Episódios
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Barack Obama was the first Black man elected President of the United States in 2008. In this episode, Clint Smith will explore the early life, political career, presidential campaign, and legislative milestones of Barack Obama. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! VIDEO SOURCES https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-obama-university-years/fact-check-obamas-university-years-have-been-documented-idUSKBN26J2L0 https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ https://www-washingtonpost-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/powerpost/you-lie-moment-interrupting-a-presidential-speech-reflects-the-slide-to-disunity/2019/02/04/post/you-lie-moment-interrupting-a-presidential-speech-reflects-the-slide-to-disunity/2019/02/04/5732cdca-28bb-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html https://www.theroot.com/racist-michelle-obama-cartoon-is-just-another-example-o-1790855333 https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/16/17980820/trump-obama-2016-race-racism-class-economy-2018-midterm Julian Zelizer, The Presidency of Barack Obama: A First Historical Assessment (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018). Michael Eric Dyson, The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America (Boston: Mariner Books, 2016). Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Broadway Books, 2004). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In the final episode of Crash Course Black American History, Clint Smith teaches you about the Black Lives Matter movement. We'll discuss some of the major events that contributed to the rise of BLM, including the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and George Floyd, and the way that social media was utilized by Black organizers to garner support for the movement. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES: Barbara Ransby, Making All Black Lives Matter: Reimagining Freedom in the Twenty-First Century (Berkeley, C.A.: University of California Press 2018). Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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From 1932 to 1972, the United States Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention operated an extremely unethical medical experiment on the effects of outcomes of untreated syphilis. Hundreds of poor Black men from Macon County, Alabama were enrolled in the study, and treatment for syphilis was withheld from them. Even after antibiotics became available that could cure syphilis, these men were left to suffer from the disease and expose their families to syphilis as well. Today we're learning about the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, a shameful example of racism in American medicine, and a tragedy that still impacts how many Black Americans think about healthcare today. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how-the-word-is-passed-a-reckoning-with-the-history-of-slavery-across-america/9780316492935 VIDEO SOURCES Susan Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2009). Susan Reverby ed., Tuskegee’s Truth’s: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Penguin Random House, 2008). Nia Johnson. Expanding Accountability: Using the Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim to Compensate Black American Families Who Remained Unheard in Medical Crisis. Hastings Law Journal. (Forthcoming, Summer 2021). Brandt, Allan M. 1978. "Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis study." The Hastings Center Report 8(6): 21-29. Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (edited by Susan M. Reverby) https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/23/974059870/stop-blaming-tuskegee-critics-say-its-not-an-excuse-for-current-medical-racism --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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The Harlem Renaissance produced many remarkable artists, writers, and thinkers. Today we'll talk about one of the most interesting minds of the time, Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston was an anthropologist by training and spent much of her career studying and documenting the lives of Black people in the southern US. She later went on to write several remarkable novels, including Their Eyes Were Watching God, which we discussed in episode 301 of Crash Course Literature. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Penguin Random House, 2008). Alice Walker ~ Alice Walker Shines Light on Zora Neale Hurston | American Masters | PBS. 2014. American Masters. January 30, 2014. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/alice-walker-film-excerpt-walker-puts-zora-Neale-hurston-back-in-spotlight/2869/. Burke, Marion C. 2012. Zora Neale Hurston’s ‘Sweat’ and the Black Female Voice: The Perspective of the African-American Woman. Inquiries Journal 4 (05). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/646/zora-Neale-hurstons-sweat-and-the-black-female-voice-the-perspective-of-the-african-american-woman. Hemenway, Robert E. n.d. UI Press | Robert E. Hemenway | Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/75wfe2mn9780252008078.html. John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Zora Neale Hurston. n.d. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/zora-Neale-hurston/. Zora Neale Hurston | Biography, Books, Short Stories, & Facts. n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zora-Neale-Hurston. Salamone, Frank A. His Eyes Were Watching Her: Papa Franz Boas, Zora Neale Hurston, and Anthropology. Anthropos 109, no. 1 (2014): 217-24. Accessed July 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43861696. https://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/zora_hurston.html Propaganda and aesthetics: the literary politics of Afro-American magazines in the twentieth century. Johnson, Abby Arthur. / Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979" --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Black Americans have long fought in America's wars, very often fighting for a country that doesn't always fight for them. Today we'll learn about the experience of Black Americans in World War II. We'll look at the ways Black men and women served in the armed services during the war, and look at life on the homefront. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Chateauvart, Melinda, Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1998) Todd Moye, Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). Sandra M. Bolzenius, Glory in Their Spirit: How Four Black Women Took On the Army During World War II (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018). Yvonne Latty, Voices of African American Veterans, from World War II to the War in Iraq (New York: Harper-Collins, 2004) 9-11. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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The March on Washington of 1963 is an enduring and widely-known event of the Civil Rights movement. But the March has its roots in an earlier planned March on Washington that didn't happen. In 1941, labor leader A. Philip Randolph began planning a gathering aimed at many of the same goals as the eventual 1963 March. Today we'll learn about Randolph, Bayard Rustin, the march they planned, and the movement it inspired. We'll also talk about how the dream of the 1941 march was ultimately deferred for more than 20 years. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources Cornelius Bynum, A. Phillip Randolph and the Struggle for Civil Rights (University of Illinois Press, 2010). John D'Emilio, Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin (Free Press, 2003)" --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that public schools should be racially integrated, and overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson decades before. This was made possible by a concerted legal effort spearheaded by the NAACP. Beginning in the 1930s, the NAACP's legal defense fund (led by Thurgood Marshall at the time of the Brown Decision) pursued a strategy of bringing cases to court that would expand the civil rights of Black Americans. This multi-decade effort culminated in the Brown decision, with many other victories along the way. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Rachel Devlin, A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools. New York: Basic Books, 2018. Justin Driver, The Schoolhouse Gate: Public Education, the Supreme Court, and the Battle for the American Mind. New York: Pantheon Books, 2018. Charles Ogletree, Jr. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown V. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thurgood-Marshall https://www.law.virginia.edu/static/uvalawyer/html/alumni/uvalawyer/f04/klarman.htm Klarman, Michael J. "How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis." The Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (1994): 81-118. Accessed July 29, 2021. doi:10.2307/2080994. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/26/597154953/linda-brown-who-was-at-center-of-brown-v-board-of-education-dies https://www.nps.gov/people/oliver-brown.htm --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In 1955, a 14-year-old boy named Emmett Till was brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi. The white men who murdered him killed him for being Black. Emmett Till's mother chose to have an open-casket funeral, and show the world what had been done to her son. Despite the killers being acquitted in court, the story of Emmett Till and the jarring images of his funeral shocked the nation and were a vital catalyst in turning the civil rights movement into a nationwide phenomenon. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Timothy B. Tyson, The Blood of Emmett Till (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018). Charles Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (University of California Press, 2007). Onwuachi-Willig, Angela. “The Trauma of the Routine: Lessons on Cultural Trauma from the Emmett Till Verdict.” Sociological Theory 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 335–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275116679864. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chicago-Defender https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/emmett-Tills-death-inspired-movement smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/emmett-Tills-casket-goes-to-the-smithsonian-144696940/#:~:text=Till's%20murder%20became%20a%20rallying,African%20American%20History%20and%20Culture. https://www.nypl.org/collections/articles-databases/jet-magazine https://www.jetmag.com/news/jet-65th-anniversary/ https://wamu.org/story/18/10/30/let-the-people-see-it-took-courage-to-keep-emmett-Tills-memory-alive/ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Today we're going to learn about perhaps the best-known leader in the Civil Rights Era, Martin Luther King, Jr. From his rise to notoriety during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, his leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the March on Washington in 1963, his work toward the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts of the mid-1960s, and his assassination in 1968, Dr. King is very broadly known. But maybe he isn't that well understood. Like many extremely famous people, Martin Luther King can sometimes be drawn as a bit of a flat character, and his ideas can be reduced to platitudes. Today we'll try to give you a fuller picture of the man and leader he was. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES: Rustin, “Montgomery Diary,” Liberation (April 1956): 7–10. D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 2003. King to Edward P. Gotlieb, 18 March 1960, in Papers 5:390–391. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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For 381 days in 1955 and 1956, the Black citizens of Montgomery, Alabama boycotted the city bus system. Black riders had been mistreated on public transit all over the country for decades, and the national coverage of the Montgomery Bus Boycott intensified the public conversation about Civil Rights. By the time the Supreme Court decided that discrimination on buses was a violation of the 14th amendment, boycott leaders like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr were household names and the Civil Rights movement was on the national stage. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Jo Ann Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987). Jeanne TheoHarris, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. (Beacon Press, 2015) Daina Ramey Berry and Kali Nicole Gross, A Black Women’s History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2020). Martin Luther King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom; the Montgomery Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1958. https://www.nps.gov/articles/montgomery-bus-boycott.htm --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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A wide range of Americans contributed to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Students and young people were prominent groups of activists within the movement. Today, we'll learn about the Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Freedom Riders. These groups undertook protests and worked to integrate schools and public accommodations by riding segregated buses, demanding service at lunch counters, and even simply attending school. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Jon N. Hale, The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981). Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists (Cambridge: South End Press, 2002). Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003). Karen Anderson, Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2013). https://www.history.com/news/freedom-riders-route-civil-rights-map --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In the late 1950s and the early to mid-1960s, a Muslim minister named Malcolm X rose to prominence in the United States during the struggle for Civil Rights. Malcolm X was a member of and spokesperson for the Nation of Islam, and he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment. His views differed significantly from a lot of the well-known Civil Rights activists of the day, and his views evolved during his ministry. Today, we’ll learn about Malcolm X’s origins, his work with the Nation of Islam, his break from that organization, and his eventual assassination. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’ Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006). Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992). Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011). Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Many organizations have made it their mission to expand the rights of Black Americans. The NAACP and the Urban League are examples of influential organizations with long histories. But a long history or extensive membership isn't always necessary to have an impact. Today, we'll learn about the Black Panthers. They were a relatively small, relatively short-lived political party that had an outsized impact on US history. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006). Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992). Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011). Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003). Robyn Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Duke University Press, 2016). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Today we’re learning about Marsha P. Johnson and the Stonewall rebellion. Serving as a pivotal moment in the modern Gay Rights Movement, Stonewall began on June 28th, 1969, and lasted six days in New York City’s Greenwich Village. And even though the rebellion lasted less than a week, the reverberations lasted for generations. Out of Stonewall emerged the establishment of one of the first gay pride parades, increased activism and organizing on behalf of gay people, and greater attention paid to the rights and needs of LGBTQ+ communities. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s, 2004). Martin Duberman, Stonewall: The Definitive Story of the LGBTQ Rights Uprising that Changed America (New York City: Plume, 2019). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Women have been a powerful (and largely underappreciated) force in the movement for Black equality in the United States. The Black Power Movement is no exception to that trend. Today, we'll learn about how women contributed to several organizations, including the Black Panthers. We'll also explore how the Black Arts Movement served as a way for women to empower Black People through creative output. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! VIDEO SOURCES Cheryl Clarke, “After Mecca”: Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004). Ashley D. Farmer, Remaking Black Power: How Black Women Transformed an Era (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018). Peniel E. Joseph ed., The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era (New York: Routledge, 2006). Robyn C. Spencer, The Revolution has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016). https://atlantablackstar.com/2015/03/26/8-black-panther-party-programs-that-were-more-empowering-than-federal-government-programs/ https://spartacus-educational.com/USACnewtonF.htm --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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The War on Drugs is a decades-long United States policy intended to curb illegal drug use and trafficking. Long story short: it has not worked to reduce drug use or trade, and the policy has had devastating effects, especially on communities of color. Today we'll talk about the history of the War on Drugs, what it was trying to accomplish, and how it contributed to the US as a carceral state and the nation that imprisons more of its population than any country in the world. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010). Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). Khalil Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). Beth Ritchie, Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America’s Prison Nation (New York: New York University Press, 2012). https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-op-0309-crw-morhaim-drug-war-20210308-3o7ulj6d3jelfmkxv5ftz6r3uu-story.html https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/criminal-justice/reports/2018/06/27/452819/ending-war-drugs-numbers/ Carly Hayden Foster, The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion, 15 Race, Gender & Class 162–179 (2008). https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/the-moynihan-report-an-annotated-edition/404632/ https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/1994-crime-bill-and-beyond-how-federal-funding-shapes-criminal-justice --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Today, Clint Smith is teaching you about the Civil Rights activist and Icon, Reverend Jesse Jackson. Jackson began his career working with Martin Luther King in the 1960s, and in the 1970s he founded PUSH, an organization to advance the cause of urban, poor, and predominantly Black communities. Jackson ran for president of the United States in 1984 and 1988 and founded another organization, the Rainbow Coalition. Jackson has worked for decades for the cause of Civil Rights and his long career has served as a bridge from the work of the 1960s to the movement for Black lives today. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Marshall Frady, Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson (New York: Random House, 1996). Ernest R. House, Jesse Jackson and the Politics of Charisma: The Rise and Fall of the PUSH/Excel Program (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988). " --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In 1972, Shirley Chisholm ran for president of the United States of America as a Democrat. She didn't win, but this was not the beginning or the end of her career in politics. She held a congressional seat in the New York delegation for decades, and Shirley was a pioneer on many fronts. Today we'll learn about her life, her career, and her legacy. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! SOURCES Shirley Chisholm, Unbought and Unbossed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin.,1970). Marcy Kaptur, Women of Congress: A Twentiethcentury Odyssey (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1996). Jill S. Pollack, Shirley Chisholm (New York: F. Watts, 1994). Barbara Winslow, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change ( UK: Routledge, 2013). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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Today, Clint will teach you about the Supreme Court confirmation hearing of Clarence Thomas. During the screening process, Anita Hill came forward alleging that Thomas had sexually harassed her when the two of them worked together at the Department of Education. The public response to Hill's allegations was tense and split the Black American community along gendered lines. Thomas' nomination was ultimately confirmed by a margin of 52-48, and he became the second Black American appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Harris, Duchess. Black Feminist Politics from Kennedy to Trump. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1040911313/anita-hill-belonging-sexual-harassment-conversation https://www.history.com/news/anita-hill-confirmation-hearings-impact https://www.npr.org/2018/09/23/650138049/a-timeline-of-clarence-thomas-anita-hill-controversy-as-kavanaugh-to-face-accuse --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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In this episode of Black American History, Clint Smith teaches you about the complicated history of racial tension in South Central Los Angeles. You'll learn about the Watts Rebellion of 1965, a 6-day uprising in response to police brutality that shaped the landscape of racial tension in southern California for years to come. This tension culminated in two major events -- the murder of Latasha Harlins and the beating of Rodney King in 1991 -- which incited the L.A. Uprisings of 1992. Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! Sources: Oxford Language Dictionary https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/ Lynn M. Itagaki, Civil Racism: The 1992 Los Angeles Rebellion and the Crisis of Racial Burnout (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016). Robert Gooding-Williams, ed., Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising (New York & London: Routledge, 1993). Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013). --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-crash-course/support
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