Episódios
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It seems like everyone, from companies to online influencersto fitness coaches, talk about having mantras. But what are mantras,anyway? In this episode, we'll talk about how they compare to birdsong, Tibetansinging bowls, and spells at Hogwarts, as well as some ancient debates aboutwhether they mean anything, and why that matters.
Listen to more episodes of Sutras & Stuff at www.sutrasandstuff.com.
Sounds and Music
All music excerpts and soundbites used with an understandingof fair use modification for educational purposes.
Theme music by https://incompetech.filmmusic.io Kevin MacLeod’s music
LoungeAmbient Music Loop by user orangefree sound, posted to Freesound.com on July 8,2014. https://freesound.org/people/orangefreesounds/sounds/242080/
Tibetan Chantingby user djgriffin, posted to Freesound.com on February 7, 2006. https://freesound.org/people/djgriffin/sounds/15488/
Sources
Documentary Educational Resources. “Altar of Fire – Preview.”YouTube video, posted Sept 19, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvvI3bIAgVA
Dictionary.com. “The Meanings Behind “Harry Potter” Spells.”July 29, 2019. https://www.dictionary.com/e/s/rowling-spells/
Grimes, Samuel. “Where Did ‘Tibetan’ Singing Bowls ReallyCome From?” Tricyle. Mar 4, 2020. https://tricycle.org/article/tibetan-singing-bowls/
McGill University. “Do Birdsong and Human Speech ShareBiological Roots?” YouTube video, posted Nov 22, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heMy6dlWvkQ
Staal, Frits. “Mantras and Bird Songs.” Journal of theAmerican Oriental Society 105, no. 3 (1985): 549-558.
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Just keep swimming!
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What do the Metaverse, blue aliens, and airbenders have in common? They’re all based on the idea of the avatar, which goes back thousands of years to the Sanskrit term avatāra. In this episode, we’ll explore what an avatar is and how thinking about these ideas in ancient Hindu and Buddhist contexts can help us think about reality, the divine, and even our survival after death.
Sounds and Music All music excerpts and soundbites used with an understanding of fair use modification for educational purposes.
Theme music by Kevin MacLeod’s music https://incompetech.filmmusic.io
Bibliography and Further Reading
Clough, Bradley S. “The Ambivalence of the Hindus: The Buddha as Avatāraṇa of Viṣṇu in the Mahhāpurāṇas and Beyond.” The Journal of Hindu Studies (2021): 1–19. Parrinder, Geoffrey. Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1997.
Sheth, Noel. “Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison.” Philosophy East and West 52, no. 1 (2002): 98–125.
Stevenson, Robert W. “The Concept of Avatāra in Ancient and Modern Commentaries on the Bhagavadgītā.” Journal of Studies in the Bhagavad Gītā 3 (1983): 56–86.
Vaidya, Anand. Review of Reality+ by David Chalmers in Philosophy East and West, forthcoming.
Wolfendale, Jessica. “My avatar, my self: Virtual harm and attachment.” Ethics and Information Technology (2007) 9:111–119.
Clips and Sound Effects
Watch Mark Zuckerberg Reveal Next-Gen Avatars With Legs!, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njvp-E8gzqA.
https://freesound.org/s/403005/ by InspectorJ
https://freesound.org/s/326404/ by MorneDelport
Avatar | Official Trailer (HD) | 20th Century FOX, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PSNL1qE6VY.
“Avatar: The Last Airbender” Theme Song (HQ) | Episode Opening Credits | Nick Animation, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1EnW4kn1kg.
New Books Network. Raj Balkaran, host. “Podcast | Simon Brodbeck, "Divine Descent and the Four World-Ages In….” Accessed February 2, 2023. https://newbooksnetwork.com/divine-descent-and-the-four-world-ages-in-the-mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata-or-why-does-the-krsna-avat%C4%81ra-inaugurate-the-worst-yuga.
Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. Ramesh Pattni. “Three Faces of Vedanta: Shankaracharya, Madhvacharya, and Ramanujacharya - YouTube.” Accessed February 3, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlmdRFz1DVs.
New Books Network. Raj Balkaran, host. “Podcast | Sucharita Adluri, "Textual Authority in Classical Indian….” Accessed February 3, 2023. https://newbooksnetwork.com/sucharita-adluri-textual-authority-in-classical-indian-thought-ramanuja-and-the-vishnu-purana-routledge-2014.
David Chalmers: Reality+ from the Matrix to the Metaverse, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ov_BTAsgDU. Little Buddha (1993). Clip via Crescendo on YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf4e4tbkmCM
Dalai Lama Wants to Be a Machine Avatar, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JNyUVSoiAE.
The Dalai Lama on Why Reincarnation Is Not Important, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqOMZP6HPP8.
DW Shift. How You Can Become Immortal as a Digital Avatar, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8EiTfOggbI.
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Does what goes around always come around? And is instant karma gonna get you? In the first episode of a season devoted to Sanskrit-to-English loanwords, we’ll examine how three groups of Indian philosophers understand karma: Jains, Buddhists, and Naiyayikas (or Nyaya philosophers).
Sounds and Music
All music excerpts and soundbites used with an understanding of fair use modification for educational purposes.
Drake featuring Bryson Tiller, “Bad Karma”
Alicia Keys, “Karma”
John Lennon and Yoko Ono with The Plastic Ono Band, “Instant Karma! (We all Shine On)”
Taylor Swift, “Karma”
Indigo Girls, “Galileo”
Culture Club, “Karma Chameleon”
Fox News clips:
Joey Jones, July 2021
Sean Hannity, August 2017
Theme music by https://incompetech.filmmusic.io Kevin MacLeod’s music
Bibliography and Further Reading
My YouTube lecture on Milinda’s Questions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rBqC43PK8Q
Bronkhorst, Johannes. Karma. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/monograph/book/1739.
Finnegan, Bronwyn. “Karma, Responsibility, and Buddhist Ethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology, by Manuel Vargas and John Doris, 7–23. Oxford University Press, 2022.
McDermott, James. “Kamma in the Milindapañha.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 97, no. 4 (October - December 1977): 460-468.
Hermann Jacobi’s translation of the Ācāraṅgasūtrahttps://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/acaranga-sutra
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Taylor Swift says karma is her boyfriend, and Boy George sings about karma chameleons. In addition to “karma,” there are lots of other Sanskrit terms which have made their way into English: yoga, dharma, mantra, guru, Buddha, swastika, and more. In this season, we’ll focus on one word an episode to get a deeper understanding of what they meant in their original contexts, and how these meanings resonate today.
Episodes of Season Four will air the first Friday of every month, beginning January 6, 2023. Subscribe anywhere you can download podcasts.
Music & Effects Credits:
"Brittle Rille" by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
"Karma" by Taylor Swift
Excerpts used for educational purposes based on fair use principles
Record Scratch by user luffy
Link: https://freesound.org/people/luffy/sounds/3536/
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In this episode, I talk with Tom Davies, Seymour Reader in Ancient History and Philosophy at the University of Melbourne, about how understanding Indian philosophy in relationship with the rest of the ancient world helps us reflect on what philosophy is, as a human activity, in different cultural contexts.
Note: This is the final episode of the regular season, concluding the series of interviews with philosophers who taught Philosophy and Political Thought at Yale-NUS. Not every philosopher participated, but interviews with all those who did are now available as episodes one through ten. But at least one bonus episode is coming later this summer!
Further Resources
Tom Davies on Academia.edu: https://yale-nus.academia.edu/TomHerculesDavies
Ancient Egyptian Philosophy at Philosophy Now: https://philosophynow.org/issues/128/Does_Western_Philosophy_Have_Egyptian_Roots
Hannah Arendt: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Robin Zheng, Senior Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, about connections between social practices and knowing in premodern Indian philosophy and contemporary feminist philosophy.
Further Resources:
Robin Zheng’s website: https://www.robin-zheng.me/
Helen Longino: https://philosophy.stanford.edu/people/helen-longino
Miranda Fricker: https://www.mirandafricker.com/
Christy Dotson: https://lsa.umich.edu/philosophy/people/faculty/kldotson.html
Debating: https://sutrasandstuff.wordpress.com/2020/11/23/debating/
Questions of King Milinda, Book II (Rhys Davids): https://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe35/sbe3504.htm
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Cathay Liu, Senior Lecturer at the National University of Singapore, about philosophical systems and both Indian and European philosophy in the 17th century.
Further Resources
Rene Descartes https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/
The Tarkasamgraha at https://archive.org/details/tarka-samgraha-ramkrishna-mission/mode/2up
How to Think Like a Nyāya Philosopher, Annambhatta's Primer on Reasoning (Part 1 of 4)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L14Q87r24Is
The Craft of Research https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo23521678.html
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Neil Mehta, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yale-NUS, about what exists and what we can say about it.
Further Resources
Neil Mehta’s website: http://www.profneilmehta.com/
Theory of Two Truths in India: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-india/
Graham Priest’s website: https://grahampriest.net
Metaphysics of grounding: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grounding/
Nagarjuna: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Matthew Walker, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yale-NUS, about ancient philosophy, therapeutic arguments, reading practices, and the Bhagavad Gita.
Further Resources
Matt Walker’s website: https://sites.google.com/site/mattwalker2000/home
Aristotle on the Uses of Contemplation: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/aristotle-on-the-uses-of-contemplation/14962F5B7153012A256FB48B5A27CCE8
Aristotle https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/
Zhu Xi https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zhu-xi/
Emotions in Indian Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concept-emotion-india/
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Jay Garfield, Professor of Philosophy at Smith College, about the Buddhist philosopher Candrakirti and how teaching Indian philosophy at Yale-NUS impacted his understanding of Western philosophers like Hume.
Further Resources
Jay Garfield’s website: https://jaygarfield.org/
David Hume:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
The Concealed Influence of Custom (Jay Garfield): https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-concealed-influence-of-custom-9780190933401
Candrakirti and Hume on the Self and the Person (Jay Garfield): https://jaygarfield.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/candrakicc84rti-and-hume-on-self.pdf
Madhyamaka philosophy (and Chandrakirti):
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/madhyamaka/
https://iep.utm.edu/madhyamaka-buddhist-philosophy/
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Christine Tan, Philosophy Lecturer at Yale-NUS College in Singapore, about Indian materialism, skepticism, and overlaps with Chinese Philosophy.
Further Resources
Christine Tan’s website: https://tanchristineabigail.com/
Guo Xiang: https://iep.utm.edu/guoxiang/
Cārvāka: https://iep.utm.edu/indmat
Podcast Episodes on Jayanta Bhatta’s play:
Part 1: https://anchor.fm/malcolm-keating/episodes/Episode-9-Much-Ado-about-Religion--Part-1-eovu0c
Part 2: https://anchor.fm/malcolm-keating/episodes/Much-Ado-about-Religion-Part-2-epn4fc
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
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Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ -
In this episode, I talk with Kathryn Muyskens, Philosophy Lecturer at Yale-NUS College in Singapore, about the Buddhist philosopher Shantideva and bioethics, health care, and compassion.
Further Resources
Kathryn Muyskens’ papers on Philpapers: https://philpeople.org/profiles/kathryn-muyskens
Shantideva:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shantideva/
https://iep.utm.edu/santideva/
YouTube video on Shantideva with Connie Kassor and Stephen Harris:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQVLrbk0yKM
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Content note: There's one instance of the "F-word" in English towards the end of the interview.
In this episode, I talk with Andrew Bailey, Associate Professor of philosophy at Yale-NUS College in Singapore about the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna and analytic metaphysics, Gandhi on technology, and Nyaya philosophers on inference.
Further Resources
Andrew Bailey’s website: https://www.andrewmbailey.com/
Nagarjuna: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/
David Lewis: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/david-lewis/
Peter Van Inwagen: https://philosophy.nd.edu/people/emeritus/peter-van-inwagen/
Gandhi's Hind Swaraj: https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/hind_swaraj.pdf
Annambhatta lecture (1 of 4): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L14Q87r24Is
Music Credits:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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In this episode, I talk with Bryan Van Norden, Professor of philosophy at Vassar College in the United States about how he came to Indian philosophy, what he enjoys about teaching it, as well as connections between ideas about knowing in Indian and Chinese philosophy.
Further Resources
Bryan Van Norden’s website: http://www.bryanvannorden.com/
“Less Commonly Taught Philosophies” bibliography: http://www.bryanvannorden.com/suggestions-for-further-reading
The Questions of King Milinda:
My YouTube videos on this text start here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rBqC43PK8Q
Mengzi (Mencius)
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mencius/
https://iep.utm.edu/mencius/
Mozi and Mohism
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mohism/
https://iep.utm.edu/mozi/
Music Credits
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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How does a 9th century Nyaya philosopher addresses the intersection of religious conflict and ruling power in India? Are feelings of offense reason to exclude certain religious practices? What lessons can we take from Nyaya philosophers on religious toleration, and are they internally consistent here?
To read the whole play, get the Clay Sanskrit Library translation of Much Ado about Religion by Csaba Dezsö, published 2005 by NYU Press. https://nyupress.org/9780814719794/much-ado-about-religion/
Maniacal laugh sound effect from: https://freesound.org/s/367738/
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Join our hero Sankarshana as he travels around the kingdom, vanquishing foes...with reason. Part 1 of 2.
To read the whole play, get the Clay Sanskrit Library translation of Much Ado about Religion by Csaba Dezsö, published 2005 by NYU Press. https://nyupress.org/9780814719794/much-ado-about-religion/
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When is a door not really a door? When it's ajar! That old joke equivocates on two meanings of "ajar" In this episode we look at how equivocation can impact our reasoning, like when we ask, When is a doctor not really a doctor? We explore a few other ways that reasoning can go wrong and force us to lose in a debate. And listen until the end to hear what's planned for Episode 9.
Sources:
Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips, The Nyaya-sutra: Selections with Early Commentaries, Hackett Publishing, 2017. https://www.hackettpublishing.com/new-forthcoming/the-nyaya-sutra
Much Ado About Religion adapted from the Csaba Dezsö translation in the Clay Sanskrit Library, New York: NYU Press, 2005. https://nyupress.org/9780814719794/much-ado-about-religion/
Definition of "doctor" from
Merriam-Webster Online
https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-history-of-doctor
OED
"doctor, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2020. Web. 20 December 2020.
Clips:
Good Morning America, December 15, 2020
"Women rally behind Jill Biden after WSJ op-ed asks her to drop 'Dr.'"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJHm2rzMJ-Q%200:49
“Hair-raising hare” (Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies, 1946)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnPRB00xgoQ
"Expertise" (Sutras (and stuff) Season 1, Episode 6)
https://anchor.fm/dashboard/episode/edfmbj
Billy Madison (Universal Pictures, 1995)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ec7rCsNFn30
Music:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sounds:
Monastery Bell
https://freesound.org/people/florianreichelt/sounds/440606/
Buzzer
https://freesound.org/people/qubodup/sounds/211103/ by qubodup
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Quick announcement about Episodes 8 through 10.
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When is a reason not a reason? According to Nyaya philosophers, when it's all smoke and no fire. In this episode we'll talk about how reasoning can go wrong when people use "counterfeit reasons," which don't actually support their claims.
Music:
Brittle Rille by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3460-brittle-rille
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sources:
Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips, The Nyaya-sutra: Selections with Early Commentaries, Hackett Publishing, 2017. https://www.hackettpublishing.com/new-forthcoming/the-nyaya-sutra
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lu5_5Od7WYRuptly, "USA: "Democrats had this election rigged right from the beginning" Dec 2, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI7tRZ28dvgCBS Evening News, "Trump continues to deny election results despite legal losses" Dec 7, 2020
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dvLEScIKkg - Mostrar mais
