Episódios
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This is the second of three episodes about a daring Dutch raid on the West Indies and the English colonies of North America during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The extended raid, led by Commander Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of the Dutch province of Zeeland and a privateer named Jacob Benckes, was a sideshow in that war, yet its consequences were far-reaching. Among other accomplishments, Evertsen, known to his fans as Kees the Devil, and Benckes, “subdued three English colonies, depopulated a fourth, captured or destroyed nearly 200 enemy vessels, inflicted a serious injury upon the Virginia tobacco trade, wiped out the English Newfoundland fisheries, and caused unending panic in the New England colonies.”
This episode covers the first phase of the "raid on America," in which Evertsen's squadron sails from Zeeland for the South Atlantic, aiming to capture the English East India fleet at St. Helena. Failing that, the squadron sailed for South America and the Indies, eventually meeting up with Benckes at Martinique. After capturing prizes and burning down St. Eustatius, the episode ends with Evertsen and Benckes headed toward the rich tobacco fleet then gathering in the Chesapeake.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the episode notes on our website)
Donald G. Shomette and Robert D. Haslach, Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672-1674
Map of the land campaign against the United Provinces in the Third Anglo Dutch War:
Third Anglo-Dutch War (Wikipedia)
Cornelis Evertsen The Youngest (Wikipedia)
The Fifth Column Podcast -
This is the first of three episodes about a daring Dutch raid on the West Indies and the English colonies of North America during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The extended raid, led by Commander Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of the Dutch province of Zeeland and a privateer named Jacob Benckes, was a sideshow in that war, yet its consequences were far-reaching. Among other accomplishments, Evertsen, known to his fans as Kees the Devil, and Benckes, "subdued three English colonies, depopulated a fourth, captured or destroyed nearly 200 enemy vessels, inflicted a serious injury upon the Virginia tobacco trade, wiped out the English Newfoundland fisheries, and caused unending panic in the New England colonies.” They recovered New York for the Dutch to the great if fleeting joy of much of its citizenry, and so demoralized the English that Parliament turned against the war and forced Charles II to sue for peace.
The story is best understood in the context of the Anglo-Dutch Wars, which have been in the background of many of our episodes. This episode, therefore, is a primer on the first two Anglo-Dutch wars, and the run-up to the third, which will feature in the next episode.
Map of the Low Countries at the relevant time (note the corrider denoted the "Bishopbric of Leige" connecting the Dutch Republic to France):
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Useful background episode: https://thehistoryoftheamericans.com/the-fall-of-new-amsterdam-and-the-founding-of-new-york/
Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the episode notes on our website)
Donald G. Shomette and Robert D. Haslach, Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672-1674
C. R. Boxer, "Some Second Thoughts on the Third Anglo-Dutch War, 1672-1674," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1969.
Third Anglo-Dutch War (Wikipedia)
Four Days Battle (Wikipedia)
Raid on the Medway (Wikipedia) -
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In 1672, the settlers of the New Jersey proprietary colony arose in a bloodless rebellion against Philip Carteret, appointed by the proprietors as governor. The wannabe rebels formed an illegal legislature, and installed Captain James Carteret as "president," putting them in conflict with Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, James's father. The conflict had to do with taxes, quitrents, and title to land. John Ogden, ancestor of your podcaster, emerged as a key player in the "popular party." By the summer of 1673, the proprietors, with the help of the Duke of York and King Charles II, had put down the rebellion. James, now virtually disowned by his father, fled to Carolina, but along the way would be captured by the Dutch captain Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, known to his many fans as "Kees the Devil." James, or one of his resentful allies, would describe the defenses of New York to Evertsen, setting up the Dutch reconquest of New York.
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Useful background: https://thehistoryoftheamericans.com/ohhhh-whaddabout-new-jersey/
Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the episode notes on our website)
John E. Pomfret, Province of East New Jersey, 1609-1702: The Rebellious Proprietary
James Carteret: The Black Sheep (Interesting blog post on James Carteret) -
The first English settlers in today's South Carolina departed England in August, 1669, but would not actually get to the coast of Carolina until April and May the next year. Along the way they would lose ships to hurricanes and incompetence, and get into a firefight with Spaniards and their Indian allies on an island off the coast of Georgia. An unknown number would die on an island in the Bahamas. And, yet, once on the banks of the Ashley River, the first English South Carolinians would lose only 12% of their population in their first 18 months, a record of survival in the first "seasoning" year matched only by Maryland in the 17th century.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the episode notes on our website - https://thehistoryoftheamericans.com/the-first-english-settlement-of-south-carolina/)
Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government 1670-1719
L. H. Roper, Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots 1662-1729
George Bancroft, History of the United States of America: From the Discovery of the Continent
Alexander S. Salley, Jr., Narratives of Early Carolina 1650-1708 (Includes narrative of Maurice Mathews)
Letter from Henry Woodward to Sir John Yeamans, September 10, 1670
J. Leitch Wright, Jr., "Spanish Reaction to Carolina," The North Carolina Historical Review, October 1964. -
Notwithstanding the promising expeditions of William Hilton and Robert Sandford, by the end of 1666, with the Carolina proprietors waging war with the Netherlands and contending with plague and fire in London, the Carolina project was on the brink of failure. Then the youngest proprietor stepped forward; the venture received new vigor under the leadership of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley.
With his friend and confidant John Locke, Lord Ashley would develop a fantastically – some would say hilariously - detailed plan of government for Carolina that would never be put into effect, but which would inspire and confound historians and even be cited by courts into our own time, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. This episode is about Ashley, Locke, and those strange Fundamental Constitutions.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
George Bancroft, History of the United States of America: From the Discovery of the Continent
Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government 1670-1719
L. H. Roper, Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots 1662-1729
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, March 1, 1669
Jennifer Welchman, "Locke on Slavery and Inalienable Rights," Canadian Journal of Philosophy, March 1995.
John Locke -
Spaniards had been in South Carolina off and on since perhaps 1514, and certainly by 1521. Even in the 1660s Spaniards occasionally came up the coast to trade and visit Santa Helena on Parris Island, which had largely been abandoned to Indians. As late as 1663, however, the English had not explored even the coast of the future Palmetto State. That would change after the granting of the Carolina Proprietary in March 1663. In 1663 and 1666, two expeditions from Barbados, then perhaps the wealthiest corner of the nascent English empire, would explore coastal South Carolina, and set the stage for the first surviving English settlement on that coast, the town of Charleston in 1670. This is the story of those two expeditions, the first by William Hilton, after whom Hilton Head was quickly named, and the second by Robert Sandford, who named the Ashley River.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government 1670-1719
L. H. Roper, Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots 1662-1729
Alexander S. Salley, Jr., Narratives of Early Carolina 1650-1708 (Includes narratives of William Heaton and Robert Sandford)
Charles Towne
John Vassall
John Yeamans
Cape Fear Settlements
William Hilton
Bermuda Sloop
Henry Woodward -
New Jersey is something of a puzzle, especially as a matter of early colonial history. The future Garden State rates barely a mention in most surveys of American history until it becomes a primary battleground of the American Revolution. That happens, however, not because of anything in New Jersey that was particularly worth defending in and of itself, but because of its location between the two most important cities in English North America in 1776, New York and Philadelphia. But even that is puzzling. One look at the map tells us that New Jersey is fundamentally a big fat peninsula between the two most commercially important rivers of mid-17th century North America – the lower Hudson and the Delaware. It certainly seems strategic. It is therefore a little surprising that it was not settled in any meaningful way until after most of lower New England, Long Island, New York, Maryland, and Virginia. With few exceptions, the Dutch settled on the east bank of the Hudson, and the Swedes on the west bank of the Delaware. New Jersey did not come in for meaningful European settlement until after the Duke of York took over New Netherland, and even then took ages to really get off the ground. Why was that?
This episode answers that question!
Selected references for this episode
John E. Pomfret, Province of East New Jersey, 1609-1702: The Rebellious Proprietary
The Concession and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caesarea, or New Jersey, to and With All and Every the Adventurers and All Such as Shall Settle or Plant There
George Carteret
Ohhhhh! The New Jersey Game Show (SNL) -
In recognition of the holiday(s),* this is a revision of one of the podcast's earliest episodes, Introduction to the Columbian Exchange. The "Columbian Exchange" refers to the interhemispheric transmission of diseases, food crops, populations, cultures, and technologies in the years after Columbus’s famous First Voyage. The term was invented in 1972 by the famous biological historian Alfred W. Crosby Jr. of the University of Texas at Austin. The original episode focuses on the impact of diseases and crops that moved from one hemisphere to the other following 1492. It is replete with interesting factoids!
The revisions include thoughts on the human consequences, including to the indigenous peoples of the Americans and Africans swept up in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and how we might think about it now.
*I think you know what I'm saying here. To each his own.
Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th Anniversary Edition
Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650
Charles C. Mann, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian, “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas”
University of Zurich, “Syphilis May Have Spread Through Europe Before Columbus” -
This blessedly short episode encapsulates the types of English colonial government in the 17th and 18th centuries, which were chartered corporations, proprietary "counties palatine," and royal colonies directly ruled by the Crown through a governor and advisors. Technically abstruse as these distinctions may have been, they would become increasingly important starting in the 1670s, and will be useful background for much of what comes next.
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Links to selected English-American charter documents
Charter of Massachusetts Bay, March 4, 1629
Charter of the Colony of New Plymouth Granted to William Bradford and His Associates, 1629
Sir Robert Heath's Patent for Carolana, October 30, 1629
The Charter of Maryland, June 20, 1632
Charter of Carolina, March 24, 1663
Charter of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, July 15, 1663
Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania, February 20, 1681
Avalon Project 17th Century Documents -
David T. Beito's most recent book, and the subject of this conversation, is The New Deal’s War On the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR’s Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (buy it through the link!), published by the Independent Institute in 2023.
The presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal have now largely passed from living memory. When I was in junior high school in the 1970s, however, many of the teachers had not only lived through the New Deal but remembered it as an almost sacred moment. We watched scratchy black-and-white movies in class about the great success of FDR’s New Deal in ending the Great Depression, the soundtrack blaring with “Happy Days Are Here Again.” David Beito’s book is about the dark side of all that, the almost crazy abuse of American civil liberties under FDR’s administration. FDR’s Congressional allies, including future Supreme Court Justices Hugo Black and Sherman Minton, rifled through individual tax returns and more than 3 million Western Union telegrams to find dirt on outspoken opponents of the New Deal. They proposed criminalizing "false" news. They used regulatory power and private coercion to drive virtually any criticism of the New Deal from the new medium of radio. And, finally, they put more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent into concentration camps built by the famous Works Progress Administration, and kept them there long after any argument for military necessity had passed. And that isn’t the end of it by any means!
And please listen to the last part, in which we discuss the frosty even if perhaps unsurprising silence with which academic historians have responded to David's excellent book.
Listen on Apple, if you prefer, or Spotify.
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In August 1664, an English fleet acting under the orders of James, Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II, materialized off Manhattan and forced the bloodless surrender of New Amsterdam and New Netherland. It is easy - too easy - to conclude that this was inevitable because New England had roughly 17 times the population of New Netherland. It was in fact a foundational move in the construction of the English empire of the 17th century, and the product of the machinations of first cousins in conspiracy with each other: Sir George Downey, the "second" graduate of Harvard College and one of the most devious people in English politics ever, and John Winthrop the Younger, the pious Governor of Connecticut Colony, son of the leader of the Puritan Great Migration, and a stone cold operator of the first order.
In the end, Peter Stuyvesant was out of moves.
[Errata: Harvard's first commencement was not in the spring of 1642, as I said in the episode, but on September 23, 1642]
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America
J. Franklin Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664
Richard Nicolls, Proposed Terms for the Surrender of New Netherland
Grant of March 12, 1664 from Charles II to his brother, James, Duke of York
L. H. Roper, "The Fall of New Netherland and Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Imperial Formation, 1654-1676," The New England Quarterly, December 2014.
Jonathan Scott, "'Good Night Amsterdam': Sir George Downing and Anglo-Dutch Statebuilding," The English Historical Review, April 2003.
Steve Martin, "Mad at my Mother," Let's Get Small.
List of most populous cities in the United States by decade (Very interesting Wikipedia page if you love data and history) -
While the English were consolidating their territory on most of the eastern seaboard of North America in the 1600s, Spanish Florida plugged along with its sole city at St. Augustine, with little European population growth. That simple fact obscures remarkable changes in the civil society of the future Sunshine State. From the 1570s, after the Jesuits had given up, until the 1720s, a small band of Franciscan friars, at no time numbering more than around fifty, built a network of wood and thatched missions throughout the region. They converted tens of thousands of Florida Indians to Catholicism, many practicing with such diligence that a visiting Frenchman wrote that the Apalachee were “scarcely distinguishable [in their practices] from Europeans who had been Christians for centuries.”
The relationship between the Franciscans in Florida and the indigenous peoples was not only different than anywhere in English or Dutch North America, it was different from everywhere else in the Spanish New World, including New Mexico at the same time, and California and Texas in the following century. As a result, the relationship between the Spanish and the Indians of Florida was symbiotic, one of shared religion, trade, and mutual support rather than conquest.
Unfortunately, it would all fall apart when the English Carolinians marched south looking for people to enslave.
Map of Spanish Missions in Florida 1560s - 1720s:
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Michael Gannon (ed), The History of Florida
Wreck of the La Nuestra Senora de Atocha -
We are back to Spanish Florida after a long hiatus, with the story of St. Augustine, La Florida after the founding of the city and the slaughter of the Huguenots at Fort Caroline until the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos in the 1670s. The city would almost fail, and in 1607 the Spanish Crown ordered that it be shut down and that Spain withdraw from Florida all together. That order would be promptly rescinded when the English landed at Jamestown.
It is a story of courageous Catholic evangelism, Indian wars, relentless epidemics, and pirates, climaxing in the raid of the dread pirate Robert Searles in 1668. That attack would, ironically, result in a renewed commitment by the Spanish government to sustaining the city which would ensure its long-term survival as the oldest continuing town in the United States.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Carrie Gibson, El Norte: The Epic and Forgotten Story of Hispanic North America
Michael Gannon (ed), The History of Florida
Susan Richbourg Parker, "St. Augustine in the Seventeenth-Century: Capital of La Florida," The Florida Historical Quarterly, Winter 2014
Diana Reigelsperger, "Pirate, Priest, and Slave: Spanish Florida in the 1668 Searles Raid," The Florida Historical Quarterly, Winter 2014
List of Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings -
In March 1663, after 97 years of failed attempts by first the Spanish and then the English to establish settlements in North Carolina, King Charles II granted eight aristocrats a vast territory extending from the coast of today's North and South Carolina to the Pacific Ocean. These eight Lords Proprietor - George, Duke of Albemarle; Edward, Earl of Clarendon; William, Lord Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret; Sir William Berkeley, who was again the governor of Virginia; and Sir John Colleton - would almost unwittingly authorize in their new colony a remarkably free and democratic society of small farmers, rivaled only by Roger Williams' Rhode Island in its respect for individual liberty.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Lindley S. Butler, A History of North Carolina in the Proprietary Era 1629-1729
Noeleen McIlvenna, A Very Mutinous People: The Struggle for North Carolina, 1660-1713
George Bancroft, History of the United States of America, Vol. 1
Charter of Carolina - March 24, 1663
Charter of Carolina - June 30, 1665 -
On July 29, 2024, President Joe Biden visited The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The President referred to LBJ as "master of the Senate," which reminded me of the opening pages of Robert Caro's book of the same name. That introduction is itself a masterful description of the suppression of Black voters in the South, the meaning of voting, the history of the Senate, its historical resistance to civil rights, and LBJ’s role in changing all that. It is also filled with interesting observations about timeless aspects of American politics, and since I enjoyed re-reading it I'm going to read it for you with some annotations along the way.
Oh, and it turns out that President Biden, who knows a thing or two about the Senate, left a few things out for the audience in Austin.
Finally, I again recorded early in the morning outside in the Adirondacks, so there are a lot of tweeting birds in the background. Non-birdie recording will resume next time.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (Vol. 3)
Remarks by President Biden Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act | Austin, TX
The other volumes in Caro's biography (I highly recommend the first two, and haven't yet read the fourth):
The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (Vol. 1)
Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (Vol. 2)
The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (Vol. 4) -
In the early 1660s, a motley crew of free-thinkers, republican veterans of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and Quakers would build the freest place in all the English world, the County of Albemarle in northeastern North Carolina. Protected from the north, and incursions by Virginia royalists, by the Great Dismal Swamp, from the east by the treacherous waters of the Outer Banks, and from Indians by the skilled diplomacy of fur trader Nathaniel Batts, the settlers would prosper as small farmers and free tradesmen. Their leaders would include John Jenkins, veteran of Fendall's Rebellion in Maryland, and a dissident Virginian planter and sheriff named William Drummond. Together they would resist attempts by the proprietors to exert control over their land and lives, and would extend the franchise to all free Englishmen in the colony. This is their story.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Noeleen McIlvenna, Early American Rebels: Pursuing Democracy from Maryland to Carolina, 1640-1700
Lindley S. Butler, A History of North Carolina in the Proprietary Era 1629-1729
Albemarle County, North Carolina
Francis Yeardley
Map of Albemarle County in context -
Early North Carolina, originally part of a territory called Carolana, is all but ignored in most surveys of American history. After a fast start – both the Spanish and the English had short-lived settlements there in the 16th century before anywhere north of the future Tar Heel State had been settled by Europeans – a long period of failure followed until the late 1650s, when it hosted a quirky rural society of free-thinkers, democratically-inclined veterans of the New Model Army, and Quakers. In this overview episode we’ll bring together those long decades of failure! Longstanding and attentive listeners will have passing familiarity with some of this, having heard it in bits and pieces since very nearly the beginning of this podcast, but since I benefited from reviewing it I thought you might too.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Lindley S. Butler, A History of North Carolina in the Proprietary Era 1629-1729
Lindley S. Butler, "The Early Settlement of Carolina: Virginia's Southern Frontier," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Jan. 1971
Sir Robert Heath -
Late in the morning on June 7, 1663, soldiers of the Esopus Indians attacked the fortified Dutch settlements of New Village – now Hurley, New York – and Wildwyck, now Kingston. New Village was fundamentally destroyed. Wildwyck, more populous and better defended, fought off the attack but not before suffering grievous casualties. At New Village, three Dutch men were killed, and 34 women and children were taken captive and carried away. In Wildwyck, twelve men, including three of the garrison soldiers, died immediately, along with two children. Eight more men were injured, including one who died a few days later of his wounds, and the Esopus Indians took ten women and children prisoner.
So began the Second Esopus War.
Map of the Indian nations and language groups in the area, discussed in the opening minutes of the episode:
Selected references for this episode (Commission earned on Amazon links)
Martin Kregier, Journal of the Second Esopus War (Translation of the diary kept by the captain of the Dutch military response to the attacks at the New Village and Wildwyck)
Robert S. Grumet, The Munsee Indians: A History
Marc B. Fried, The Early History of Kingston & Ulster County, N.Y. -
Amanda Bellows is a U.S. historian who teaches at The New School, a university in New York City. She is the author of American Slavery and Russian Serfdom in the Post-Emancipation Imagination, and a new book that is the subject of this interview, The Explorers: A New History of America in Ten Expeditions. Amanda received her Ph.D. in History from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
The Explorers is a series of biographical essays of people most of you have heard of – Sacagawea, John Muir, and Amelia Earhart – and people most of you haven’t heard of – James Beckwourth, Matthew Henson and William Sheppard – sewn together with the common theme of exploration. The book had come recommended to me by a couple of fans of the podcast so I jumped at the chance to have Amanda on. I learned a lot from The Explorers, and of course have a link in the show notes on the website if you want to buy it after hearing our conversation.
Books mentioned in the episode (Commission earned)
Amanda Bellows, The Explorers: A New History of America in Ten Expeditions
Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind
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Errata: Jean Nicolet went to Green Bay in 1634, not 1624 as I said toward the end of the episode. -
Just before dawn on September 15, 1655, the same day Pieter Stuyvesant would extract the surrender of New Sweden on the Delaware River, more than 500 Indians of various tribes from along the Hudson paddled more than sixty canoes to New Amsterdam in lower Manhattan. They ran through town shrieking and vandalizing, but neither Dutchman nor Indian was harmed until the Indians were about to leave after having met with the city council. Then somebody shot and wounded Hendrick van Dyck with an arrow, and the Dutch militia, under the command of a drunken and incompetent officer, opened fire on the retreating Indians. Three on each side died in the skirmish. The Indians retaliated. Over the next few days, attacks on Staten Island and and in New Jersey would take fifty Dutch lives and more than 100 European prisoners. So began "The Peach Tree War," which was followed by two even more violent wars at the settlement of Esopus, in today's Kingston, New York.
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Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the website)
Marc B. Fried, The Early History of Kingston & Ulster County, N.Y.
D. L. Noorlander, Heaven’s Wrath: The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch West India Company in the Atlantic World
Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America
Bernard Bailyn, The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America--The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675
Jaap Jacobs, “'Hot Pestilential and Unheard-Of Fevers, Illnesses, and Torments': Days of Fasting and Prayer in New Netherland," New York History, Summer/Fall 2015. - Mostrar mais
