B-26 Marauder that fought in World War II and was adopted by Allied forces the world over. Josh Muri, Nick Cressy, and Ron Bolesta from the B-26 Marauder Historical Society join us to talk about the history of an aircraft renowned for its speed, versatility, and resilience.
Designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company, the B-26 made its maiden flight on November 25, 1940, and quickly became an essential tool in the Allied air arsenal. Its development, operational history, and contributions to the war effort offer a fascinating glimpse into the technological and strategic advancements of the time.
The B-26 was developed in response to a 1939 Army Air Corps specification for a high-speed medium bomber capable of delivering a significant payload over a long range. The Martin Company responded with an innovative design featuring a sleek, streamlined fuselage, tricycle landing gear, and powerful Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines. These engines gave the aircraft a top speed of over 300 mph, which was exceptionally fast for a bomber at the time. The Marauderâs speed, combined with its ability to carry up to 4,000 pounds of bombs, made it an attractive option for the Army Air Corps, which awarded Martin the contract before the prototype had even flown.
The B-26âs innovative design, however, came with challenges. Its short, high-wing configuration and high wing loadingâa result of its relatively small wingspan and powerful enginesâgave the aircraft demanding flight characteristics. Early models required higher takeoff and landing speeds than many pilots were accustomed to, leading to a spate of accidents during training. This earned the B-26 the nicknames âWidowmakerâ and âFlying Prostituteâ (the latter a sardonic reference to the fact that it supposedly had no visible means of support). However, modifications to the aircraft, such as lengthening the wings and increasing the size of the tailplane, improved its handling.
By mid-1942, the aircraft was deployed to the European theater, where it became a workhorse for the U.S. Army Air Forcesâ Ninth Air Force. In Europe, the B-26 excelled in tactical bombing missions, attacking enemy rail yards, bridges, supply depots, and other infrastructure critical to the German war effort.
One of the Marauderâs most significant contributions to the war came during the lead-up to D-Day. From early 1944 onward, B-26 crews flew countless sorties as part of the Allied campaign to cripple German defenses in France. They targeted bridges, rail networks, and fortifications with remarkable precision, thanks to improved Norden bomb sights and a growing cadre of experienced pilots. On D-Day itself, B-26 squadrons provided close air support for the Allied landings, striking German positions near the beaches to soften resistance for the advancing troops.
Despite its rocky start, the B-26 developed a reputation for durability and survivability. By the end of the war, it had the lowest loss rate of any Allied bomber, a testament to its robust construction and the skill of its crews. The aircraft was heavily armed for its size, typically featuring up to 13 .50 caliber machine guns for defense, making it a tough target for enemy fighters.
By the end of World War II, over 5,200 B-26 Marauders had been produced. Although the aircraft was retired from front-line service soon after the war, its legacy endured. The lessons learned from its design and operation influenced subsequent generations of medium bombers, including the North American B-25 Mitchell and later jet-powered aircraft.
The B-26 Marauder stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of those who designed, built, and flew it. Despite its early difficulties, it became one of the most effective medium bombers of the war, contributing significantly to the Allied victory. Its speed, precision, and survivability set it apart from its contemporaries and earned it a lasting place in aviation history.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #usarmy #uscoastguard #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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How the 100th went from perhaps the worst bomber group to the best bomber group. Why did it have a discipline problem in 1943? Who made the changes that improved the BG performance? Join Glenn in his interview with Heather Thies of the National Museum of the Mighty Eight, Nancy Putman, and John "Lucky" Luckadoo.
Stationed at Thorpe Abbotts in England, the group flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress as part of the 8th Air Force, conducting strategic bombing missions over Nazi-occupied Europe. Their nickname stemmed from the extraordinarily high casualties they sustained during some of the warâs most dangerous missions. Despite these losses, the 100th Bomb Group played a crucial role in the air campaign to cripple Germanyâs war machine.
The group began combat operations in June 1943, targeting key industrial and military sites in France and Germany. Early missions revealed the dangers of daylight precision bombing, and the 100th often faced fierce resistance from German Luftwaffe fighters and anti-aircraft defenses. The group suffered especially heavy losses during missions to Bremen, MĂŒnster, and Schweinfurt, where entire formations were sometimes annihilated. These sacrifices cemented their reputation as one of the most daring but ill-fated bomber units, giving rise to their enduring moniker.
Among the groupâs notable members was Harry Crosby, a lead navigator whose experiences offer a deeply personal perspective on the air war. In his memoir, A Wing and a Prayer: The âBloody 100thâ Bomb Group of the U.S. Eighth Air Force in Action over Europe in World War II, Crosby recounts the harrowing missions and extraordinary courage of his comrades. His vivid descriptions capture the chaos of combat, the constant threat of death, and the camaraderie that sustained the men during their darkest hours. Crosbyâs navigation skills were critical to the groupâs success, helping to guide bombers through perilous skies to their targets and safely back to base.
Despite the staggering losses, the 100th Bomb Groupâs resilience never wavered. They participated in pivotal operations such as the bombing campaign during D-Day and attacks on German oil refineries, transportation hubs, and other strategic targets. By the end of the war, their contributions had significantly undermined Germanyâs industrial capacity and military infrastructure.
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Tonight, on the 80th anniversary of the Battle of HĂŒrtgen Forest, we discuss one of the longest and bloodiest battles fought by American forces in Europe during World War II.
Taking place from September 1944 to February 1945, this battle unfolded in the dense HĂŒrtgen Forest, located near the German-Belgian border in western Germany. The battle was fought between the United States Army and German Wehrmacht forces, who defended the area with entrenched positions and heavily fortified defenses. The operation was initially intended to support the Allied advance into Germany but became one of the most grueling and costly campaigns for the American military.
The HĂŒrtgen Forest spans about 50 square miles and consists of steep, rugged terrain and thick woods that severely restricted visibility and movement. This dense terrain provided a natural advantage to German defenders, who fortified the area with concrete bunkers, minefields, barbed wire, and hidden artillery emplacements. German forces also used booby traps and anti-personnel mines, making the forest an effective defensive zone. The weather added to the challenge; frequent rain and cold temperatures turned the area into a muddy, harsh environment, complicating the movement of troops and vehicles.
American forces entered the HĂŒrtgen Forest in early September 1944, with the primary objective of securing the Roer River dams. These dams controlled the flow of water downstream, and German forces could release the water to flood the Roer River valley, which would prevent an Allied advance across the river. By capturing the dams, the Allies aimed to prevent such flooding and enable their continued push into Germany.
The legacy of the Battle of HĂŒrtgen Forest remains a sobering reminder of the challenges of ground combat in difficult terrain and the heavy price of war. The battle demonstrated the importance of terrain and the difficulties of fighting in heavily fortified, natural environments. The long and costly battle, fought over harsh winter months, left a lasting impression on those who served there and became one of the most challenging and controversial campaigns for American forces in the European theater of World War II. The losses and hardships experienced by soldiers in the HĂŒrtgen Forest highlighted the brutal realities of war and the often-overlooked complexities of military planning and decision-making during the war.
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In June 1944, the U.S. Army deployed an unusual and highly secretive unit to Normandy. Known as the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, this 1,100-man team went by a nickname: the Ghost Army. Their mission wasnât to fight the enemy with traditional weapons but to deceive them using inflatable tanks, trucks, planes, and a range of sound effects. Historian Rick Beyer explores this unique chapter of World War II in his book and documentary film, The Ghost Army, and he will join us tonight to share this history.
The Ghost Armyâs mission was to mislead German forces about the strength and location of American troops. To accomplish this, they staged a series of carefully planned deceptions across Europe, from Normandy to the Rhine. Using truckloads of inflatable vehicles and loudspeakers blasting recorded sounds of engines and marching troops, they created the illusion of large American units. Each day, the soldiers of the Ghost Army had to decide which military unit they would impersonate, often spending hours studying details to convincingly mimic the behavior, movements, and communication patterns of larger American forces.
The Ghost Armyâs success relied heavily on creating an immersive deception that would fool German intelligence from multiple angles. Their visual deceptions featured rows of inflatable tanks, trucks, and artillery placed strategically to be visible but imperfectly camouflaged, encouraging enemy reconnaissance to spot them. Sound trucks with speakers were used to broadcast recordings of engines, infantry movements, and equipment clatter, creating an auditory illusion of battalion-sized forces on the move. Radio operators played their part by transmitting fake communication networks, further adding to the illusion. These decoys were so convincing that German intelligence frequently reported the âpresenceâ of American units that existed only in the imagination of the Ghost Army.
Many Ghost Army soldiers were artists and designers recruited from art schools across the United States. This included future fashion icon Bill Blass, painter Ellsworth Kelly, and photographer Art Kane. Their creative backgrounds were essential to crafting believable illusions, and during downtime, they captured their experiences in sketches and paintings, leaving behind a unique and artistic record of the war. Some of these artists went on to successful careers after the war, but their wartime contributions remained classified for decades, a fact that Beyerâs documentary brings to light.
Rick Beyerâs The Ghost Army documentary reveals not only the intricacies of these deceptions but also the human element behind them. Through interviews with 19 Ghost Army veterans, the film shows how these men used their skills in art and performance to execute high-stakes missions with real consequences. In one of their final and most critical operations, the Ghost Army staged a major deception along the Rhine River. Thousands of Allied lives depended on this illusion, and the soldiers knew that if the Germans discovered the ruse, the consequences could be disastrous.
The Ghost Armyâs accomplishments remained secret for nearly fifty years. Many veterans, bound by a gag order, never spoke about their experiences even to close family. It was only in recent years that the full extent of their contributions was revealed, and in March 2024, three of the unitâs surviving members were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal. This long-overdue recognition marked an important acknowledgment of their bravery and ingenuity, highlighting their contributions to the Allied victory in a way traditional combat could not.
Beyerâs work on The Ghost Army brings this fascinating and largely unknown story to a wider audience, capturing the power of creativity and deception in warfare. The documentary, available on streaming platforms like Apple TV and Amazon, offers a vivid portrayal of the Ghost Armyâs unconventional role in World War II. Through a blend of historical perspective, veteran interviews, and original wartime artwork, it celebrates a unique legacy of soldiers who, without firing a shot, played a critical role in securing victory for the Allies. The Ghost Army is a reminder that sometimes, imagination and deception are as powerful as firepower in the theater of war.
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In a world before GPS and predecessor technology, how in the world did fleets of Allied bombers make their way across vast distances, hit their targets, and return home? Tonight, we talk about how navigation worked in World War II from experts whoâve studied it and one who lived it.
John âLuckyâ Luckadoo of 100th BG fame will share what he learned in navigation training, and host Glenn Flickinger will walk through WWII 100th BG navigator Harry Crosbyâs book on the subject, A Wing and a Prayer, with Mike Faley, 100th BG Historian and Rebecca Hutchinson, Harryâs daughter. Our own Bob Von Bargen, a retired Air Force navigator, will also guide us through the discussion.
During World War II, with no digital technology to assist them, USAAF navigators relied on complex skills, advanced training, and specialized equipment to complete their missions accurately and under high pressure. Their methods included a mix of dead reckoning, celestial navigation, and radio navigationâeach with its own strengths and limitations. Given the severe consequences of navigation errors in combat, navigators trained rigorously to master these techniques, learning to adapt on the fly to conditions that constantly shifted with the demands of war.
Dead reckoning was the most basic and fundamental method navigators used. It involved estimating the planeâs position by calculating the time spent flying at a particular speed and direction. Armed with a stopwatch and a map, navigators would start with a known location and calculate the aircraftâs position based on its heading and airspeed. Crosswinds could throw the aircraft off course so navigators would check their position against landmarks or other data whenever possible. Often, vast stretches of ocean made this cross checking impossible.
In such cases, navigators turned to celestial navigation. This complex process involved using a sextant to measure the angle between a celestial bodyâsuch as a star, the sun, or the moonâand the horizon. By comparing these measurements with special navigation tables, navigators could establish the planeâs position on the Earth. This technique required both clear skies and precise trigonometric calculations, making it challenging under combat conditions where visibility was often poor. Still, celestial navigation was one of the most accurate methods available at the time, and mastering it was essential for any navigator.
Radio navigation provided another layer of support. Using ground-based radio stations, navigators would tune into specific frequencies and use the Radio Direction Finder (RDF) to home in on the radio signals. By comparing the signals from multiple stations, they could triangulate their position relative to these points. Although valuable, radio navigation came with its own set of issues, including limited range and the risk of interference from enemy jamming.
Training to become a navigator was intensive and required a wide array of skills. Navigators learned the fundamentals of math, geography, meteorology, and mechanics. Celestial navigation, in particular, demanded precise handling of a sextant and fast calculations, as split-second decisions were often needed under pressure. Training missions would frequently simulate the intense conditions of combat, including flights at night or in adverse weather, to prepare navigators for what they would experience in the field. Familiarity with the aircraft itself was also important, as navigators occasionally needed to take over basic flight controls in an emergency.
The navigators relied on a variety of specialized equipment to perform their duties. A standard kit included the sextant for celestial navigation, a drift meter to measure crosswind angles, and a Radio Direction Finder for picking up radio beacons. Maps, rulers, compasses, and protractors also occupied the navigatorâs station.
Only after World War II did Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and, later, the Global Positioning System (GPS) come online. INS used internal sensors to calculate position changes, eliminating the need for constant external references. GPS revolutionized the field entirely, providing precise, real-time global positioning and essentially removing the need for manual calculation. These technologies have streamlined aerial navigation, making it safer and vastly more efficient than the methods WWII navigators had to master.
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Renowned historian Sir Richard Evans talks about his new book, Hitlerâs People: The Faces of the Third Reich, which delves into the complex factors that led to the widespread support for Hitlerâs regime in Germany.
Evans argues that a combination of political opportunism, ideological manipulation, and a deep-seated sense of national humiliation and inferiority paved the way for the rise of Nazism.
Evans meticulously examines the roles of Hitlerâs inner circle, including Göring, Goebbels, and Himmler, as well as lesser-known figures who played significant roles in enabling the Nazi ideology.
Evans also analyzes the motivations of ordinary Germans who became complicit in the Nazi regime. He argues that many were conservative nationalists who felt betrayed by the defeat of 1918 and the disintegration of the Kaiserâs Germany. Hitlerâs promises of national renewal and a sense of superiority appealed to their shattered sense of stability.
Hitler was a singular figure, an opportunist and ideologue who benefited from the suffering caused by World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. However, Evans emphasizes that Hitler was not a political or military genius, but rather a demagogue who arrived at the right place and time to seize power.
Sir Richard J. Evans is a famous scholar of German history, who has authored a comprehensive three-volume history of the Third Reich, spanning the years 2003 to 2008. This monumental work, drawing upon Evansâ extensive research and expertise, has garnered widespread acclaim from fellow historians.
The first volume, âThe Coming of the Third Reich,â delves into the tumultuous period leading up to the Nazi seizure of power in Germany. It meticulously examines the impact of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, and the economic turmoil that paved the way for the rise of authoritarianism.
The second volume, âThe Third Reich in Power,â explores the Nazi regimeâs consolidation of power and its efforts to win over the German populace. Evans utilizes personal narratives to illustrate the social, economic, and cultural transformations that occurred during this period.
The third and final volume, âThe Third Reich at War,â chronicles the major events of World War II from the Nazi perspective. It provides a detailed account of key battles, the Holocaust, and Hitlerâs downfall. This volume has been hailed as a masterpiece of historical scholarship, offering a comprehensive synthesis of the extensive research conducted on the subject.
Overall, Evansâ Third Reich trilogy stands as a definitive and authoritative account of the rise, reign, and fall of the Nazi regime. Its meticulous research, balanced narrative, and insightful analysis have earned it widespread recognition as a seminal work in the field of German history.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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Greatest Generation Live and Glenn Flickinger mark the anniversary of The Battle Off (or of) Samar in World War II with Admiral Sam Cox, Curator for the Navy, Director Naval History and Heritage Command.
Also joining us is Scott Reneau, the grandson of of Admiral Clifton âZiggyâ Sprague who commanded the Task Unit that fought the battle.
The Battle of Samar, fought on October 25, 1944, was a critical engagement during World War II, forming part of the larger Battle of Leyte Gulf. This battle is often remembered as one of the most dramatic naval actions in history, where a small and lightly armed American task force faced overwhelming odds against a powerful Japanese fleet. The battle is noted for the courage and determination of the American sailors who, despite their inferior firepower, managed to inflict significant damage on the Japanese forces and prevent a potential disaster.The Battle of Samar occurred during the broader campaign to liberate the Philippines from Japanese occupation. The American invasion of Leyte Island was supported by several naval task forces, including Task Unit 77.4.3, known as âTaffy 3.â This group, commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton âZiggyâ Sprague, consisted of six escort carriers, three destroyers, and four destroyer escorts. These ships were designed for anti-submarine warfare and air support, not for engaging battleships and cruisers.
Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Japanese had devised a complex plan to counter the Leyte invasion, involving several naval forces converging on the area. The most formidable of these was the Center Force under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita, which included four battleships, six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and eleven destroyers. After surviving attacks from American submarines and aircraft, Kuritaâs force managed to approach Samar largely unopposed, aiming to destroy the American invasion fleet off Leyte.
On the morning of October 25, 1944, Taffy 3 was conducting routine operations when it unexpectedly encountered Kuritaâs powerful fleet. The Americans were caught off guard, as they had believed that Kuritaâs force had been neutralized by previous air strikes. Rear Admiral Sprague immediately ordered his carriers to launch all available aircraft and turn to the east to escape while laying down a smoke screen.
The battle that ensued was one of the most unequal in naval history. The escort carriers of Taffy 3 were slow and lightly armed, designed primarily for anti-submarine warfare, and equipped with small aircraft like Wildcats and Avengers. In contrast, the Japanese force included some of the most powerful ships of the Imperial Navy, such as the battleship Yamato, the largest battleship ever built, armed with 18-inch guns.
Despite the overwhelming odds, Spragueâs forces fought back with everything they had. The destroyers and destroyer escorts charged at the Japanese fleet, launching torpedoes and firing their 5-inch guns in a desperate attempt to protect the carriers. The American airmen, flying from the carriers, attacked with whatever weapons were available, including bombs, torpedoes, and even strafing runs after their munitions were exhausted.
Spragueâs leadership during this crisis was crucial. He managed to keep his ships coordinated under intense pressure, directing evasive maneuvers and organizing the defense. His decision to charge the enemy with his destroyers and destroyer escorts, despite the overwhelming odds, played a key role in disrupting the Japanese attack.
The Japanese fleet, surprised by the ferocity and audacity of the American defense, became disorganized. Kurita, fearing an imminent air strike from more powerful American carriers, eventually ordered a retreat, believing he was facing a much larger force. This decision spared Taffy 3 from complete destruction and saved the invasion force at Leyte from potential disaster.
The Battle of Samar was a strategic victory for the United States, despite the loss of several ships, including the escort carriers Gambier Bay and the destroyers Johnston and Hoel. The bravery of the men aboard Taffy 3, who fought against overwhelming odds, earned them a place of honor in naval history. The battle demonstrated the importance of leadership, courage, and the ability to adapt under fire.
Rear Admiral Clifton âZiggyâ Sprague was widely praised for his actions during the battle. His leadership was instrumental in the survival of Taffy 3 and the success of the Leyte Gulf campaign. Spragueâs decision-making under extreme pressure, his tactical acumen, and his ability to inspire his men were key factors in the American victory. After the war, Sprague continued to serve in the Navy, eventually retiring as a Vice Admiral. His legacy is closely tied to the heroics of Samar, where he and his men turned what seemed like certain defeat into a remarkable victory.
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Greatest Generation Live and Glenn Flickinger mark the anniversary of âBlack Weekâ in World War II with a panel of Eighth Air Force and 100th Bomb Group experts, Nancy Putnam, Rebecca Hutchinson, Mike Faley, and Jim Blakely.
âBlack Weekâ refers to a devastating series of missions flown by the 100th Bomb Group of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II in October 1943. The 100th Bomb Group, part of the 8th Air Force, was based at Thorpe Abbotts, England, and was known for its heavy losses and high casualty rates, particularly during this fateful week.
The 100th Bomb Group, known as the âBloody Hundredthâ due to its high losses, was involved in strategic bombing campaigns aimed at crippling Nazi Germanyâs industrial and military capabilities. By October 1943, the group had already endured significant losses, but the intensity of the air war was increasing as the Allies pushed deeper into enemy territory.
Black Week spanned from October 8 to October 14, 1943, during which the 100th Bomb Group flew several critical missions over Germany. The targets included heavily defended industrial cities and aircraft production facilities, such as Bremen, Munster, and Schweinfurt, which were essential to the German war effort.
October 8, 1943 (Bremen): The week began with a mission to Bremen, a major port and industrial center. The 100th Bomb Group faced intense flak and fighter opposition. Out of 21 B-17 Flying Fortresses dispatched, 7 were lost. The mission highlighted the vulnerability of bombers flying deep into Germany without sufficient fighter escort.
October 10, 1943 (Munster): The mission to Munster was particularly costly. The 100th Bomb Group lost 12 out of 13 bombers, an unprecedented loss rate of over 90%. This mission became one of the most tragic days in the groupâs history, with many crews killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.
October 14, 1943 (Schweinfurt): The final mission of Black Week was the infamous second raid on Schweinfurt, known as âBlack Thursday.â Schweinfurt was a key target due to its ball bearing factories, which were vital to the German war machine. The 100th Bomb Group lost another 5 bombers, and the overall losses for the 8th Air Force that day were staggering, with 60 bombers lost out of 291. The raid demonstrated the high cost of daylight bombing without adequate fighter support.
By the end of Black Week, the 100th Bomb Group had suffered catastrophic losses, losing 26 bombers and hundreds of airmen killed, wounded, or captured. The severe losses during these missions led to a temporary halt in deep penetration raids over Germany until the Allies could improve their tactics and fighter escort capabilities. The week underscored the need for long-range fighter escorts, which were eventually provided by the P-51 Mustang, significantly reducing bomber losses in subsequent missions.
Rebecca Hutchinsonâs father, Harry Crosby, was a lead navigator in the 100th Bomb Group and played a crucial role in many of the groupâs missions, including those during Black Week. After the war, Crosby authored the memoir A Wing and a Prayer: The âBloody 100thâ Bomb Group of the U.S. Eighth Air Force in Action over Europe in World War II, a detailed and personal account of his experiences during the war.
In A Wing and a Prayer, Crosby vividly describes the intense pressure and fear experienced by the bomber crews, the camaraderie among the men, and the heavy toll that the war took on those who served. He also reflects on the psychological impact of the missions, including the constant threat of death and the loss of close friends and comrades.
A Wing and a Prayer provides a window into the experiences of the airmen who endured some of the most dangerous missions of the war, offering readers a personal and unvarnished view of the air war over Europe.
#wwiihistory #airwarfare #veterans
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