Episodes
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The episode opens with introductions and an overview of the discussion, establishing the critical role trace minerals play in modern beef production (00:00 – 01:35). The conversation frames mineral nutrition not simply as a requirement for preventing deficiencies, but as a strategic management tool that can influence animal performance, health, reproductive success, and profitability throughout the production cycle.
Early in the discussion, Dr. Hansen introduces her "Olympic podium" framework for evaluating mineral nutrition programs (01:35 – 06:28). She describes bronze-level nutrition as meeting basic NRC requirements, silver-level nutrition as incorporating regional considerations and mineral antagonists, and gold-level nutrition as fully optimized supplementation tailored to the unique challenges and goals of a specific production system. This framework highlights the difference between simply meeting minimum requirements and strategically maximizing animal performance through precision nutrition.
The conversation then examines how dramatic advances in genetics, nutrition, and management have transformed the beef industry (06:28 – 07:42). Today's cattle are capable of growth rates, feed efficiencies, and production outcomes that exceed historical standards, prompting questions about whether traditional mineral recommendations remain adequate for supporting the needs of modern animals. As performance expectations have evolved, mineral nutrition strategies may need to evolve as well.
One of the most important discussions in the episode focuses on the balance between zinc and copper supplementation (07:42 – 13:13). Dr. Hansen explains that while zinc frequently delivers benefits at higher inclusion levels due to its involvement in countless biological processes, copper requires a much more cautious approach. The panel discusses how copper availability is heavily influenced by antagonists and how both deficiency and excess can create significant challenges. Rather than relying solely on predetermined mineral ratios, producers are encouraged to evaluate their systems holistically and make decisions based on actual risk factors and mineral availability.
A major theme throughout the episode is the impact of mineral antagonists and water quality on trace mineral status (13:13 – 17:18). The discussion highlights sulfur, iron, and molybdenum as some of the most important antagonists affecting mineral absorption and utilization. Water quality often receives less attention than feed ingredients, yet seasonal changes, differences in water sources, and fluctuations in mineral content can substantially influence animal performance. Understanding these variables is essential for developing effective supplementation programs that account for real-world production conditions.
The conversation then shifts to reproductive performance and immune health, with particular emphasis on zinc's biological importance (17:18 – 22:14). Often referred to as the "spark of life," zinc plays critical roles in early embryo development, cellular function, tissue repair, and immune response. The panel explains why maintaining adequate zinc status can have far-reaching implications for fertility, calf viability, and overall herd productivity, making it one of the most influential trace minerals in beef cattle nutrition.
A particularly timely discussion centers on the growing population of dairy-beef cross calves entering beef production systems (22:14 – 27:57). Dr. Hansen explains that these animals may arrive with mineral profiles that differ substantially from traditional beef calves. While many native beef calves often enter feedlots with copper deficiencies, dairy-beef calves may possess excessively high liver copper concentrations due to different management and supplementation practices. These differences underscore the need for targeted mineral programs rather than blanket recommendations applied across all cattle populations.
Beyond these key topics, the panel shares practical management strategies for improving mineral nutrition in commercial beef operations. The discussion explores how mineral supplementation can be viewed as a form of risk mitigation, helping animals better withstand stressors such as transportation, weather fluctuations, health challenges, and inconsistent feed intake. The speakers also emphasize the importance of adjusting supplementation strategies based on antagonists and environmental conditions rather than relying exclusively on fixed formulations. Additional insights focus on improving consistency in cow-calf mineral delivery systems and developing nutrition programs that support long-term herd resilience.
The episode concludes with a reminder that modern beef production systems are increasingly diverse and complex. As genetics, management, and production goals continue to evolve, mineral nutrition programs must become more targeted and system-specific. Success depends on understanding the unique challenges within each operation and developing strategies that optimize animal health, reproductive performance, efficiency, and lifetime productivity.
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The episode opens with introductions to the panel and co-host Dr. Mariana Marenho, highlighting her background in ruminant nutrition and setting the stage for a discussion that bridges academic research with real-world application. (00:00 – 01:27)
The conversation then introduces the featured Journal of Dairy Science review paper, focusing on the regulation of hepatic glucose production “carbon by carbon.” Dr. White shares how the paper originated from an invited symposium and the collaborative effort to connect detailed biochemical mechanisms with practical dairy nutrition strategies. (01:27 – 04:15)
The discussion quickly centers on a foundational concept in ruminant biology: dairy cows must synthesize nearly all their glucose internally. Unlike monogastrics, cows rely on hepatic gluconeogenesis to generate the large amounts of glucose needed to support lactose production—and therefore milk yield—making this process essential for performance. (04:15 – 08:44)
From there, the panel explores how glucose production directly drives milk synthesis, emphasizing that lactose production determines milk volume. This creates a continuous metabolic demand on the liver, requiring cows to sustain high rates of glucose production throughout lactation. (08:44 – 09:53)
The discussion then shifts into the primary substrates for gluconeogenesis, including propionate, amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. The panel explains why propionate is the dominant precursor in fed cows and how efficient rumen fermentation is critical to supporting glucose supply. (09:53 – 11:13)
The conversation also revisits the concept of bypass starch, challenging the idea that delivering glucose directly to the small intestine can offset hepatic glucose production. The panel explains how glucose sparing mechanisms in ruminants limit the effectiveness of this strategy, as absorbed glucose is often utilized by other tissues instead of supporting milk production. (11:13 – 13:17)
Attention then turns to practical feeding strategies, particularly how to increase propionate supply through forage quality, rumen fermentation management, and dietary tools such as ionophores and targeted supplements. These approaches help ensure that cows have adequate precursors to meet their genetic potential for milk production. (13:17 – 14:29)
The episode also dives deeper into nutrient partitioning and metabolic regulation, highlighting how the availability of precursors must align with gene expression and enzyme activity. The panel discusses how nutrients like choline can influence gluconeogenesis not just as substrates, but as regulators of metabolic pathways. (14:29 – 27:30)
From a management perspective, the panel emphasizes foundational practices such as high-quality forages, consistent feed intake, and transition cow management. Maintaining rumen health and minimizing disruptions in feeding behavior are critical for supporting stable nutrient supply and efficient glucose production. (27:30 – 30:07)
The discussion also explores the impact of feeding behavior, competition, and daily nutrient flow, showing how disruptions in intake patterns can affect rumen fermentation dynamics and ultimately nutrient partitioning within the cow. (30:07 – 32:31)
Finally, the episode examines the role of genetics and future research opportunities, noting that modern dairy cows already have increased gluconeogenic capacity due to selection for higher milk production. The remaining challenge lies in optimizing nutrition and management to fully support that genetic potential. (34:32 – 37:14)
The episode concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating fundamental biochemical research with practical feeding strategies, reinforcing that understanding metabolism at a deeper level can lead to more precise and effective nutrition programs on farm.
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Missing episodes?
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Lara Moody (iFeeder), Dr. Yuan-Tai Hung, and Leah Wilkinson (AFIA) join the Real Science Exchange podcast to explore the growing concern around vitamin and amino acid supply chain disruptions—and their potential impact on U.S. food security.
Recorded live at IPPE, this episode dives into how feed ingredient availability influences animal performance, producer profitability, and long-term resilience across the food system. The conversation opens with introductions and an overview of the iFeeder report, setting the stage for a data-driven discussion on supply chain stability and its importance to the animal feed and food industries (00:00–01:08).
The panel begins by outlining the mission of iFeeder and the origin of the resiliency challenge, explaining how the organization was tasked with delivering fact-based insights to quantify supply chain risks tied to vitamins and amino acids (01:08–03:19). The discussion then traces the report’s development back to COVID-19, when widespread disruptions exposed vulnerabilities in sourcing critical feed ingredients and highlighted the need for credible data to inform policymakers (03:19–04:15).
As the episode progresses, the panel walks through the data collection and analysis process, describing how global trade data is translated into meaningful, species-specific insights for producers and nutritionists (04:15–07:36). This foundation reinforces the importance of evidence-based decision-making across the industry.
The Role of Vitamins and Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition
Attention then shifts to the essential role of vitamin and amino acid supplementation in modern animal nutrition systems (07:36–09:18). While feed ingredients provide baseline nutrients, supplementation is required to support optimal production, maintain animal health, and ensure efficient growth across species.
These findings align with broader research showing that consistent access to these nutrients is critical for maintaining livestock productivity and food supply stability. [ifeeder.org]
The conversation further explores global production capacity, noting that many systems are currently operating below optimal utilization levels—raising concerns about long-term supply reliability and resilience (09:18–10:33).
Real-World Impacts of Supply Chain Disruptions
The panel then dives into the real-world consequences of nutrient shortages, using examples like lysine to demonstrate how disruptions can reduce growth rates, extend time to market, and significantly impact production efficiency (10:33–13:26).
These disruptions ripple throughout the value chain, influencing not only on-farm productivity but also economic outcomes and consumer-level impacts such as reduced food supply and higher prices (13:26–14:31).
Global Supply Dependency and Food Security Risks
The discussion also highlights global sourcing trends, particularly the increasing reliance on imports for vitamins and amino acids—often driven by cost advantages (14:31–16:50). This dependency introduces new vulnerabilities into the supply chain.
Industry research has shown that the U.S. feed sector relies heavily on a limited number of global suppliers, creating potential risks to animal production and broader food security if disruptions occur. [feedandadditive.com]
Policy, Innovation, and National Resilience
The conversation then transitions to policy and national security considerations, exploring how outsourcing production affects more than just agriculture (16:50–18:44). The panel discusses potential pathways forward, including the need to rebuild domestic capacity and enhance supply chain stability.
Ongoing legislative and policy efforts are also highlighted, including engagement with Congress and federal agencies to address supply chain risks through incentives, research investment, and public-private cooperation (18:44–20:51).
As the discussion continues, the panel emphasizes the importance of maintaining long-term momentum and ensuring sustained focus across political cycles, regardless of changing administrations (20:51–23:07).
Industry Resources and Call to Action
The episode also outlines available resources for industry stakeholders, including the full iFeeder report, summary versions, and species-specific subreports designed to make the findings more actionable (23:07–23:53).
The panel concludes with a call for continued industry support and investment in research to better quantify downstream impacts on food systems and strengthen overall resilience (23:53–26:44). The episode wraps with key takeaways emphasizing that supply chain risks are real, collaboration is essential, and long-term resilience is critical to sustaining animal agriculture and food security (26:44–28:49).
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The episode opens with a welcome to the podcast and introductions to the panelists. It highlights their diverse expertise in mineral metabolism, applied nutrition, and industry insights. (00:00 – 02:38)
The discussion begins with a deep dive into the mechanisms of mineral absorption, focusing on epithelial barriers and transporters. The panel discusses how minerals like magnesium are absorbed across the rumen wall. Moreover, they explore how antagonists interfere with absorption and introduce the concept of measuring bioavailability under field conditions. (04:35 – 10:13)
From there, the conversation shifts to practical dairy nutrition strategies, including how to manage macro minerals and antagonists within the diet. The panel discusses the importance of water quality and alternative magnesium sources. Additionally, they share effective calcium strategies for supporting fresh cows and reducing metabolic challenges. (11:36 – 16:48)
The panel then explores mineral interactions and balance, including the concept of mineral homeostasis and the role of skeletal calcium reserves. They challenge traditional thinking around calcium-to-phosphorus ratios. Furthermore, they examine key interactions between potassium, magnesium, and sodium that can impact absorption and overall animal health. (18:59 – 24:42)
As the episode continues, the discussion turns to the future of agricultural research, including the growing role of genomics in shaping nutrient requirements. The panel also addresses ongoing challenges in funding and education. Additionally, they discuss the broader influence of policy and corporate investment on the direction of scientific research. (26:03 – 32:43)
Attention then shifts to diagnostics and emerging tools, where the panel discusses biomarkers and enzyme-based approaches for tracking bioavailability. They also emphasize the importance of proper blood sampling timing. Additional topics include phosphorus binders, zeolite-based diets, and unanswered questions around the evolutionary role of magnesium. (33:48 – 38:34)
The episode concludes with a focus on holistic mineral management, emphasizing the importance of integrating scientific understanding into practical feeding decisions. The panel shares final insights and key takeaways for improving mineral nutrition programs. In summary, they also support long-term dairy cow performance. (41:20 – 42:38)
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The episode opens with introductions to the panel, including Kurt Cotanch, Gianni Raffrenato, Steve Martin, and Jacob Copeland, establishing a diverse mix of academic, applied, and field-based expertise in dairy nutrition and forage systems. (00:00 – 07:39)
The conversation begins with a deep dive into forage quality, emphasizing the importance of harvest timing, speed, and efficiency. The panel discusses how mold and yeast contamination can compromise digestibility—both in the lab and in the rumen—and how improving harvest practices can significantly impact overall feed value. (07:39 – 12:35)
From there, the discussion broadens to regional feeding strategies, comparing dairy systems across environments such as the Northeast and Western U.S. The panel highlights how forage availability, climate, and production goals influence diet formulation, and how nutritionists adapt fiber strategies to maintain performance under very different conditions. (12:36 – 17:31)
Attention then turns to practical, on-farm evaluation tools, particularly the use of shaker boxes. While sometimes considered outdated, the panel reinforces their value in assessing particle size distribution, identifying ration inconsistencies, and helping bridge the gap between theoretical models and real-world feeding outcomes. (17:32 – 23:04)
A significant portion of the episode focuses on troubleshooting fiber digestibility in nutrition models, particularly within NDS and CNCPS systems. The panel explores how to interpret digestibility values, adjust degradation rates, and calibrate models based on observed animal performance—while also emphasizing the importance of accurate inputs, including feed descriptions and animal data. (25:27 – 32:10)
The conversation also highlights the complexity of fiber as a nutrient, discussing concepts such as undigested NDF pools, passage rate, and the interaction between physical and chemical fiber characteristics. The panel reinforces that while models provide structure, effective nutrition still requires experience, observation, and critical thinking. Finally, the episode looks ahead to the future of dairy nutrition, examining the growing role of artificial intelligence in ration formulation. While AI and large language models show promise, the panel raises important concerns about their ability to capture biological nuance, emphasizing that human expertise, on-farm observation, and scientific judgment will remain essential. (39:25 – 44:38)
The episode concludes with key takeaways from each speaker, reinforcing the importance of responsible model use, accurate data inputs, and maintaining a strong connection between computer-generated rations and real-world cow performance.
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The discussion opens with a welcome to the Real Science Exchange and an introduction to the expert panel, followed by foundational context around amino acid nutrition and its growing importance in dairy production systems. Early in the episode, the panel introduces the concept of feeding the “one-ton” component cow, highlighting the nutritional intensity required for high-output animals and comparing genomic potential with real-world feeding practices. (0:00–2:53)
As the conversation develops, the panel emphasizes the importance of challenging traditional scientific assumptions and pushing the boundaries of dairy nutrition research. Practical, on-farm insights are shared through examples from Sunnyside Dairy, including consulting experience, environmental considerations, and feed quality management. The group also addresses stocking density and heat abatement strategies, reinforcing the relationship between cow comfort and production efficiency. (6:59–11:28)
A shift toward performance philosophy introduces a high input–high output approach to dairy production, setting the stage for a deeper dive into amino acid research. The panel explores histidine as a potentially limiting amino acid and discusses its bioavailability, supported by both U.S. and global research perspectives. The conversation also covers the role of low-protein diets and how they influence histidine responses in modern dairy systems. (13:16–18:34)
Attention then turns to rumen function and feeding stability, with a focus on total mixed ration (TMR) consistency and its impact on production outcomes. The panel explains methods for evaluating amino acid bioavailability and rumen protection, bridging the gap between controlled research and practical application on commercial dairies. (20:10–21:16)
During an extended audience Q&A, experts provide actionable strategies for managing high metabolizable protein diets in fresh cows, along with day-to-day feeding practices that support consistency. The discussion highlights ongoing challenges with maintaining accurate data and ensuring feeding precision, both of which are essential for optimizing herd performance. (23:23–31:49)
The episode then transitions into performance measurement and economic considerations. Panelists examine the biological drivers of milk production and discuss how to evaluate feed additives and nutritional strategies in commercial settings. Emphasis is placed on maintaining economic discipline in on-farm research, with Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUN) presented as a valuable metric for assessing protein efficiency. (34:50–38:48)
Further exploration of protein nutrition includes discussion on casein and whey contributions to high-yield production, amino acid interactions, and differences in European feeding limits and regulations. The panel also reviews the role of lysine in fat synthesis and de novo milk fat production, along with sourcing challenges related to histidine and variability in protein ingredients such as blood meal digestibility. (40:51–50:54)
As market dynamics come into focus, the group evaluates the value proposition of different protein sources and how nutrition strategies must adapt to economic fluctuations. These insights highlight the importance of balancing cost, performance, and efficiency when formulating rations in a changing market environment. (54:21–55:30)
In the closing portion of the episode, the panel addresses final audience questions and discusses the benefits of precision release methionine technologies in supporting production efficiency. The conversation wraps up with forward-looking insights into dairy nutrition, including opportunities in fresh cow management and the ongoing interaction between genotype and feeding strategies. (58:22–1:05:48)
The episode concludes with key takeaways and additional resources for continued learning through Balchem ANH’s Real Science Exchange podcasts and webinars, providing listeners with access to further insights on dairy nutrition and innovation. (1:07:53)
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Recorded live at the Florida Ruminant Nutrition Conference, this episode of the Real Science Exchange explores how improving nitrogen efficiency can enhance both dairy performance and environmental sustainability.
Featuring Dr. Kelly Nichols (UC Davis), Dr. Jonas de Souza (Perdue Animal Nutrition), and Dr. Ben Wenner (Feed Works), the conversation brings together leading perspectives on how nitrogen utilization continues to shape modern dairy nutrition programs. -
The episode opens with a welcome to the Real Science Exchange and introductions to the panel, including Steve Martin, Maria Spindola, Stephanie Hansen, and Dr. Bill Weiss, setting the stage for a deep dive into mineral nutrition. (00:00 – 02:19)
The discussion begins by comparing NASEM requirements with practical feeding recommendations, emphasizing how minimum requirements are designed to prevent deficiency—not maximize productivity. The panel explores how nutritionists incorporate safety margins and manage risk in formulation, including considerations around mineral toxicity and environmental impact. (04:21 – 08:19)
From there, the conversation shifts to real-world application, highlighting the challenges of measuring mineral absorption and translating formulation strategies into on-farm execution. The panel discusses feeding logistics and how variability in mixing, delivery, and intake affects outcomes in dairy nutrition programs. (08:19 – 09:58)
Attention then turns to specific minerals, including copper and iodine, and the role of antagonists in reducing mineral availability. The speakers discuss the risks of overfeeding inorganic minerals and the dairy industry’s evolving approach to copper supplementation, along with the broader implications for animal performance and human health. (12:44 – 18:44)
The panel also explores diagnostic tools and testing methods, including feed, water, and forage analysis, as well as more advanced techniques like liver biopsies. They highlight the importance of understanding molybdenum levels, ash content, and other factors that can influence trace mineral balance and absorption. (20:32 – 27:54)
As the conversation continues, the focus shifts to optimization strategies—connecting mineral nutrition to health outcomes like hoof integrity, antioxidant status, and overall performance. The role of selenium, vitamin E, and structured testing approaches are discussed, along with practical tools nutritionists can use to evaluate and refine feeding programs. (31:14 – 41:45)
The episode also examines water quality and background mineral contributions, emphasizing how often-overlooked sources can impact total mineral intake. A deeper dive into mineral requirements and sources follows, including emerging insights on manganese, differences between beef and dairy systems, and key areas for future research. (43:37 – 49:52)
Finally, the panel tackles the ongoing debate around sulfate trace minerals and their potential effects on fiber digestibility and nutrient utilization. The episode closes with a discussion on alternative mineral sources, cobalt and vitamin B12 requirements, and key takeaways for building more precise, performance-driven mineral nutrition programs. (51:21 – 58:12)
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Yeast supplements play a critical role in modern animal nutrition, gut health, and feed efficiency, but not all yeast products work the same way. In this episode of the Real Science Exchange, recorded live at IPPE in Atlanta, Dr. Melina Bonato of ICC Animal Nutrition breaks down the science behind yeast supplements, yeast cultures, and pure yeast products, and explains how different yeast types are produced, processed, and applied across species.
The discussion covers yeast functionality in the gut microbiome, differences between autolyzed yeast, hydrolyzed yeast, and yeast cell walls, and how nutritionists and producers can select the right yeast solution for swine, piglets, and animals in high‑stress production phases such as reproduction and transition. The episode concludes with practical guidance on matching yeast supplements to production goals for improved animal performance and health.
⏱️ Episode Chapters
00:00 – Welcome and Guest Introduction
Recorded live from IPPE, the episode opens with an introduction to Dr. Melina Bonato and her expertise in yeast research and animal nutrition.01:06 – Dr. Bonato’s Academic and Professional Journey
Dr. Bonato shares her education, research background, and career path in yeast-based nutritional solutions.04:30 – The Evolution of Yeast in Animal Nutrition
How yeast products have evolved over time and why their role continues to expand across species.07:35 – Introduction of Graciella Valini
Graciella Valini joins the conversation, adding perspective to the discussion.09:27 – Yeast Functionality and the Microbiome
An overview of how yeast interacts with the gut microbiome to support animal health.10:54 – Defining Different Types of Yeast
Key differences between yeast products used in animal nutrition and how they are classified.13:09 – Processing Yeast: Autolysis and Hydrolysis
How processing methods influence yeast structure, functionality, and application.15:24 – Components of Yeast: Cytoplasm vs. Cell Wall
What’s inside yeast cells and why different fractions play distinct nutritional roles.17:24 – Yeast Culture vs. Pure Yeast
Clarifying the differences between yeast cultures and pure yeast products.18:48 – Identifying the Problem to Solve
Why clearly defining the nutritional or production challenge is critical before selecting a yeast solution.20:24 – Yeast Solutions for Swine and Piglets
How yeast can support gut health and performance in young animals.25:08 – Targeting Reproductive and Transition Phases
Using yeast strategically during periods of higher stress and physiological change.28:41 – Pure Yeast vs. Yeast Cultures in Challenging Conditions
Comparing how different yeast forms perform under stress or disease pressure.30:51 – The Future of Yeast Research
Emerging research areas and what’s next for yeast in animal nutrition.37:11 – Key Takeaways: Begin With the End in Mind
Final insights on aligning yeast selection with specific production goals.38:34 – Matching Yeast Products to Production Goals
Practical considerations for choosing the right yeast product.Please subscribe and share this episode with your industry colleagues and invite them to join us at the Real Science Exchange virtual pub table. Be sure to register for upcoming Real Science Lecture Series webinars to continue the conversation.
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Recorded live at the Florida Ruminant Nutrition Conference, this episode of the Real Science Exchange features Drs. Heather White and Brad Johnson exploring the role of maternal choline nutrition and its emerging impact on beef × dairy calf performance.
Maternal nutrition plays a powerful role in shaping beef quality outcomes. In this episode, Dr. Heather White explores how maternal choline supplementation influences fetal muscle development, marbling, feed efficiency, and tenderness—providing new insight into value creation for beef × dairy systems.
⏱️ Episode Chapters
0:00 – 2:18 | Unlocking Marbling: Why Maternal Nutrition Matters An overview of how maternal choline supplementation during gestation can influence carcass quality and marbling in offspring.
2:18 – 8:50 | The Science of In‑Utero Programming and Muscle Development How fetal programming affects muscle fiber formation, intramuscular fat deposition, and long‑term beef quality.
8:50 – 12:32 | The Economic Multiplier: Why Early Choline Investment Pays Off Connecting maternal nutrition to downstream economic returns through improved performance and carcass value.
12:32 – 21:33 | Boosting Feed Efficiency: Lessons from Argentina’s Receiving Trials Real‑world data showing how early nutritional strategies influence feed efficiency and growth during receiving and backgrounding.
21:33 – 26:59 | Muscle Physiology and Tenderness A deeper look at how muscle development impacts tenderness and eating quality.
26:59 – 33:33 | The Future of Branded Beef Programs How maternal nutrition insights may shape branded beef strategies and differentiated beef × dairy value chains.
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This episode of the Real Science Exchange features Dr. Mary Beth Hall, founder of The Cows Are Always Right and former USDA‑ARS scientist, discussing her highly attended Real Science Exchange webinar, Manure Evaluation: Figuring Out What’s Going On Between Cows and Their Rations. Joining the pub‑table conversation are Dr. Clay Zimmerman, Dr. Stefano Vandoni, and Dr. Sion Richards.
Dr. Mary Beth Hall explains why manure evaluation is one of the most reliable diagnostic tools in dairy nutrition, providing a direct biological response that may not appear in ration models or performance data. She emphasizes why manure must be evaluated alongside cow behavior and production metrics. (09:28)
Mary Beth breaks down the science of fecal pH, including how to measure it correctly, why results can be misleading if done improperly, and what fecal pH reveals about digestion beyond the rumen. She explains why fecal pH does not directly reflect rumen pH and how fiber source influences hindgut fermentation. (14:46)
The discussion shifts to practical manure screening on farm. Mary Beth explains what to look for when rinsing manure, how undigested fiber or grain can signal rate‑of‑passage and feed processing issues, and why screening is best used as a qualitative diagnostic tool rather than a strict numerical benchmark. (21:36)
The panel compares manure evaluation with rumination monitors and emerging dairy technologies, highlighting why sensor data must be interpreted in context with manure consistency, cow behavior, intake patterns, and diet composition to accurately assess cow health. (28:16)
Real‑world troubleshooting examples illustrate how ration and management issues—including spoiled silage, feed sorting, inconsistent intake, and water quality problems—often appear first in the manure. Variation within a pen is discussed as an early warning sign for nutrition challenges. (42:14)
In closing, the group reinforces why manure evaluation remains underutilized despite being one of the clearest biological indicators of cow health. Integrating manure observation with cow comfort, rumination, feeding management, and overall herd behavior is critical for better nutrition decision‑making. (46:34)
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This episode of Real Science Exchange was recorded live at the 2026 IPPE Show and focuses on the newly formalized IFEEDER Research Submission Program and its role in advancing innovation across the animal feed and pet food industries.
Lara Moody, Executive Director of the Institute for Feed Education and Research (IFEEDER), opens the discussion by outlining IFeeder’s mission to advance understanding and trust in a sustainable animal feed and pet food supply chain. Founded in 2009, IFEEDER has steadily expanded its scope of work, recently releasing key industry resources including feed ingredient consumption reports, a comprehensive pet food ingredient report covering more than 600 ingredients, and a strategic assessment of vitamins and amino acids related to U.S. food security. (0:46)
Lara then introduces Dr. Yan‑Tai Hung, IFeeder’s Senior Research Manager, whose background as a swine nutritionist brings additional technical depth to the organization’s research efforts. Dr. Hung discusses his experience in applied nutrition research and how IFEEDER is expanding beyond individual ingredients to address the broader animal food production chain and food availability challenges. (2:05)
The conversation turns to IFEEDER’s funding model and organizational growth, with Laura explaining how the foundation has diversified beyond industry funding alone. Over the past five years, IFeeder has shifted from relying almost entirely on industry contributions to securing significant support through grants and partnerships with organizations such as the USDA, commodity groups, and other stakeholders—allowing annual project funding to grow substantially. (3:24)
Dr. Chad Risley, Research Committee Chair, shares his long‑standing involvement with IFeeder and reflects on how the organization has evolved from early educational initiatives to a more focused, impact‑driven research foundation. He highlights the importance of IFEEDER’s sustainability toolkit and strategic planning in helping the organization gain momentum and relevance across the industry. (4:29)
A major focus of the episode is the new IFeeder Research Submission Program, which formalizes how research ideas move from concept to funded projects. Previously, projects originated informally through committees and the board. The new process provides clear submission guidelines and evaluation criteria to ensure proposed projects align with AFIA priorities and deliver practical value to the industry. (8:39)
The panel explains that while the submission process is newly approved, outreach is already underway with AFIA committees and industry stakeholders to encourage future submissions. With 14 AFIA committees representing diverse areas of animal nutrition, IFEEDER aims to ensure broad participation across the feed and pet food sectors. (11:28)
Dr. Risley discusses how IFEEDER‑supported research has already driven regulatory and policy wins, including data used to demonstrate the economic impact of delayed feed additive approvals—a project that helped secure additional FDA resources to improve regulatory efficiency. (12:04)
The discussion then shifts to collaboration with universities, where Laura emphasizes IFEEDER’s role as a bridge between academic research, industry needs, and nonprofit funding. By partnering with universities, IFEEDER helps align research proposals with real‑world challenges while strengthening grant competitiveness and knowledge transfer. (13:26)
Looking ahead, the panel outlines research priorities for 2026 and beyond, including sustainability, foreign animal disease prevention, biosecurity risks, and improving communication around animal health and nutrition. Sustainability is framed not only as environmental stewardship, but as the long‑term viability and profitability of the animal feed and pet food industries. (16:21)
Lara highlights strategic wins over the past five years, including the development of a formal strategic plan, increased industry visibility, and the creation of tools and datasets that support foot printing, feed formulation decisions, and industry advocacy. (18:59)
The episode wraps up with discussion of IFEEDER’s feed consumption reports, which quantify the economic impact of the feed industry at state and congressional district levels. These reports have become valuable tools for educating policymakers and supporting science‑based advocacy efforts on Capitol Hill. (21:52)
Final remarks encourage listeners to stay engaged with IFEEDER, subscribe to its newsletter, share research ideas, and support the foundation’s work through contributions and participation in its annual Day of Giving. (24:41)
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This episode features Andrea Lendewig, Head of Research & Development at IFCN, discussing her Real Science Exchange webinar presentation Global Dairy Market Status and 2035 Perspectives. Joining the conversation are Philipp Goetz, Head of Sales and Business Development at IFCN; Lucas Fess, Senior Dairy Analyst with Rabobank; and Jeremy Painter, Vice President of Global Commercial Operations for Animal Nutrition & Health at Balchem. Together, the panel examines current milk production trends, regional differences, butter and protein markets, exports, herd dynamics, and what the next decade may hold for global dairy.
Andrea opens by outlining IFCN’s global dairy data network and explains how annual farm‑level data collection and monthly updates allow IFCN to monitor milk production, prices, and costs across major dairy regions. She highlights a major industry milestone: global milk production surpassing 1 billion tons, driven by growth across multiple regions. (04:40)
The discussion then turns to recent production trends. The panel explains how the U.S. has shown consistent strength, while the EU experienced slower growth early before unexpected late‑season increases. China and parts of Latin America continue to grow production but remain dependent on international markets. Weather, animal health, and strong milk prices aligned to create production surprises in several regions. (17:30)
Andrea and Lucas examine global milk price dynamics, focusing on the growing divergence between butter and cheese prices over the last decade. Butter prices have increasingly driven global milk price signals, influencing producer behavior and trade flows. One notable shift discussed is the U.S. becoming a net exporter of butter in 2025 after more than a decade as a net importer. (25:10)
The panel also explores rising costs of milk production. IFCN data show that milk production costs have increased sharply over the last five years, with roughly 75% of countries now facing costs above $40 per hundredweight. These pressures are influencing farm investment decisions, particularly in regions with stricter environmental regulations. (28:30)
Herd dynamics and beef‑on‑dairy economics are another key theme. Lucas and Jeremy describe how record beef prices have reshaped breeding decisions in the U.S., increased calf values, and encouraged producers to keep cows longer. This dynamic has contributed to U.S. herd growth and stronger-than-expected milk supply, raising the question of whether current production trends represent a new normal. (35:00)
The conversation contrasts structural differences between Europe, and the U.S. European producers face tighter environmental regulations, land constraints, and aging farmer demographics, limiting expansion. In response, many EU farmers are diversifying income through solar energy, agri‑tourism, and land leasing rather than increasing milk output. Both IFCN and Rabobank suggest 2025 may represent peak milk production for the EU under current conditions. (45:00)
Attention then shifts to exports and demand. Lucas outlines where U.S. dairy exports are growing—especially in Mexico, Asia, and emerging markets—and explains why exports will be critical as domestic consumption grows more slowly than production. The panel also discusses rising consumer interest in protein, from high‑protein milk and beverages to whey ingredients, and how this trend supports long‑term dairy demand. (51:00)
Looking ahead to 2035, Andrea and Philip share IFCN’s long‑term outlook. The U.S. is expected to drive most global production growth, while Europe trends closer to self‑sufficiency and Oceania remains export‑focused. Demand growth—driven by population increases and more westernized diets in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East—is expected to outpace supply growth, supporting higher dairy prices over time. (57:30)
In closing, the panel reflects on key takeaways: the importance of data‑driven decisions, diversification of farm income, continued productivity gains through genetics and technology, and strong long‑term fundamentals for dairy. While risks remain, the group agrees the global dairy sector is well positioned for the next decade. (01:02:00)
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Dr. Mike Van Amburgh begins by outlining how amino acid nutrition has historically been viewed almost exclusively through the lens of milk protein. He explains that emerging research clearly shows amino acids play far broader roles in the cow, influencing milk fat synthesis, energy metabolism, and overall efficiency. As genetic potential has increased, amino acids are now supporting many biological pathways beyond simple milk protein yield. (05:50)
The discussion quickly expands to nitrogen efficiency and environmental sustainability. Dr. Van Amburgh explains that dairy systems across Europe and North America are under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen losses. By formulating more precise diets that better match amino acid requirements, cows can excrete significantly less urinary nitrogen while maintaining—or even improving—milk production, creating both environmental and economic benefits. (09:30)
An audience question shifts the conversation toward the challenge of quantifying amino acids in forages. The panel discusses the robustness of current CNCPS model libraries and explains why forage amino acid profiles tend to be relatively conserved. While management factors like heat damage or poor fermentation can alter availability, microbial protein ultimately supplies a large and consistent portion of metabolizable amino acids to the cow. (12:15)
Building on this, the panel explores where required amino acids actually come from. Dr. Van Amburgh emphasizes that microbial protein should supply roughly half of total amino acid needs, making rumen efficiency critical. However, as production levels rise, microbial protein alone is no longer sufficient—creating a clear role for rumen‑protected amino acids to close growing nutritional gaps. (16:20)
Dr. Usman Arshad then leads a deep discussion on choline and methionine in transition cows. He explains why these two nutrients are not interchangeable, despite both acting as methyl donors. Choline has a unique lipotropic role in supporting liver fat export and reducing fatty liver risk during early lactation, while methionine primarily supports milk production and protein synthesis. Research shows that choline supplementation during the transition period alone can generate lasting carryover improvements in milk yield later in lactation. (29:00)
The panel addresses a common industry question: how much choline is enough? Dr. Arshad reviews decades of research, including meta‑analyses showing a largely linear response between choline ion intake and milk production. While 12–13 g/day of choline ion remains the standard recommendation based on most available studies, data suggest additional benefits may exist at higher levels—even though more research is still needed. (34:00)
Attention then turns to amino acid nutrition in close‑up and fresh cows. Dr. Van Amburgh explains that recent infusion and feeding studies demonstrate much higher metabolizable protein requirements than traditionally assumed, driven in part by the important role of non‑essential amino acids. These nutrients support energy generation, glucose synthesis, and tissue metabolism during early lactation—contributing to substantial gains in energy‑corrected milk when requirements are met. (44:30)
The panel also discusses whether amino acid balancing can help cows cope with heat stress. While amino acids do not eliminate heat stress, improving metabolic efficiency appears to reduce wasted heat production and support immune function and gut integrity, potentially helping cows better navigate stressful conditions. (54:45)
From science to economics, producers raise questions about return on investment. The group shares real‑world examples showing that improving amino acid balance often increases milk components without increasing intake, frequently delivering returns of 2:1 or greater, depending on milk pricing and market structure. (58:00)
Dr. Van Amburgh then offers candid insights into rumen‑protected amino acid bioavailability, explaining that products on the market are not created equal. Independent testing has shown efficiencies ranging from as low as ~10% to as high as ~80%. The panel stresses that transparent, published bioavailability data are essential for accurate formulation and for maintaining credibility across the industry. (01:01:30)
A technical discussion follows on measuring amino acid bioavailability, comparing isotope dilution, selenium‑methionine, and in vitro approaches. The group agrees that no method is perfect, but understanding assumptions and applying methods consistently can produce reliable, actionable data. (01:06:00)
In the final phase of the episode, the panel examines modern high‑starch diets, monensin use, and intake regulation. Dr. Van Amburgh suggests many systems may now be producing excessive propionate, potentially limiting intake through chemical fill. He argues that rebalancing starch and NDF—rather than simply adding more concentrate—may unlock better efficiency and performance. (01:10:00)
The episode concludes with final audience questions and a call to rethink traditional nutrition paradigms. The panel emphasizes that precision amino acid nutrition—supported by sound science, verified bioavailability, and thoughtful diet structure—is becoming essential for meeting the production, economic, and environmental demands facing dairy systems today. (01:20:29)
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Dr. Baumgard opens by explaining the origin of the “immune suppression” theory in transition cows. Research dating back to the late 1970s showed slower neutrophil infiltration into the mammary gland in early lactation, which led to the assumption that cows are immunosuppressed after calving. This idea has shaped industry thinking for more than 40 years. (10:43)
He outlines two primary mechanisms traditionally blamed for immune suppression: the cortisol surge at calving, which may impair neutrophil migration, and the metabolic changes of early lactation—high NEFAs, ketones, and low calcium—which appear to reduce neutrophil function in laboratory settings. (13:16)
Dr. Baumgard then challenges the central assumption: are cows truly immunosuppressed, or are they simply exposed to greater pathogen loads and stressors during a narrow window around calving? He argues that morbidity may reflect increased environmental and physiological challenges rather than a dysfunctional immune system. (15:25)
Dr. Fry shares field data from three herds representing over 100,000 calvings. After implementing management changes—primarily building a well-designed transition barn with lower stocking density, improved hygiene, and better cow flow—metritis rates dropped from 21.3% to 9.7%. Nutrition and innate immunity remained unchanged, suggesting management and environment were key drivers. (21:29)
The panel discusses the role of stress stacking during the transition period. Dr. Baumgard explains that multiple simultaneous stressors, such as overcrowding, heat stress, hygiene challenges, social stress, and nutritional shifts, may overwhelm cows. He emphasizes growing evidence that stress compromises gut integrity (“leaky gut”), potentially triggering systemic inflammation and increasing susceptibility in tissues like the mammary gland. (27:27)
Heat stress provides another example. While mastitis rates often increase during humid Midwest summers, they decline in arid regions like Arizona and Israel despite severe heat stress. Dr. Baumgard suggests environmental pathogen load—not immune suppression—is the primary driver. (27:43)
The conversation shifts to ketosis and hyperketonemia. Dr. Baumgard and Dr. Pralle discuss how elevated BHB and NEFAs may not always indicate disease but instead reflect normal metabolic adaptation to support milk production. The key distinction is productivity: cows milking well with high ketones may not require intervention, while cows with high ketones and poor milk production warrant deeper investigation into underlying causes such as metritis, mastitis, hypocalcemia, gut inflammation, or environmental stress. (37:13)
Dr. Fry reinforces the importance of whole-cow and whole-environment evaluation rather than treating metabolic markers in isolation. Monitoring milk yield, rumination, activity, and cow demeanor—along with assessing stocking density, pen hygiene, hoof health, and stockmanship—are critical to identifying true problems. (44:00)
The group emphasizes reducing pathogen load through simple, practical management: minimizing manure accumulation, maintaining clean and dry bedding, improving calving hygiene, and lowering stocking density—especially for close-up and fresh cows. (33:39)
Looking ahead, Dr. Baumgard describes his lab’s focus on modeling “stacked stressors” to better replicate the real-world transition period. Rather than studying stressors in isolation, his team is investigating how combined stressors influence physiology, particularly gut health. (47:11)
In closing, the panel encourages industry professionals to reconsider the immune suppression paradigm. Instead of trying to “fix” the immune system at calving, the emphasis should shift toward removing stressors and minimizing environmental challenges that create excessive pathogen exposure. (53:01)
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Dr. Penner presented “Progress in the gut: What we know about ‘gut health’” to lead off the symposium. He highlights using rumen acidosis as a model for gut health, focusing on key structures and how paracellular permeability is maintained or dysregulated, absorptive function, and microbiology. He notes that rumen acidosis affects other parts of the gut besides the rumen. (4:52)
Dr. Laarman wrapped up the symposium with “Gut health in ruminants: Where to from here?” He agrees with Dr. Penner that we need to look beyond the rumen at all other gut organs. His group has researched rumen acidosis in calves and how it’s linked to hindgut acidosis and pH dynamics. Calves behave very differently from cows in this model. Gut health begins from birth and is the whole tract, not just the rumen. (7:35)
Work in Dr. Penner’s lab showed that inducing inflammation in the mammary gland actually tightened permeability in the GI tract, which was opposite of their initial hypothesis. Dr. Baumgard’s lab found similar results in a heat stress model, and Dr. Laarman echoes that his group has also found this result. The panel discusses possible mechanisms of action. Dr. Penner explains that diet may also have an influence on gut permeability. (11:01)
The panel talks more about what we know and don’t know about gut health. We probably know which regions of the gut are most likely to be affected by challenges, what those impacts are, how fast those gut changes occur, and how nutrient absorption can be affected by challenges. The group hypothesizes that pH alone does not have a negative effect, but if low pH occurs at the same time as other signals or molecules, then pathology happens. Dr. Laarman shares some of the observations his group has made with calves, which withstand low pH that would kill a mature cow if she experienced it. (18:40)
Guests talk about some of the reasons why we know less about ruminant gut health compared to monogastric species. They also visit about the microbiome and how perhaps what the microbiome is doing and producing is more important than who all is present in the microbiome. (23:44)
Panelists share their take-home thoughts. (29:33)
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Recommendations for identification and selection of bioactive compounds to develop antimethanogenic feed additives. Dr. Yáñez-Ruiz (8:23)
How can we search for molecules that modify how feed is fermented in the rumen? Conventionally, we have used scientific literature to look for plant extracts and compounds that have been researched before. Now, we have computational technology that offers opportunities to model how molecules interact with rumen microbes. Once a candidate compound is selected, in vitro tools can be used to test dose responses before animal experiments.
Recommendations for testing enteric methane-mitigating feed additives in ruminant studies.
Dr. Yáñez-Ruiz for Dr. Alexander Hristov (17:07)
Once compounds have been identified and selected, they need to be tested in the animal. These experiments are costly and best practices for experimental design, animals used, diets fed, delivery of the test compound, and measurement of methane should be followed. Some of these guidelines are strongly linked to the regulatory aspects that provide requirements for how in vivo trials need to be conducted.
Feed additives for methane mitigation: Modeling the impact of feed additives on enteric methane emission of ruminants—Approaches and recommendations. Dr. Bannink (22:43)
Once experimental data is collected, it can be used to develop models to predict how effective an additive is, how it works, and its relevance. The intention is to quantify how an additive will work if you feed it to an animal. This can be complex due to variation among different datasets and natural fluctuation in methane production in the animal. One factor that plays a big role in the effectiveness of additives is the type of diet that animals are fed.
A guideline to uncover the mode of action of antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants. Dr. Belanche (30:03)
Understanding the mechanism of action for methane mitigants is challenging. We know some compounds work to reduce methane, but we don’t know how or why they are working. There are five main types of additives when grouped by mode of action: modify rumen fermentation to decrease hydrogen production; methane inhibitors that act specifically against methanogens; inhibit enzymes common to all methanogens; hydrogen sinks to redirect hydrogen away from methanogenesis and toward other metabolic pathways; and promote methanotrophs that oxidize methane. The most effective are methane inhibitors, which decrease methane but don’t increase animal productivity. Combining a methane inhibitor with a hydrogen sink may help redirect hydrogen and result in improved animal productivity.
Regulations and evidence requirements for the authorization of enteric methane-mitigating feed additives. Dr. Tricarico (41:22)
There are as many regulatory systems as there are jurisdictions. Two concepts that are shared across jurisdictions are regulatory status/legal classification and intended use. While each jurisdiction requires some legal classification of a feed additive compound, each has a different criteria base from which they classify products. For example, “inhibitor” is a legal classification in New Zealand, but doesn’t even exist in other jurisdictions. Sometimes, the same word may mean different things in different jurisdictions. Authorization of a compound is not a blanket authorization, it is an authorization of the intended use of the compound. This specificity is critical for all involved to understand.
Feed additives for methane mitigation: How to account for the mitigating potential of antimethanogenic feed additives—Approaches and recommendations. Dr. del Prado (49:42)
A major challenge in this area is what kind of accounting system will be used: farm level, lifecycle analysis, carbon markets, national greenhouse gas inventories, etc. An accounting system needs to be well tailored from the type of experimental data available to the complexity used on the scale of the method. Experimental data, modeling, and accounting move hand-in-hand.
Panelists share their take-home thoughts. (58:57)
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Dr. Nichols opens by outlining her background in protein nutrition research spanning Canada, the Netherlands, industry R&D, and now academia at UC Davis. Her research has focused on mammary amino acid metabolism, nitrogen efficiency, and the interaction between protein and energy supply in dairy cattle. (1:00–4:05)
Dr. Räisänen shares her path from Penn State to Finland, Switzerland, and now Aarhus University, where she is leading research within a large, multidisciplinary project focused on lifetime nitrogen efficiency in dairy systems. Her current work examines early lactation protein supply and rumen nitrogen balance. (7:32–10:07)
The discussion begins by establishing why protein nutrition plays a central role in sustainability. Ruminants are net protein producers, converting low-value feeds into high-quality milk and meat protein. However, inefficiencies in nitrogen utilization lead to urinary nitrogen excretion, contributing to ammonia emissions, nitrous oxide production, and nitrate leaching. Improving nitrogen efficiency, therefore, directly impacts environmental outcomes. (12:28–14:17)
The group discusses geographic differences in nitrogen regulation. European countries like the Netherlands and Denmark face intense scrutiny due to high livestock density on limited land. Similar regional challenges are emerging in concentrated U.S. dairy regions such as California’s Central Valley and parts of the Midwest. (15:17–18:19)
Dr. Nichols introduces the concept of metabolic flexibility—the ability of ruminants, and especially the mammary gland, to utilize different nutrients and metabolic pathways depending on supply. This flexibility helps explain why responses to protein supplementation are not always black and white, and why traditional limiting amino acid theory does not consistently predict milk protein responses. (24:58–26:23)
The conversation explores early lactation “protein boost” strategies inspired by post-ruminal amino acid infusion studies. Dr. Räisänen describes ongoing work using targeted concentrate supplementation to mimic infusion responses. Preliminary data suggest substantial early lactation milk yield responses, similar to infusion studies, when protein is delivered in a separate concentrate rather than blended into a TMR. (28:33–31:16)
Dr. Nichols discusses three key areas of flexibility highlighted in her webinar:
Energy source interactions (glucogenic vs. lipogenic supply),
Rumen nitrogen balance, and
Mammary gland amino acid metabolism. (32:21–33:50)
The panel explores how feeding systems may influence metabolic responses. PMR systems with separate concentrate feeding may allow temporal and metabolic “choice,” potentially improving efficiency compared to uniform TMR feeding. Robotic milking systems and automated concentrate feeders offer opportunities for more individualized protein nutrition strategies. (35:00–37:57)
Amino acid discussions highlight how flexibility challenges the traditional limiting amino acid model. Milk protein synthesis is not consistently limited by one amino acid, and mammary uptake patterns show that amino acids can serve multiple roles beyond direct incorporation into milk protein. Lysine, leucine, and histidine are discussed as examples of amino acids whose responses may vary depending on metabolic context. (41:07–45:25)
The group also examines energy source effects on nitrogen partitioning. Lipogenic diets (e.g., supplemental fats) may alter amino acid metabolism differently than glucogenic diets, but more research is needed to fully characterize these interactions. (49:24–53:11)
Dr. Räisänen emphasizes the importance of rumen microbial protein synthesis and improving prediction models for digestible amino acid supply. Better understanding and measurement of microbial protein output could significantly improve feed evaluation systems and nitrogen efficiency modeling. (54:04–56:05)
Dr. Nichols highlights endogenous nitrogen recycling and urea transport back to the rumen as another underexplored area. Improved mechanistic understanding of recycled nitrogen could refine models of rumen nitrogen balance and reduce overfeeding of dietary protein. (1:00:46)
The episode closes with a discussion of cow-to-cow variation in nitrogen efficiency and the potential for individualized feeding strategies to optimize the marginal efficiency of protein use. (1:02:00)
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Dr. Ricklefs-Johnson talks about bone health and the cardiovascular health benefits of cheese. Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins D, K, and B12 are all important for bone health, and cheese is a good source of each. In the past, saturated fat in cheese would have been demonized, but research is finding that saturated fat isn’t created equally across all food types, and cheese has many unique fatty acids. Cheese consumption is associated with reduced risks of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Cheese contains bioactive peptides that appear to help lower blood pressure. (4:18)
The panel discusses the mechanisms of action of cheese consumption on cardiovascular health, how much cheese is recommended daily, and whether different cheeses have different health benefits. Dr. Ricklefs-Johnson explains that the protein in cheese is primarily in the form of casein, rather than whey. Casein had been less utilized as it was thought harder to digest, but more research is showing the benefits of casein in muscle recovery and helping with sleep. (8:27)
Research supports that calcium from cow milk sources is more bioavailable compared to supplements or fortified calcium in plant milks. Cheese is also unique as a dairy food that contains vitamin K, which works in conjunction with vitamin D and calcium for maintaining bone mass. (15:07)
The panel visits about some of the other presentations at the symposium, including feeding cows to influence vitamin K or fatty acids in the milk and how to get the word out about the health benefits of cheese. (19:16)
Panelists share their take-home thoughts. (26:29)
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Dr. Rico’s presentation was titled “Of cows and bugs: Using insects as alternative feeds in dairy cattle nutrition.” He gives an overview of his presentation, noting that while insects are not a major focus of US dairy nutrition, they are of interest in other parts of the world as a protein source to substitute for soybean or fish meal. (2:12)
Dr. Dou’s talk was “Alternative feed for livestock: Opportunities and challenges to support a circular food system.” She explains that a typical agriculture/food system is linear: take, make, and waste, which generates a lot of food residues. Her research aims to recover and recycle some of the food residues from other industries and evaluate their suitability for livestock feeding. (3:51)
Dr. Pinotti’s presentation was titled “Alternative foodstuffs in dairy ruminant nutrition: Basic concepts, recent issues, and future challenges.” His research focuses on using “former food” for livestock feeding and feeding insects not only as a protein source but also as a potential mineral source. (5:38)
Dr. Pinotti talks about the challenges around variability in alternative feedstuffs. He goes on to describe some of the bakery byproducts he has used in research rations. He calls them fortified versions of cereal. They contain quite a lot of starch and also contain a lot of fat. These ingredients are ideal for young monogastric animals and also have utility in lactating dairy cow diets. The panel discusses the EU animal protein ban and whether similar restrictions exist for animal fats. (10:16)
Dr. Rico notes that insects contain between 40 and 70% protein, depending on the type of insect. Crickets, mealworms, and black soldier fly larvae are the most popular. The fly larvae have a higher fat content compared to crickets and are a good energy source for monogastrics like pigs, chickens, or fish. Less is understood about the feeding value of insects in ruminant diets, and Dr. Rico’s lab has been conducting experiments to help define this in dairy cattle. He notes the chitin content of insects is a unique challenge due to its indigestibility. It comes out in the NDF fraction in a nutrient analysis, but it is animal fiber, not plant fiber. (21:27)
The panel talks about the scalability of insects as a protein source and confirms that the theory that insects are a cheap protein source is different from reality at this time. The group talks about small-scale insect projects at universities and in Africa. (27:17)
Dr. Pinotti explains that insects are quite good at accumulating minerals, bad and good. His group conducted an experiment using sodium selenite as the substrate and the insects made selenocysteine and selenomethionine. Future research will include zinc as well as selenium in the substrate, and insects will be fed in an in vivo trial to verify bioavailability. He does not envision issues with chitin interfering with bioavailability since the insects incorporate the minerals into amino acids. (34:27)
Dr. Rico talks about the amino acid and fatty acid profiles in insects. Essential amino acid content is relatively similar to other common protein sources. Insects contain higher levels of lauric and myristic acids than other common sources which could pose a challenge for lactation diets. He explains that there is a low-fat source of black soldier fly larvae with around 12% fat, compared to 30% in the full-fat version. The panel talks about variability in protein and fat content by insect type and the substrate the insects were grown on. (37:35)
Dr. Dou describes some of her circular feed research using fresh cull fruit (kiwi, citrus, apples; delivered daily) blended into the TMR. Later, she also ensiled the fruit with dry hay in an effort to preserve the fruit before spoilage. Dr. Pinotti notes that he has used cull material from a salad plant as feed as well. (44:31)
Dr. Dou reports that one-third of food produced for human consumption never makes it to the human stomach. Globally, it’s estimated that 1.6-1.9 billion tons of food are lost and wasted each year. The panel talks about the biggest challenges keeping us from using more former food products in livestock feeding. (50:54)
Panelists share their take-home thoughts. (59:51)
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