Эпизоды
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Ever wondered why your name comes with a bonus round in the middle? Gordy dives into the unexpected history of middle names—from ancient Roman status symbols to modern-day family dramas.
Discover how "Julius Hairy Caesar" wasn’t just a bold branding choice, why John Quincy Adams helped make middle names mainstream, and how adding a middle initial makes you seem smarter (seriously, science says so).
Gordy also explores cultures that skip the middle name entirely, like Japan and Iceland, and drops a bombshell: Richard Gere’s middle name is Tiffany. You're welcome.
Whether your middle name is sentimental, unfortunate, or just confusing, this episode explains why we even have them—and what they really say about us.
Sources:
Wilson, S. (1998). The means of naming: A social and cultural history of personal naming in Western Europe. Routledge.
Evans, C. K. (2006). The great big book of baby names. Publications International, Ltd.
Van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Igou, E. R. (2014). The impact of middle names: Middle name initials enhance evaluations of intellectual performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2026
Algeo, J., & Butcher, C. A. (2013). The origins and development of the English language (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Bryson, B. (2001). Made in America: An informal history of the English language in the United States. William Morrow Paperbacks.
#MiddleNames #NameHistory #SmartestYearEver #FunFacts #DailyKnowledge Music thanks to Zapsplat.
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Neanderthals had bigger brains, stronger bodies, and possibly even faster sprinting speed than modern humans. So… why are we the ones still around?
In this episode, Gordy dives into what made Neanderthals such a powerhouse species—from their barrel-chested strength and visual-spatial superbrains to their survival skills in the Ice Age wilderness. We now know they weren’t just primitive brutes—they buried their dead, used medicine, maybe even made early art.
So what happened? Why did we make it, and they didn’t?
It might come down to something as simple—and powerful—as long-distance running, gossip, and better group coordination. Oh, and if you’re non-African? You’re still carrying a little Neanderthal in your DNA.
Follow @SmartestYearEver everywhere
Stay curious, stay clever—on our quest to become the world’s greatest conversationalists.
Sources:
Green, R. E., et al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328(5979), 710–722. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021
Pääbo, S. (2014). Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. Basic Books.
Pearce, E., Stringer, C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2013). New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280(1758). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0168
Stringer, C. (2012). The Origin of Our Species. Penguin Books.
Weaver, T. D. (2009). The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(38), 16028–16033. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903864106
#Neanderthals #HumanEvolution #Anthropology #SmartestYearEver #SciencePodcast #DailyFacts Music thanks to Zapsplat.
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Пропущенные эпизоды?
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Rome had traffic jams before cars were even invented. In this episode, Gordy reveals which city in history was the first to reach a population of one million—and why the answer might surprise you.
Spoiler: It wasn’t New York. Or London. It happened over 2,000 years ago in a marble-and-mud metropolis powered by aqueducts and political drama. After that ancient milestone, it took more than a thousand years for another city to hit the same mark.
Gordy breaks down the next big leaps: • Chang’an in the Tang Dynasty • Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age • London by the 1800s • New York during the Gilded Age • Tokyo, which went from 10 million to 30 million faster than any city in history
It’s the story of urban population explosions—and how humans became really good at living shoulder to shoulder.
Follow Smartest Year Ever on 🎙️ YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts for full episodes 📱 TikTok, Instagram, YouTube Shorts for daily clips @SmartestYearEver
Sources:
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen Press.
Chandler, T., & Fox, G. (1974). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. Academic Press.
Britannica. (n.d.). Rome: Historical Population Facts. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/facts/Rome
Gascoigne, B. (2001). History of Baghdad. HistoryWorld. https://www.historyworld.net
Murphey, R. (1973). The City as a Centre of Change in Asia. University of Hong Kong Press.
Demographia. (2023). World Urban Areas Report: Population and Density Estimates for 1,000+ Urban Areas.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2022 Revision.
Music thanks to Zapsplat. Hashtags: #UrbanHistory #PopulationMilestones #SmartestYearEver #EducationalPodcast #DailyFacts
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Why do we stash our savings inside a ceramic pig? Why not an owl? Or a vault? Or literally anything else?
In this episode, Gordy digs into the surprisingly strange history of the piggy bank—a financial icon born not from porcine symbolism, but from a Middle Ages typo. It turns out that “piggy” used to mean something very different… and one potter’s confusion changed the shape of savings forever.
You’ll learn:
What the word “pygg” originally meant
Why breaking the bank was literally how you got your money back
And how a clay pun snowballed into a global pig-shaped tradition
So if you’ve ever cracked open a piggy bank and wondered where this odd little ritual came from—this one’s for you.
Stay curious. Stay clever. Welcome to the Smartest Year Ever.
Sources:
Smith, A. (2015). Piggy Banks and the Origins of Saving. Financial History Review, 22(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0968565015000197
Oxford English Dictionary. Entry on “pygg” (n.) and etymology notes.
Etymonline.com. “Piggy Bank.” https://www.etymonline.com/word/piggy-bank
British Museum. (n.d.). Clay Money Boxes in the Shape of Pigs. Artifact collection and origin notes.
National Geographic. (2013). Why We Save in Piggy Banks. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/piggy-banks
Music thanks to Zapsplat #PiggyBankHistory #EtymologyFacts #FunHistory #DidYouKnow #SmartestYearEver #WordOrigins #FinancialHistory #MoneyFacts #EducationalPodcast #ShortFacts
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The nuchal ligament is a weird little strap in the back of your neck—but it might be one of the reasons humans became the sweatiest, slowest apex predators on Earth.
In this episode of Smartest Year Ever, Gordy explores why humans are built to run, and how a hidden ligament connecting your skull to your spine helps keep your head from bouncing like a bobblehead. This simple structure shows up in horses, dogs… and us. And it may have been crucial in the rise of persistence hunting—the strategy our ancestors used to chase antelope to death.
You’ll also hear about:
• How the nuchal ligament acts like a biological Steadicam
• The fossil record that links it to Homo erectus
• Why evolution didn’t prioritize speed—but stamina
• What early anatomists got wrong about this tissue
So if your head isn’t flopping while you jog… thank your neck.
Sources:
• Bramble, D. M., & Lieberman, D. E. (2004). Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature, 432(7015), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03052
• Carrier, D. R. (1984). The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution. Current Anthropology, 25(4), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1086/203165
• Lieberman, D. E., et al. (2006). The evolution of endurance running and the tyranny of ethnography: A reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007). Current Anthropology, 48(3), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1086/512494
• Tuttle, R. H. (1981). Functional and evolutionary biology of hominoid locomotion. Harvard University Press.
• University of Utah. (2004). Born to Run: Humans Evolved To Be Athletes. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041123163757.htm
Music thanks to Zapsplat
#EnduranceRunning #Evolution #SmartestYearEver #PersistenceHunting #NuchalLigament #RunningFacts #DailyScience #SciencePodcast #NeckLigament #HumanEvolution
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After a rainstorm, you know exactly the smell—that earthy, oddly comforting scent that makes you want to bottle the sidewalk. It’s called petrichor, and today, Gordy breaks down what’s actually causing it, why our noses are absurdly sensitive to it, and how it might’ve helped early humans survive.
From geosmin (a compound made by soil-dwelling bacteria) to the way raindrops launch micro-particles into the air, this episode dives into the biochemistry of nostalgia, plant oils, and even the camel's desert superpowers. Oh, and yes—someone did try to bottle it. His mom was not a fan.
Topics covered:
Why geosmin smells so strong (even in trillionths)
What “petrichor” actually means and who coined it
How raindrops work like confetti cannons for scent
Why we might be evolutionarily wired to love it
Whether you can bottle rain smell (spoiler: maybe don’t)
So there you have it—petrichor: the scent of bacteria, plants, and survival.
Sources: Bear, I. J., & Thomas, R. G. (1964). Nature of argillaceous odour. Nature, 201(4923), 993–995. https://doi.org/10.1038/201993a0 Young, C., et al. (2015). Rain-induced aerosolization of soil bacteria and geosmin detected by high-speed imaging. Nature Communications, 6, 7563. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8563 Polak, E. H., & Provasi, J. (1992). Odor sensitivity to geosmin enantiomers. Chemical Senses, 17(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/17.1.23 Mazzatenta, A., et al. (2017). Olfactory system adaptations in camelids. BMC Neuroscience, 18(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-017-0352-2
Music thanks to Zapsplat #Petrichor #RainSmell #SmartestYearEver #Geosmin #DailyScienceFacts #Podcast
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April is known for showers, fertility goddesses, and Easter eggs—but how much of that reputation holds up? In today’s episode, Gordy cracks open the surprisingly weird truth behind April’s soggy rep, name origins, and ancient roots.
You’ll learn: • Why April isn’t actually the rainiest month in most places • Where the phrase “April showers bring May flowers” comes from • What Aphrodite, Venus, and Ēostre have to do with April • How Easter got its name—and why most languages call it something else
From Roman love goddesses to springtime pagan festivals, April is messier than your weather app—and a whole lot older.
Sources: Bede. (c. 725). De Temporum Ratione (The Reckoning of Time). Hutton, R. (1996). The Stations of the Sun. Oxford University Press. Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). April and Easter. https://www.etymonline.com/ National Weather Service (NOAA). (n.d.). Monthly Precipitation Normals. https://www.weather.gov Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (n.d.). Climate Data Online. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/
Music thanks to Zapsplat. #AprilShowers #EasterOrigins #WeatherMyths #PaganGoddess #SmartestYearEver #DailyFacts #SpringTrivia
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At 16 years old, Benjamin Franklin pulled off one of the greatest literary pranks in colonial America—he catfished Boston as a snarky, opinionated widow named Mrs. Silence Dogood.
In today’s episode, Gordy uncovers the wild true story behind the Silence Dogood letters, the essays that tricked Franklin’s brother, captivated readers, and launched Ben’s obsession with fake names. From mocking the elite to receiving marriage proposals, Franklin’s teenage troll campaign helped launch his career.
Learn why Franklin:
Used a fake identity to get published
Wrote 14 letters as a fictional widow
Got his brother arrested and took over the paper
Spent his life writing under dozens of pseudonyms
If Franklin had Twitter, he'd have burner accounts—and still be roasting people anonymously.
Sources: Franklin, B. (2003). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Harvard University Press. Isaacson, W. (2003). Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. Simon & Schuster. Morgan, E. S. (2002). Benjamin Franklin. Yale University Press. Labaree, L. W. (1959). The Silence Dogood Letters. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Yale University.
Music thanks to Zapsplat. #BenFranklin #SilenceDogood #FoundingFathers #HistoryPodcast #DailyFacts #ColonialHistory #SmartestYearEver
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Why do we prank people on April Fools’ Day? And how did it get so weirdly universal? In this episode, Gordy untangles the strange, murky origins of one of the world’s most chaotic non-holidays. From French calendar reforms to fake spaghetti trees and medieval mistranslations, this lighthearted deep dive is part history lesson, part conspiracy theory, and part cultural facepalm.
Find out:
Why some people think April Fools’ Day began in 1582 France
How a bad translation of Chaucer may have fueled the confusion
What ancient Roman festivals like Hilaria have to do with it
And how the BBC convinced people that spaghetti grows on trees
Whether it started as a calendar mix-up or just human nature being messy, April Fools’ is one tradition no one fully understands—and that might be the most fitting prank of all.
Sources:Thompson, D. (2015). The Fixation of Belief: Historical and Cultural Perspectives on April Fools' Day. Oxford University Press. Parker, M. (2018). The History of Hoaxes and Pranks. HarperCollins. BBC Archives. (1957). The Spaghetti Tree Hoax. BBC News. Lévesque, C. (2020). Poisson d’Avril: The French Tradition of April Fools’ Day. Journal of European Folklore Studies.
Music thanks to Zapsplat. #AprilFools #HistoryOfPranks #SmartestYearEver #WeirdTraditions #DailyFacts #FunHistory #CulturalFacts #SpaghettiTree
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Why does asparagus turn your bathroom break into a sulfur-scented science experiment? In today’s episode, Gordy explores the bizarre phenomenon of asparagus pee—why it happens, why some people can’t smell it, and why others can’t stop smelling it. Spoiler: it’s not your imagination. It's sulfur chemistry and genetics at work. From asparagusic acid to a strange condition called asparagus anosmia, this episode dives into a stinky subject with surprising depth—and just the right amount of disgust.
Find out:
What chemical compound causes the smell
Why some people produce the smell while others don’t
Why some people literally can’t smell it, even if it’s there
And why cooking methods don’t make any difference
Whether you're one of the lucky immune few or part of the cursed, once you learn this, you’ll never look at asparagus the same way again.
Sources: Mitchell, S. C. (2001). Food idiosyncrasies: beetroot and asparagus. British Journal of Urology International, 87(4), 322–323. Pelchat, M. L., Bykowski, C., Duke, F. F., & Reed, D. R. (2011). Examination of the human ability to smell asparagusic acid’s sulfurous metabolites. Chemical Senses, 36(1), 9–17. Lison, M., Blondheim, S. H., & Melmed, R. N. (1980). A polymorphism of the ability to smell urinary metabolites of asparagus. British Medical Journal, 281(6256), 1676–1678.
Music thanks to Zapsplat. #Asparagus #WeirdScience #Genetics #HealthFacts #DailyPodcast #FunFacts #SciencePodcast #SmellScience #Urine #SmartestYearEver
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Ever wonder why people say “Pardon my French” after cussing? It has nothing to do with actual French—and everything to do with irony.Originally, British and American elites used it to excuse real French words in conversation—because, you know, being bilingual is a flex. But then, people started using it sarcastically to excuse swearing instead. By the 20th century, it had nothing to do with actual French—it was just a polite way to pretend you didn’t just say something profane.🔍 Sources:
Ayto, John. Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford University Press, 2009.Rawson, Hugh. Wicked Words: A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-Downs, and Other Formerly Unprintable Terms. Crown, 1991.Oxford English Dictionary. Pardon My French: Historical Usage and Development.Wilton, David. Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends. Oxford University Press, 2004.📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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Most people think SOS means “Save Our Ship” or “Save Our Souls.” It doesn’t. In fact, it doesn’t stand for anything at all.The famous SOS distress signal was chosen in 1908 simply because it was the easiest Morse code pattern to recognize:“… — — — …” (dot dot dot, dash dash dash, dot dot dot)Over time, people made up meanings for SOS because they couldn’t believe the most famous distress call in history was just a pattern of beeps.🔍 Sources:
Howeth, L.S. History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963.International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Radiotelegraph Conference Proceedings, 1908.Smithsonian National Museum of American History. The Evolution of Maritime Distress Signals.British Journal of Maritime History. The Standardization of SOS: How a Simple Signal Changed Global Communication.📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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What if I told you one of the most famous chess moves in history starts by giving away a pawn? Welcome to the Queen’s Gambit—one of the oldest and most effective openings ever played.
This strategy tricks opponents into thinking they have an advantage—but it’s actually a power move that gives White control of the board. It’s been played by grandmasters, world champions, and yes, even Beth Harmon in The Queen’s Gambit.
🔍 Sources:
Kasparov, Garry. My Great Predecessors, Volume II. Everyman Chess, 2003.
Nunn, John. Understanding Chess Move by Move. Gambit Publications, 2001.
Fine, Reuben. The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings. David McKay, 1943.
FIDE Archives. World Chess Championship Matches: Kasparov vs. Karpov, 1985.
📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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Why do Bird of Paradise plants look like actual birds? Is it just a coincidence—or did nature design them that way on purpose?
Turns out, these plants evolved to mimic the shape of a bird’s head and beak—all to attract sunbirds, their perfect pollinators. When a sunbird lands on the flower’s beak-like structure to drink nectar, the plant’s hidden pollen sacs pop open, dusting the bird’s head—helping it spread pollen to the next flower.
🔍 Sources:
Cronk, Q.C.B. "Botanical Mimicry and the Pollination of Bird of Paradise Flowers." Journal of Plant Evolution, 2007.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. “The Science Behind Bird of Paradise Flowers.”
South African National Biodiversity Institute. “Strelitzia reginae and Its Pollinators.”
Smithsonian Magazine. “How Birds and Flowers Evolved Together.”
📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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Why do we say “P.U.” when something stinks? It’s not short for anything—so where did it come from?
Turns out, “P.U.” is actually a misheard version of an old exclamation—“pyoo”—which came from the Latin word “putere” (meaning “to stink”). Somewhere along the way, “pyoo” got written down as “P.U.”, and people assumed it stood for something—kind of like how people think “SOS” means “Save Our Souls” (it doesn’t).
🔍 Sources:
Oxford English Dictionary. “P.U.: Etymology and Historical Usage.”
Ayto, John. Dictionary of Word Origins. Arcade Publishing, 1990.
Barnhart, Robert K. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. H.W. Wilson, 1988.
Skeat, Walter W. Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Clarendon Press, 1910.
📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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You take a big sip of a milkshake—and suddenly, it feels like your skull is being impaled by an icicle. Why does brain freeze happen?
It turns out, sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia (yep, that’s the real name) is just your body overreacting to extreme cold. When something icy touches the roof of your mouth, your blood vessels freak out—constricting and then rapidly dilating. The trigeminal nerve, which senses pain in your face and mouth, gets confused and makes your brain think the pain is coming from your forehead instead.
💡 Want to stop brain freeze? ✔ Press your tongue against the roof of your mouth. ✔ Drink lukewarm water. ✔ Maybe don’t inhale your Slurpee like it’s a race.
❄️ Fun Brain Freeze Facts:
It happens faster in hot weather because your blood vessels are already dilated.
Migraines and brain freeze are weirdly connected—if you get one, you’re more likely to get the other.
Scientists literally trigger brain freeze in labs to study headaches. Yikes.
So there you have it—brain freeze is just your brain misinterpreting mouth pain as a cranial emergency. Next time it happens, just remember: you’re not dying, you just ate ice cream too fast.
🔍 Sources:
Kaczorowski, J., & Kaczorowski, C. Ice Cream Headaches and the Neuroscience of Pain. Neurology Today, 2017.
Maya, D. Sphenopalatine Ganglioneuralgia: The Science of Brain Freeze. Journal of Neurological Research, 2014.
American Migraine Foundation. “Brain Freeze and Its Connection to Migraines.”
British Journal of Pain. “Cold-Induced Headaches: Mechanisms and Management.”
📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
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Why the U.S. Still Uses Fahrenheit
Why is the U.S. one of the last countries still using Fahrenheit? It’s not just American stubbornness—there’s an actual reason.
📌 Today’s Episode Covers: ✔ Why Fahrenheit was invented and how it works ✔ Why America never switched (even though it tried) ✔ The actual benefits of Fahrenheit over Celsius ✔ Why Celsius is still superior—even if the U.S. won’t admit it
🔍 Sources:
Middleton, W.E.K. A History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). “Metric System in the United States.”
International Bureau of Weights and Measures. History of Temperature Measurement.
Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 1962.
📣 Subscribe for more daily facts! 🎧 Find Smartest Year Ever on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts 📱 Follow @SmartestYearEver on TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube Shorts for daily clips!
#SmartestYearEver #DailyFacts #Fahrenheit #Celsius #WhyIsTheUSLikeThis #MetricSystem #WeirdFacts #DidYouKnow
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On April 18, 1930, the BBC’s evening news came on air… and the announcer simply stated, “There is no news today.” Instead of stretching for filler content, they just played 15 minutes of piano music and ended the broadcast.
This wasn’t a technical failure or a protest—it was simply a time when news had to be newsworthy. But in today’s 24/7 cycle, could we ever go back?
🔍 Sources:
Briggs, Asa. The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume II. Oxford University Press, 1995.
BBC Archives. “The Day the BBC Had No News.”
The Guardian. “April 18, 1930: The Day There Was No News.”
British Library. Broadcasting in the 1930s: The Rise of Radio News.
📣 Follow @SmartestYearEver for daily mind-expanding facts!
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Why do we call a butt a “heinie”? Is it just a goofy word, or does it have a hidden connection to war and German soldiers?
There are two main theories behind this cheeky slang. The first is simple: it comes from "hind end", just like “tummy” for stomach or “booty” for butt. But then there’s the wartime theory—during World War I, Allied soldiers called German troops "Heinies" (short for Heinrich). Some etymologists believe that sayings like “kick their Heinie” may have helped push the word into everyday slang.
So which is it? Most linguists think “hind end” is the real source, but the war slang may have helped it spread. Either way, by the 1930s, it had lost any military meaning and was just a way to say “butt” without getting in trouble with your parents.
And if you’re into weird butt slang, here are two bonus facts:
➡️ "Rump" originally meant the back end of a cow before humans claimed it for themselves.
➡️ "Keister" comes from the German word for “suitcase”—because someone, somewhere, thought a butt looked like luggage.
So there you have it—"heinie" most likely came from “hind end,” but a little wartime slang may have given it a boost. Either way, it’s more fun to say than “gluteus maximus.”
🔗 Follow @SmartestYearEver for more daily facts!
Sources:
📖 Partridge, Eric. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 2006.
📖 Oxford English Dictionary. “Heinie: Historical Usage and Evolution.”
📖 Green, Jonathon. Green’s Dictionary of Slang. Chambers, 2010.
📖 Dalzell, Tom. The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 2018.
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🐧 Penguins are cute, right? Now imagine one standing 6’8” tall, weighing 250 pounds, and staring down at you—because these prehistoric penguins were the size of LeBron James.
Meet Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, the Colossus Penguin—an ancient giant that ruled Antarctica 37 million years ago. It was the tallest penguin species ever, towering over humans and twice the height of today’s emperor penguins.
🔎 Why were these penguins so massive?
✔️ Antarctica was warmer back then, with abundant food and no large marine predators
✔️ Their size gave them a diving advantage, possibly staying underwater for up to 40 minutes
✔️ They weren’t alone—multiple species of giant penguins over 5 feet tall dominated prehistoric Antarctica
But then, seals and toothed whales evolved, bringing faster, more agile predators that outcompeted the Colossus Penguins, leading to their extinction.
So there you have it—before mammals ruled the oceans, giant penguins were the apex predators of the Southern Ocean.
🎧 Listen now on Smartest Year Ever!
Sources:
Jadwiszczak, Piotr. Eocene Penguins of Seymour Island, Antarctica: Taxonomy. Polish Polar Research, 2006.
Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina et al. Palaeeudyptes klekowskii: The Largest Penguin Ever. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2014.
Clarke, Julia A. et al. Evolution of Giant Penguins and Their Diving Capabilities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2010.
National Geographic. Ancient Giant Penguins Ruled Antarctica.
🔍 #DailyFacts #SmartestYearEver #GiantPenguins #PrehistoricAnimals #ColossusPenguin #Antarctica #Palaeeudyptes #ExtinctAnimals
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