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Globally there is currently one speices of Killer whale, Orcinus Orca. However they are divided into many different ecotypes based on their foraging, physical, behavioral and cultural differences. There has long been varying amounts of evidence that some of these ecotypes deserve status as at least a sub-species, if not fully separate species. However none have to date been recognized, mostly due to lack of a multitude of clear evidence. But that has changed with the Resident (fish eating) and Bigg's (aka transients, mammal eating) killer whales in the Eastern North Pacific. A new paper brings together multiple lines of evidence to propose that these two ecotypes are different from one another and every other orca population in the world. Enough to warrent them their own species status (suggested O. ater and O. rectipinnus). Join us to learn about the convincing evidence, the process still to come for the possible confirmation of this new designation, and what that means for conservation.
Paper is open access: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsos.231368
Information about how they choose the names: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/lost-skulls-and-latin-how-scientists-chose-names-newly-identified-killer-whale-species
Information with info graphics: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/new-research-reveals-full-diversity-killer-whales-two-species-come-view-pacific-coast
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
www.pacmam.org
This week: Heavisides (or Havisides) Dolphin
Presenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver
Music by Josh Burns
Sources:
https://www.marinebio.org/species/heavisides-dolphins/cephalorhynchus-heavisidii/
https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/heavisides-dolphin/
Marine Mammals of the World, Jefferson, Webber, Pitman, Gorter: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124095427/marine-mammals-of-the-world
https://animalia.bio/heavisides-dolphin
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4161/50352086#population
New Research:
Martin et al 2018– acoustic relaxing acoustic crypsis for increased communication
•https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2018.1178
Martin et al 2019 – to buzz or burst pulse, functional role of vocalizations •https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347219300089
Gopal et al 2019 – Genetics and geographic variation mtDNA
•https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12380
Martin et al 2020 – First abundance estimates •https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.555659/full
Gridley et al. 2020 Towed passive acoustic monitoring complements visual surveys
•https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2020.1848925
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Did you know that menopause is an "evolutionary oddity"? Humans are the only terristrial mammal with this trait, and then there are 5 different species of Odontocetes (the group of toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises) that have it as well. Why is it so rare, why did it evolve, what are the benefits, and costs? It is hard to figure out the why, when there aren't many species to compare. But looking at whales, who are very different (our last common ancestor with them is 90 million years ago) physically and ecologically, who show the same trait provides some unique insights into the why and how it evolved.
Paper is open access and available HERE
Check out This Podcast Will Kill You - Menapause episode HERE
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!www.pacmam.orgThis week: Galapagos fur sealPresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIverMusic by Josh BurnsSources:https://animalia.bio/galapagos-fur-sealhttps://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Arctocephalus_galapagoensis/https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/biodiversity/https://www.marinebio.org/species/galapagos-fur-seals/arctocephalus-galapagoensis/https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/species/galapagos-fur-seal/https://www.nathab.com/know-before-you-go/galapagos-islands/wildlife-guide/mammals/galapagos-fur-seal/New Research:• Lopes et al. 2015 – Matrilineal population structure - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-015-0725-1• Paez-Rosas et al. 2017 – Northernmost record on Pacific coast of North and South America https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diego-Paez-Rosas/publication/319433301_Northernmost_Record_of_the_Galapagos_Fur_Seal_Arctocephalus_galapagoensis_A_Consequence_of_Anomalous_Warm_Conditions_Around_the_Galapagos_Archipelago/links/5a09e9ad45851551b78d287f/Northernmost-Record-of-the-Galapagos-Fur-Seal-Arctocephalus-galapagoensis-A-Consequence-of-Anomalous-Warm-Conditions-Around-the-Galapagos-Archipelago.pdf• Quintana-Rizzo et al. 2017 – 1st fur seal in Guatamala https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41200-017-0126-x• Tamayo-Millan et al. Molec ID of first fur seal on central coast of Oaxaca https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0185-38802021000300201&script=sci_arttext• Chaves et al – 2022 Pop genetics and phylogeography https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.725772/full• Riofrio-Lazo and Paez-Rosas et al. 2021 – Galapagos sea lions and fur seals adapted to variable world https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_30• Ventura et al 2019 – Minimal overlap with conservation zone of marine reserve and Fur seals https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.2943
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Harbor seals eat a lot of different things, over 60 different prey species in fact. This includes salmon, which here in the Pacific Northwest puts seals in competition with humans and other species that rely on salmon as well. Salmon runs are greatly in decline, with many of them threatened or endangered. Seals are often seen as a major impediment to salmon recovery, even though they are not the reason the salmon are in decline in the first place. So researchers are looking for ways to lower their impact on salmon populations in non-lethal ways (vs. widespread culling which has been brought to the table). Acoustic deterrent devices have been used for many years as a way to scare seals away, but come with costs including hearing damage, impact to other species and habitat displacement. This paper talks about a new technology that is species specific and limits possible hearing damage and habitat displacment. It is an exciting example of how we can find ways to protect both the salmon and the seals at the same time. Learn about how this new technology works and the possible impacts it could have for both these species.
Paper is open access, access it HERE.
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
www.pacmam.orgThis week: White Beaked DolphinsPresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIverMusic by Josh BurnsSources:https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/white-beaked-dolphinhttps://nammco.no/white-beaked-dolphin/#1475762140594-0925dd6e-f6ccNew Research:• IJsseldijk et al 2018 – Spatiotemporal analysis of strandings https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374690• Van Elk et al 2014 – Is dolphin morbillivirus virulent? https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0300985813516643• Bertulli et al 2015 – photoID marks in Iceland https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/abs/an-assessment-of-the-natural-marking-patterns-used-for-photoidentification-of-common-minke-whales-and-whitebeaked-dolphins-in-icelandic-waters/C90BB6B92A97B770842D962A3C21F98D• Bertulli et al 2015 photoID and site fidelity in Iceland https://journal.iwc.int/index.php/jcrm/article/view/512• Bertulli et al 2021 – Fission-fusion dynamics https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12524• Bertulli et al. 2016 – Color pattern in Iceland https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mms.12312• Haelters and Everaarts 2011 https://www.sosdolfijn.nl/websites/1711/images/two-cases-of-physical-interaction-between-white-beaked-dolphins-and-juvenile-harbour-porpoises-in-the-southern-north-sea.pdf• Samarra et al. 2022 – trophic ecology of white beaked and harbor porpoise https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v702/p139-152/
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Have you heard of Roberts Bank Terminal 2? Chances are you have not (unless you are from Canada). This is a very large new terminal that is planning to be built within the next 10 years. It sits on the mouth of the Fraser River, and will greatly impact the health of the Salish Sea, and the animals and people that call it home. However, little media attention has occurred on the US side of the border, even though it will affect US waters, and is only 1 mile away from the border. This highlights the role of media in raising awareness about an issue, and how the border still acts as a barrier to management in a transboundary ecosystem. For something that will affect both countries, and the many Indigenous First Nations and Tribes in US and Canada, it is a start reminder that we all need to know, and have a say, in what happens. Listen to learn more about the economic, policital, cultural and environmental concerns about this large scale project.
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!This week: Spinner dolphinsPresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIverMusic by Josh BurnsSources:https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/spinner-dolphinhttps://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/spinner-dolphin/https://www.wilddolphin.org/behavior.html#spinnerhttps://iwc.int/about-whales/whale-species/spinner-dolphinhttps://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Spinner-Dolphinhttps://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/marine-mammals/spinner-dolphinshttps://www.greenpeace.org/usa/oceans/wildlife-facts/spinner-dolphin/New Research:• Fish et al 2006 - Dynamics of aerial maneuvers - https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/209/4/590/16484/Dynamics-of-the-aerial-maneuvers-of-spinner
• Tyne et al 2015 - Importance of spinner dolphin resting habitat - https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12434
• Fumagalli et al 2018 - Behavior responses to humans - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.172044
• Tyne et al 2018 – Chronic exposure to human activities - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.171506
• Stack et al 2020 – movement and behavioral patterns Maui Nui Hawai’I - https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v644/p187-197 and McElligott and Lammers 2021 - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.703818/full
• Letessier et al 2022 – Spinner residency in tropical atoll lagoons - https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jzo.13000
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Want to know what PacMam has been up to this year? Check out this episode where we recap what we have done and are most excited about, and what we have in store for next year!
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
This week: Harp seal
Presenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver
Music by Josh Burns
Sources:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/harp-sealhttps://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/harpseal-phoquegroenland-eng.html
https://www.pinnipeds.org/seal-information/species-information-pages/the-phocid-seals/harp-seal
https://www.britannica.com/animal/harp-seal
https://nammco.no/harp-seal/
New Research:
Stenson et al. 2020 - Harp Seals: Monitors of Change in Differing Ecosystem: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.569258/full
Daoust and Caraguel 2012- The Canadian harp seal hunt: observations on the effectiveness of procedures to avoid poor animal welfare outcomes: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare/article/abs/canadian-harp-seal-hunt-observations-on-the-effectiveness-of-procedures-to-avoid-poor-animal-welfare-outcomes/7D9A319A8F86898827F2F03E3C50B154
Stenson et al 2016 - The impact of changing climate and abundance on reproduction in an ice-dependent species, the Northwest Atlantic harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus: https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/73/2/250/2614432
Gmuca et al 2015 - The Fat and the Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/680080
Lindstrom et al 2012 Harp seal foraging behaviour during summer around Svalbard in the northern Barents Sea: diet composition and the selection of prey: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-012-1260-x
Grahl-Nielsen et al 2011 - Fatty acids in harp seal blubber do not necessarily reflect their diet: https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v426/p263-276/
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Cooperation between humans and animals is not common, but does happen. Killer whales in Eden, New South Wales, had cooperatively hunted baleen whales with Indiginous peoples for millenia, and then for a short time with the commercial whalers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eventually the baleen whales they hunted became scarce, and so did the Eden killer whales. Was their disspearance due to lack of prey, a breach in protocol (did the humans break the Law of the Tongue), or something else? Did they just die out, or spread their genes elsewhere? Genetics can help solve at least some of this mystery. This is the story of the Eden killer whale, Old Tom, and his pod. Join us as we discuss this unique relationship, and what possibly became of those killer whales.
The paper can be found here: https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/114/6/598/7308443
End of year fundraiser, thank you for your support!: https://donorbox.org/pacmam2023
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
This week: Hector's dolphinPresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver
Music by Josh Burns
Sources:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/hectors-dolphin
https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/hectors-dolphin/https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/hectors-dolphin/https://animalia.bio/hectors-dolphin
https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/maui-dolphin/facts/#:~:text=Social%20groups&text=Hector's%20dolphins%20often%20form%20groups,few%20other%20females%20and%20calves.
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cephalorhynchus_hectori/https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/hector-s-dolphinNew
Research:
• Roe et al 2013 Toxoplasma gondii as mortality https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00326.x
• Leunissen et al 2019 Impact of pile-driving https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X19302012
• Miller et al 2012 – diet by stomach content https://healthyharbour.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Miller-et-al-2013-Hectors-dolphin.pdf
• Slooten et al. 2010 – effectiveness of conservation measures https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103147699
• Hammer et al. 2013 – long range movements of hectors may help Maui’s dolphin https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mms.12026
• Webster et al 2010 – laser photogrammetry for measuring Hector’s dolphins https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00326.x
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Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW) are fish eating killer whales. In particular, they are salmon eaters, with their preferred prey being Chinook salmon. But over the years they have been documented killing porpoises (often times young calves), but NOT eating them. This type of non-consumptive killing by predators is not unique in the animal kingdom, but the reason behind it varies by species - and sometimes we just don't know why they do it. Are there particular individuals, age classes, or sexes that do it? Is the behavior being transmitted throughout the popluation (evidence of social learning, and culture)? Is it for play, competition for prey, hunting practice, helping of an injured animal, or just fun? Join us as we discuss this paper that covers 45 years of data to try and answer these questions for SRKW and porpoises in the Salish Sea.
Paper available here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mms.13073
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
This week: Shepard's beaked whalePresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver
Music by Josh Burns
Sources:
https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/shepherds-beaked-whale/
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tasmacetus_shepherdi/
https://australian.museum/learn/animals/mammals/shepherds-beaked-whale/
https://news.mongabay.com/2012/02/featured-video-scientists-capture-first-footage-of-shepherds-beaked-whale/
New Research
Thompson et al 2019 - First underwater sighting -https://mbr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41200-019-0165-6
Holyoake ey al 2014 - Northern most stranding -https://www.publish.csiro.au/PC/PC130169
Towers et al 2022 - Indian ocean sighting confirms circumpolar distribution -https://www.proquest.com/openview/ea83de51fddba9ba437623426ebb16a7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=38594
Donnelly et al 2022 - New diagnostic descriptions and distribution information for Shepherd's beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi) off Southern Australia and New Zealand - https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/new-diagnostic-descriptions-and-distribution-information-for-shep
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It is a surprise to no one that single use plastics are increasing in the marine environment, and that the dangers of this are widespread across all organisms. For cetaceans it comes in the form of ingesting the material and/or becoming entangled. The outcomes for the animals in these scenarios are not good, and in many cases is death. But how do the animals get to that point - what is the behavior that causes them to ingest or get entangled? Do they mistake it for prey items, or as social animals are they playing with it? Understanding how they are interacting with these pieces of litter can help us understand why the bad outcomes happen, and how we may be better able to help prevent them. Join us as we discuss this interesting paper about how cetaceans around the world are playing with plastic (like they would other items in their environment like seaweed), how social media is helping to document this behavior and how all this can help us in the protection of these animals.
Paper is available here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X23008627
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!
This week: The Byrde's whalePresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIver
Music by Josh Burns
Sources:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/long-finned-pilot-whale#:~:text=Long%2Dfinned%20pilot%20whales%20are%20one%20of%20two%20species%20of,features%2C%20coloration%2C%20and%20pattern.
https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/long-finned-pilot-whale/https://iwc.int/about-whales/whale-species/pilot-whale
https://www.marinebio.org/species/pilot-whales/globicephala-macrorhynchus/https://www.acsonline.org/pilot-whale
New Research
Visser et al 2014 – Social context of individual foraging dives: https://ffi-publikasjoner.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12242/781/1188198.pdf
Visser et al. 2016 – Disturbance specific social responses: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28641
Isojunno et al. 2017 – Activity budgets: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.2044
Zwamborn and Whitehead 2016 – repeated calls and behavioral context: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2016.1233457
Bolea-Fernandez et al 2019 – Mercury metabolism: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43825-zBetty et al. 2022 – Southern hemi age, growth and sex dimorph: https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/103/3/560/6520866
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Mammal eating killer whales (often termed transients or Bigg's killer whales) feed on many different species, even larger whales - including humpback whales. An adult doesn't have to worry too much - they are too big, with defenses that can protect them. But killer whales do attack young calves. So it would make sense that adult humpbacks defend their young, or other humpback whales. But they don't stop there! They have been documented to seeminly come to the aid of other species, including seal, sea lions and other cetaceans. Why would they expend the energy (sometimes coming from miles away, and spending minutes to hours in the encounter), and risk injury to stop killer whales from attacking another species? Is it interspecific altruism, or a side effect of a behavior for another purpose? Join us as we discuss this very interesting paper, learn what defenses humpbacks have and what possible reasons they have for doing this seeminly benevolent behavior!
Paper available: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mms.12343
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!This week: The Byrde's whalePresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIverMusic by Josh BurnsSources:https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/brydes-whale
https://iwc.int/about-whales/whale-species/brydes-whaleVocalizations: https://voicesinthesea.ucsd.edu/species/baleenWhales/brydes.htmlNew researchRosel and Wilcox 2014: Rice’s Whale
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/peer-reviewed-research/genetic-evidence-reveals-unique-lineage-brydes-whales-northern-gulf
NOAA Timeline of Rice's whale discovery:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/southeast/marine-mammal-protection/how-gulf-mexico-brydes-whale-became-rices-whale Constantine et al. 2018: Future directions in research for Bryde’s whaleshttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00333/full Alves et al 2009: associations and dive profiles: insights into foraging behaviorshttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Filipe-Alves-9/publication/230108980_Bryde's_whale_Balaenoptera_brydei_stable_associations_and_dive_profiles_New_insights_into_foraging_behavior/links/5a01c9e94585152c9db46389/Brydes-whale-Balaenoptera-brydei-stable-associations-and-dive-profiles-New-insights-into-foraging-behavior.pdfIzadi et al 2018: night life of Bryde’s whalehttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-018-2492-8Izadi et al 2022 – Feeding tactics in NZhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mms.12918Segre et al 2022 – High speed chases along sea floor – entanglement riskhttps://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/csp2.12646Zhang et al 2021 – Community based population monitoring in CAhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12525
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Dr. Roger Payne is a giant in the world of marine mammal science. He is the reason "Save the Whales" is phrase, and why we still have whales to save. He recently passed away at the age of 88. In this episode we give some background on who is was, what he did that was so important, his legacy, and what we can learn from him and how we can continue the work he started.
This is the last article Roger wrote (5 days prior to his death) for Time magazine: https://time.com/6284884/whale-scientist-last-please-save-the-species/?fbclid=IwAR3z_Cnqls3E-FEcqeHveCqEFSWflR4tB93HhlK43CuX0LiyzNdgP6NQja8
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Join Pacific Mammal Research (PacMam) scientists to learn about different marine mammals each episode! We discuss a little about the biology, behavior and fun facts about each species. Have fun and learn about marine mammals with PacMam!This week: The Commerson's dolphinPresenters: Cindy Elliser, Katrina MacIverMusic by Josh BurnsSources:https://www.marinebio.org/species/commersons-dolphins/cephalorhynchus-commersonii/
https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/mysteries-of-antarctica-the-commerson-s-dolphin
https://seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/commersons-dolphin/
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cephalorhynchus_commersonii/#A9D5ED70-5253-4F4F-9369-E324EA316FEF
https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/to-do/wildlife/commerson-s-dolphinhttps://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/commersons-dolphin/New research:
Kyhn et al 2010 - Narrowband high frequency clicks: https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/213/11/1940/9821/Echolocation-in-sympatric-Peale-s-dolphins
Garaffo et al 2011 - Modeling habitat of Peales, Dusky and Commersons: https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v421/p217-227/
Yoshida et al 2014 - Sound variation in captivity: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635714001855
Riccialdelli et al 2013 - Ontogenetic diet shift: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-013-1289-5
Coscarella et al 2011 - body size and ranging patterns relating to sociality https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/92/3/544/866487
Durante et al 2022 - Population structure with female philopatry and male dispersal https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26192-0
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