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Join us on this episode of OzCast as we look beneath the surface at the often-overlooked realm of small-bodied threatened fish species in Australian waterways with Dr. Nick Whiterod, a seasoned marine ecologist with over twenty years of dedicated research and conservation efforts.
Dr. Nick Whiterod holds a PhD from Charles Sturt University, assessing the bioenergetic implications of large impoundments on Murray cod. His career has been marked by a profound commitment to the conservation of Australia’s freshwater ecosystems, particularly focusing on small-bodied fish and crayfish species. His work extends beyond mere research; he has played a pivotal role in the national conservation listing of more than 50 freshwater species.
Dr. Whiterod’s expertise is not limited to conservation alone; he is widely recognised for his skill in species reintroduction and managing complex ecosystems. His approaches and methods in reintroducing species to their native habitats have contributed significantly to the recovery of threatened species like the Southern Purple Spotted Gudgeon, Southern Pygmy Perch, Yarra Pygmy Perch, and Murray Hardyhead.
During the podcast, Nick explains the role these species have as vital indicators of ecosystem health and the concerning implications of their decline. The conversation extends to how the restoration of these fish populations can benefit the basin’s overall health, and what their presence, or absence, reveals about water quality and environmental management.
A focus of the discussion is the rediscovery of certain fish species in the Murray-Darling Basin, particularly the Southern Purple Spotted Gudgeon. Dr. Whiterod shares how these species, once common, have become rare in certain areas, with occasional surprising reappearances. The impact of habitat changes due to events like the Millennium drought and human efforts in conservation, including captive breeding and reintroduction, are examined. He also touches on the intriguing presence of northern fish species, like Barramundi, in southern waterways, raising questions about their survival and adaptation in unfamiliar habitats.
In looking to the future, the podcast delves into the threats posed by introduced species on native fish populations, focusing on the predatory habits of Redfin Perch and Trout. Dr. Whiterod discusses the threat to native species such as the Purple Spotted Gudgeon and Pygmy Perch, their dwindling numbers, and the factors contributing to their decline, which includes habitat destruction and disease.
Throughout the episode, Nick provides an insight into the work he has completed in this area, speaking on the importance of maintaining ‘insurance populations’ to safeguard against potential losses down the track. Emphasising the importance of local conservation efforts, Dr. Whiterod underscores the role of individuals and community groups in protecting vulnerable populations, encouraging listeners to support threatened species in their local waterways.
An underlying theme in the interview is the bridging of the gap between scientific research and community involvement. Dr. Whiterod stresses the importance of translating scientific knowledge into actionable strategies that individuals and communities can undertake. He emphasises that conservation is not just the responsibility of scientists and policymakers but is a collective effort that requires widespread community engagement.
Dr. Whiterod expresses cautious optimism about the future of Australia’s aquatic ecosystems. He acknowledges the challenges posed by climate change and habitat loss, but remains hopeful due to increasing awareness and ongoing conservation efforts. His message underscores the importance of continued research, public education, and dedicated conservation actions to protect these vital ecosystems.
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In this episode of OzCast, fisheries scientist Craig Boys dives beneath the surface of the Hexham Swamp, a Ramsar-listed wetland with ecological and cultural significance. Craig highlights the intricate relationship between aquatic ecosystems and human interventions, particularly focusing on the impact of floodgates installed for flood mitigation.
Throughout the episode, we explore the consequential shifts in fish and prawn populations, the resurgence of native species, and the broader implications for fishery productivity. This episode is not only an educational journey through the swamp’s history and transformation but also a celebration of community involvement in environmental stewardship.
Hailing from New South Wales, Australia, Dr Craig Boys is a Principal Research Scientist for the NSW Department of Primary Industries (Fisheries). Craig brings an extensive 20-year career to the forefront of fish ecology and fisheries conservation. His expertise is not only recognised nationally but also holds international acclaim. Craig’s academic journey includes a position as an Adjunct Associate Professor of Research at Charles Sturt University. His research portfolio spans across continents, including Australia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and America, demonstrating his global impact in the field. A leader in screening technology, Craig has dedicated his career to bridging the gap between primary industries and fisheries outcomes.
Throughout the episode, Craig dives beneath the surface on the significance of Hexham Swamp. Once thriving with biodiversity, the installation of floodgates in the 1970s drastically altered the swamps ecological balance. Craig explains how these gates, designed to protect urban developments, inadvertently stifled the wetland’s ecological heartbeat by disrupting the natural flow of water. His insights offer a compelling story about the intersection of human intervention and natural ecosystems, emphasising the impact of seemingly minor infrastructural changes on waterway health.
The floodgates led to decreased water quality, acidification, and a significant drop in aquatic life. These changes not only impacted the immediate area but also had cascading effects on the broader ecosystem, including local fish productivity. The swamp’s transformation from a vibrant wetland to a near-barren landscape starkly illustrated the unintended consequences of human interference in natural systems.
A turning point in Hexham Swamp’s story came through advocacy, particularly by local commercial fisher, Jeff Hyde. Craig’s recount of Jeff’s relentless efforts to reopen the floodgates is a testament to the power of individual voices in driving change. Change was slow but steady. The gradual reopening of the gates marked the beginning of the swamp’s recovery, with notable improvements in water quality, fish, and prawn populations.
Craig’s team meticulously tracked the ecological changes post the reopening of the gates. Their research employed a comprehensive approach, comparing the changes in Hexham Swamp to similar ecosystems, both with and without floodgates. This method provided a clear evidence, underpinning the importance of scientific data in environmental decision-making.
The success story of Hexham Swamp goes beyond its boundaries, the long-term environmental benefits, including the resurgence of native species and the recovery of vital habitats. This case serves as a crucial lesson in environmental stewardship, highlighting the potential for change when human interventions are thoughtfully managed.
The Hexham Swamp story is one of hope and resilience, demonstrating that with informed decisions and community involvement, we can aid in the recovery and preservation of our natural environments.
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What's behind the horrifying phenomenon of fish kills in Australian inland waterways? Join us as we unearth the many fish kills that have taken place recently with Prof. Lee Baumgartner – the leading scientists who is involved in the government enquiry investigating the events. Throughout the episode, Lee sheds light on the environmental culprits behind these disasters, stressing the importance of responsible river management going forward. From dissecting blackwater events, hydrology, bacteria and algae, river infrastructure and flow, the ‘perfect storm’ that leads to a fish kill is discussed so you can better understand what is happening to our native fish throughout the Murray-Darling Basin.
Prof. Lee Baumgartner
Prof. Lee Baumgardner stands as a revered figure in the realm of applied research, best known for his groundbreaking contributions to the intricate interplay of food, water, and energy. His work is particularly pivotal in regions where water serves as a lifeline for sustenance and economic activities, playing a crucial role in irrigation and hydropower. Lee directs his focus to communities reliant on fish, a cornerstone of biodiversity, nutrition, and income. However, these aquatic populations face a dangerous decline due to extensive river development, prompting Lee's active involvement in government inquiries into fish kills.
Lee Baumgardner is no stranger to the corridors of power, having contributed to parliamentary inquiries and been appointed to prime ministerial advisory panels. His outreach extends to international and national media, where he tirelessly promotes the cause of healthy rivers. A recipient of prestigious awards, including the NSW Crawford Medal, Lee holds a Ph.D. in applied ecology from the University of Canberra (2005). Having only recently completed his commitments on the government panel enquiring into the fish kills, Lee offers insight into how environmental enquiries work. The transparency, which is important for the rec fishing community gaining trust in our respective state fisheries managements, leads the discussion to looking below the surface at what actually happened in the 2018 and 2023 fish kills.
Collaborating with a diverse spectrum of professionals—engineers, functional ecologists, social scientists, policy experts, and water professionals—Lee addresses the multifaceted challenges confronting these communities. Passionate about nurturing healthy rivers, his mantra, "A healthy river is an economic and environmental engine," encapsulates the essence of his recent research and advocacy.
Beyond the realms of science and advocacy, Lee reveals a more personal facet—a passionate fisherman with a love for Port Phillip and Corio Bay. Whether chasing snapper, whiting, or flathead, he finds solace in the waters, embodying a harmonious connection between his professional pursuits and personal pleasures.
Understanding Fish Kills
Fish kills are complicated. Understanding them requires dissection of blackwater events, hydrology, stratification, bacteria and algae, river infrastructure and flow. Interestingly, both the 2018 and 2023 events were caused from different catalysts. As Lee explains on the episode, both fish kills were due to a lack of oxygen, yet how we came to that was due to different preceding weather events.
In looking beneath the surface at these ‘environmental culprits’, Lee dives into the science behind blackwater events and breaks down this complex phenomenon. He explains how these occurrences, exacerbated by specific environmental conditions such as flood and drought, lead to drastic reductions in water quality and oxygen levels, culminating in mass fish deaths.
Importantly, Lee highlights that blackwater alone is not the culprit for fish kills. A key component in this story is the process of stratification – the turning of water in a weir pool. As explained by Lee, the water at weir 32 in Menindee throughout 2018 and 2023 was divided into two layers; one warm layer full of algae, and one starved of oxygen. In both events, fish could tolerate the conditions in the bottom layer, before the water turned and conditions became unbearable.
The discussion takes a historical turn, examining how changes in river management practices over the years have contributed to this current crisis. Lee underscores the absence of large-scale fish kills in Australia's history, contrasting it against recent events driven by human intervention. Australian rivers have always faced droughts and floods, but what has changed? In comparing to other countries, Lee explains that fish kills are natural in places like Europe and the Americas, however the ones we see in Australia is purely due to how humans have manipulated the rivers.
In a unique approach, Lee discusses how studying the ear bones of dead fish offers insights into their age, life history and the water conditions they experienced. This analysis helps unravel the broader implications of fish kills and the interconnectedness of different parts of the river system. Interestingly, Lee finds a positive news story to come from these events.
The episode doesn't just highlight problems; it also explores potential solutions. Lee talks about the importance of early warning systems, technology like aerators and bubblers, and the need for strategic fish relocation to prevent future fish kills. For Lee, this is one the major recommendations he made to the government enquiry this year.
The conversation culminates in a compelling call to action. Lee emphasizes the need for community involvement, policy change, and continued scientific research to safeguard the health of Australia's rivers and aquatic life for future generations.
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On this episode of OzCast, Dr Martin Mallen-Cooper re-joins the show to look below the surface at one of the most topical questions circulating our inland fishing communities – should Australia release the Carp herpes virus (cyprinid herpesvirus 3)?
Martin, who has spent decades looking into the health of our freshwater rivers in Australia, sets the record straight on how the carp virus would work if released and offers his expert opinion on which direction the Australian government should take.
Dr Martin Mallen-Cooper is a highly respected river ecologist. He was born in 1958, in Sydney and grew up with a strong love for the ocean, rivers, and fishing, which led him to pursue a career in aquatic sciences. Dr Mallen-Cooper received his undergraduate degree in Environmental Science from the University of Technology Sydney in 1980, where he developed a passion for freshwater ecosystems. He worked as an environmental consultant and then joined NSW Fisheries in 1984 to research the design of fishways (structures to get migratory fish past dams and weirs), which became the subject of his PhD.
Martin is the first to concede that no freshwater fish ecologist in Australia can actively study the health and solutions for our native fish, without understanding the detrimental effect European carp have. First brought to Australia in the late 1800s, Carp cause their main environmental impacts through their feeding habits. As adults, they usually feed on the bottom of rivers and ponds. They feed by sucking soft sediment into their mouths, where food items are separated and retained, and the sediments are ejected back into the water.
Martin explains that when carp are present in high densities, the resultant suspended sediment can bring on more problems, including deterioration of water quality and increased nutrient levels, reduced light penetration resulting in reduced plant growth, invertebrates and fish eggs and clogging of gills of other fish species. Carp feeding can result in fewer aquatic plants: carp will graze on plants directly and uproot plants during feeding and are also effective grazers of surface films on plants and rocks.
Throughout the episode, Martin explains that various bio-control mechanisms have been implemented over the decades, with limited success – which has led Australia to now consider a more extreme measure in the Carp herpes virus. In breaking down how the virus would work; Martin distils a common misconception about introducing viruses in aquatic environments. He explains that the virus would effectively ‘knock down’ carp numbers for a short period, which would allow native fish numbers to survive. After this period, the carp numbers would bounce back, with native fish having a stronger foothold in the environment allowing them to compete with the carp. Martin believes Australia would have a 3–5-year window to act on a number of issues to see this virus work effectively.
When asked whether a virus like this should be a concern for native species in the river, like Murray Cod and Golden Perch, Martin explained the virus is already naturally occurring in carp around the world and only impacts carp
An important issue to consider, according to Martin, is the control mechanisms for the dead carp which would inundate our river systems in the years preceding the release of the virus. Just as we experienced with the Menindee fish kills in 2018 and 2023, dead fish raise community concerns around water quality, drinking suitability and aesthetics of our rivers and towns. Dealing with the dead fish is an important cog in deciding whether the virus is released - but overall the science looks positive.
In an interesting development, Martin uncovers the notion that the carp virus might very well get to Australian rivers anyway, through natural causes or through it being unintendedly introduced. In Martin's opinion, Australia needs to be ready for it regardless.
Join us as we take a look below the surface at whether the carp virus should be released into Australian waterways and when.
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In this episode of OzCast, Jason Tanner dives beneath the surface of South Australian waters to unveil how he is working to “green the blue” by dropping sandbags in strategic areas to bring back the lost seagrass meadows of yesteryear. After spending over 25 years developing this technique from the ground up, he explains how his work went from an idea to a now industrial-level program that sees tens of thousands of bags being deployed every year.
Jason has 30 years’ experience overall in marine ecology, working in tropical and temperate systems. He has published over 80 papers, most in high-profile international journals, and numerous reports. He undertakes field and laboratory studies of marine ecosystems and also has a strong grounding in statistics and mathematical modelling.
His first exposure to seagrass was as a teenager snorkelling in the coastal lakes of southern NSW, although it would be many years before he would return to them, taking a detour via the coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef in between.
This detour involved a PhD and postdoctoral studies on corals at Heron Island, before moving to the South Australian Research and Development Institute to study the impacts of prawn trawling on the seafloor. From here he became interested in the way fragmentation of seagrass habitats influenced the fauna that lived in them, which then progressed to an interest in the seagrasses themselves and how to reverse the extensive habitat loss seen along the Adelaide coast (and elsewhere).
Throughout the episode, Jason explains that this interest led him to develop novel low-cost techniques for seagrass restoration tailored to the main species found in South Australia. His hessian sandbag technique can be deployed for 5-10% of the cost of traditional transplantation involving divers and doesn’t require the removal of seagrass from a donor meadow.
Instead, it relies on providing a firm substrate for naturally present seedlings to attach to (for wireweed - Amphibolis) or collecting beachcast fruits that would otherwise dehydrate and be lost (for strapweed – Posidonia australis). He is now in the process of establishing a 20-hectare restoration plot just north of Adelaide, funded by the Commonwealth Government, which will be the largest single seagrass restoration in Australia.
Jason offers a wealth of information on how programs like this develop and transform, to the point where he is now dropping over 25,000 bags in a single deployment.
Having spent countless hours researching seagrass, Jason highlights the impacts that seagrass has faced on the South Australia metropolitan coastline. Over the last half-century or so, more than 6,000 hectares of seagrass has been lost off the Adelaide coast due to anthropogenic nutrient and sediment inputs. This loss has led to coastal erosion, decreased habitat, loss of carbon storage and decreased fish abundance. Recent improvements to wastewater treatment and stormwater runoff have led to some natural recovery, but changes in sand movement resulting from the loss now prevent the recolonization of many areas.
While the hessian bag method has resulted in the successful establishment of small patches of seagrasses that have persisted for around a decade, and which are now functioning like natural patches due to colonisation by other marine plants and animals, the development of the technique has not been straightforward. Throughout the episode, Jason unveils how he has had to refine the technique over the years when it comes to developing of a good understanding of the timing of recruitment, and methods to ensure the maximum number of bags are dropped in a given season.
Jason explains that the sandbags provide a stable environment that overcomes sand movement and allows the seedlings to establish, before the bags rot away. Without the bags, seedlings don’t have much to attach to, and any that do settle get washed away in storms. This approach avoids the need to use divers, costs less than 10 per cent of what traditional restoration techniques that involve the direct planting of seagrass cost, and avoids disturbing remaining seagrass beds to obtain planting material.
Seedlings of tape weed can also be pre-planted into the bags following their summer fruiting period before they are dropped to the seafloor. This area has experienced extensive seagrass loss over the last 60 to 80 years due to decreased water quality. While water quality has improved, there are only limited signs of natural seagrass recovery.
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PART 2:
In this episode of OzCast, Professor Kendrick unveils the crucial role that seagrass plays in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, shedding light on its remarkable ability to support marine life and store blue carbon, even more effectively than tropical rainforests. With over 40 years of professional experience in the restoration of these marine ecosystems, Professor Kendrick dives beneath the surface on all the trials and tribulations of bringing these lost meadows back to their former glory – from small-scale projects, all the way to industry-leading community-led projects like Seeds For Snapper.
Professor Gary Kendrick is a leading marine ecologist in the areas of marine benthic biodiversity, resource mapping, seagrass and seaweed ecology and seagrass restoration. He has worked with government and industry to determine needs and develop solutions for climate change threats as well as environmental and conservation issues in Australia’s exclusive economic zone.
He has successfully led numerous interdisciplinary teams to address gaps in our knowledge by mapping benthic resources in the shallow continental shelf around Australia and in studying the environmental impacts on seagrasses and seaweeds of commercial fishing, oil and gas infrastructure, dredging, coastal development, coastal eutrophication and desalination outfalls.
Throughout the podcast, Gary discusses the idea of awareness: of not just when seagrass was recognised as being lost in Australia, but the awareness of how important it is to both animals and humans. He provides anecdotes on the types of ways we used seagrass, which ultimately led to its decline over the last 240 years. According to Gary, we are losing one football field of seagrass every 30 minutes, globally.
Drawing from his extensive travels, he compares Australia's efforts on the international stage, giving us a comprehensive overview of where we stand globally in seagrass preservation. He explores the major international policies that have shaped seagrass protection in Australia, highlighting the ongoing work needed to secure seagrass ecosystems in international law.
His seagrass restoration work previously focused on technical solutions and developments to improve the restoration success of seagrasses. More recently, however, his emphasis has shifted to working with the community to develop restoration at larger scales. He presently works on supporting the large OzFish community program, Seeds for Snapper, which is a collaboration with the University of Western Australia that is scaling up seagrass restoration from 100m2 to hectares using seeds of the seagrass Posidonia australis.
Professor Kendrick emphasises the power of community involvement in seagrass restoration. Learn why he believes that programs like "Seeds For Snapper" are not just for experts but something everyone should engage in, emphasising the collective responsibility we all share in preserving these invaluable ecosystems.
With years spent swimming amid these submerged meadows, Gary shares how he endeavours to quantify the value of a square meter of seagrass, unveiling a surprising truth that challenges our preconceptions. He delves into the methods that work and those that don't. It’s a percentage game and he explains why restoring even 10% of seagrass seeds is a monumental achievement in the world of conservation.
Gary’s long-term research goal is to develop a predictive framework for understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics between marine species distributions, their biology and the physical environment. His work on this has identified appropriate descriptors of extensive historical losses of seagrass habitat due to human impacts and modelled emergent landscape-scale phenomena related to the clonal growth of seagrasses at the shoot scale and the evolution of seagrass landscapes. This line of research has led him to question our understanding of sexual recruitment in seagrasses and has led to recent work on dispersal, recruitment and genetics of seagrasses.
In a bid to provide context to recently published papers, Professor Kendrick provides insight into a major report released in 2022, which shows that one single seagrass plant occupies all of Shark Bay – a realisation that has opened his mind for what is possible with seagrass restoration in Australia.
Throughout the episodes, Gary sheds light on other restoration programs happening around both Australia and the world. Gary highlights another community seagrass restoration collaboration with indigenous Malgana Land and Sea Rangers is presently underway in Gathaagudu (Shark Bay, WA) to replace seagrasses lost during the 2011 extreme marine heatwave (MHW).
He is also a major science advisor to the more commercial Tidal Moon project that is planning to plant 100 hectares of seagrass in Shark Bay over the next three years to mitigate carbon loss from the death of seagrasses 12 years ago.
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In this episode of OzCast, Professor Kendrick unveils the crucial role that seagrass plays in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, shedding light on its remarkable ability to support marine life and store blue carbon, even more effectively than tropical rainforests. With over 40 years of professional experience in the restoration of these marine ecosystems, Professor Kendrick dives beneath the surface on all the trials and tribulations of bringing these lost meadows back to their former glory – from small-scale projects, all the way to industry-leading community-led projects like Seeds For Snapper.
Professor Gary Kendrick is a leading marine ecologist in the areas of marine benthic biodiversity, resource mapping, seagrass and seaweed ecology and seagrass restoration. He has worked with government and industry to determine needs and develop solutions for climate change threats as well as environmental and conservation issues in Australia’s exclusive economic zone.
He has successfully led numerous interdisciplinary teams to address gaps in our knowledge by mapping benthic resources in the shallow continental shelf around Australia and in studying the environmental impacts on seagrasses and seaweeds of commercial fishing, oil and gas infrastructure, dredging, coastal development, coastal eutrophication and desalination outfalls.
Throughout the podcast, Gary discusses the idea of awareness: of not just when seagrass was recognised as being lost in Australia, but the awareness of how important it is to both animals and humans. He provides anecdotes on the types of ways we used seagrass, which ultimately led to its decline over the last 240 years. According to Gary, we are losing one football field of seagrass every 30 minutes, globally.
Drawing from his extensive travels, he compares Australia's efforts on the international stage, giving us a comprehensive overview of where we stand globally in seagrass preservation. He explores the major international policies that have shaped seagrass protection in Australia, highlighting the ongoing work needed to secure seagrass ecosystems in international law.
His seagrass restoration work previously focused on technical solutions and developments to improve the restoration success of seagrasses. More recently, however, his emphasis has shifted to working with the community to develop restoration at larger scales. He presently works on supporting the large OzFish community program, Seeds for Snapper, which is a collaboration with the University of Western Australia that is scaling up seagrass restoration from 100m2 to hectares using seeds of the seagrass Posidonia australis.
Professor Kendrick emphasises the power of community involvement in seagrass restoration. Learn why he believes that programs like "Seeds For Snapper" are not just for experts but something everyone should engage in, emphasising the collective responsibility we all share in preserving these invaluable ecosystems.
With years spent swimming amid these submerged meadows, Gary shares how he endeavours to quantify the value of a square meter of seagrass, unveiling a surprising truth that challenges our preconceptions. He delves into the methods that work and those that don't. It’s a percentage game and he explains why restoring even 10% of seagrass seeds is a monumental achievement in the world of conservation.
Gary’s long-term research goal is to develop a predictive framework for understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics between marine species distributions, their biology and the physical environment. His work on this has identified appropriate descriptors of extensive historical losses of seagrass habitat due to human impacts and modelled emergent landscape-scale phenomena related to the clonal growth of seagrasses at the shoot scale and the evolution of seagrass landscapes. This line of research has led him to question our understanding of sexual recruitment in seagrasses and has led to recent work on dispersal, recruitment and genetics of seagrasses.
In a bid to provide context to recently published papers, Professor Kendrick provides insight into a major report released in 2022, which shows that one single seagrass plant occupies all of Shark Bay – a realisation that has opened his mind for what is possible with seagrass restoration in Australia.
Throughout the episodes, Gary sheds light on other restoration programs happening around both Australia and the world. Gary highlights another community seagrass restoration collaboration with indigenous Malgana Land and Sea Rangers is presently underway in Gathaagudu (Shark Bay, WA) to replace seagrasses lost during the 2011 extreme marine heatwave (MHW).
He is also a major science advisor to the more commercial Tidal Moon project that is planning to plant 100 hectares of seagrass in Shark Bay over the next three years to mitigate carbon loss from the death of seagrasses 12 years ago.
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In this episode of OzCast, we look below the surface of the flow of water in the Murray-Darling Basin as a critical factor that affects the health of the entire ecosystem and why it is fundamental for native fish. Iain Ellis, with 23 years in the management of fish production in the Murray Darling Basin, makes clear that flowing waters from the upper reaches to the lower stretches and mouths of rivers are critical for thriving fish populations.
He outlines that for more than 150 years, these waterways have been impacted by dams, weirs, regulation, diversion and land clearing all of which has changed the way water flows through rivers. This is what is meant by the term “altered flow regime”.
Efforts are ongoing to address this challenge, however, achieving a sustainable and equitable balance remains a complex and contentious issue, with ongoing debates and negotiations among stakeholders. However, the discussion Iain uncovers in this OzCast outlines that if the flow regime doesn’t suit native fish then complementary measures that target fish passage, stocking and habitat restoration are like band-aids. He reminds us that the word complementary means “as well as”, and not “instead of” better flows. He suggests some emergency response activities such as fish rescues or re-stocking can also be tokenistic if they don’t address the actual problems that created the emergency situations threatening fish.
Essentially, Iain suggests that in many cases we’re taking two steps backwards for every small step forward and climate change will make this worse if we don’t deliver flow regimes to support fish breeding and survival year after year in our rivers.
Iain describes how habitat is not just about snags or rocks for fish. The way water moves through a fish's environment also influences its habitat. However, changed flow patterns and the construction of weirs and dams can lead to habitat loss, particularly for “flowing water specialist” native fish species that require specific flow conditions for breeding and survival. Every recreational fisher or local living along the Murray Darling Basin should tune into this episode, and you'll quickly discover why it's a must-listen.
Iain is a Fish Ecologist who has worked across the Murray-Darling Basin for more than 23 years. He has substantial experience in the planning and delivery of flow events o support native fish, the management of fish kills and hypoxic blackwater events, and threatened species conservation. Since 2019 Iain has been the Native Fish Recovery Strategy Coordinator for the Lower Darling – Baaka Reach.
This role involves coordination of activities which support native fish in the Menindee Lakes and Lower Darling-Baaka River – an area that experienced mass fish kills in 2018-19 and in 2023. Activities include aeration in disconnected waterholes in drought, rescue and relocation of stranded fish, temporary fish ladder weirs and community engagement and empowerment.
Iain has been involved in the planning of river flows to support native fish and their habitat across lowland (low gradient) rivers in the western parts of the Murray-Darling Basin. This involves the delivery of specific flow events to support breeding, dispersal (migration or movement to access key habitats) and recruitment of native fish. Iain has also led threatened fish conservation and recovery programs and has contributed to the conservation of the critically endangered Murray Hardyhead for over 20 years.
In regulated rivers, there are huge swathes of river/floodplain where the altered flow regime is impacting on fish stocks. It’s been happening for decades, and it’s getting worse as climate change leads to more and more competition for water and more extreme weather events which include droughts and hypoxic blackwater events from floods.
Iain notes that rec fishers should be concerned about ensuring appropriate flow regimes for fish above all else. If a variable flow regime is not maintained that supports fish in our rivers, s fish numbers are unlikely to recover.
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On this episode of OzCast, Dr Dominic Mcafee looks beneath the surface at Australia’s lost shellfish reefs and our road to recover them back from the brink of extinction.
Dr McAfee is a marine ecologist at the University of Adelaide who has dedicated his career to the restoration of Australia’s oyster reefs. After stumbling across the topic while at university, he has become one of the leading names spearheading the revival methods taking place throughout Australia and overseas.
His research encompasses ecological experiments on the seafloor and along shorelines, as well as within laboratory settings, all aimed at deciphering how oysters perceive their surroundings to select optimal habitats.
Throughout the episode, Dom dives into these techniques, explaining how they work, what he aims to achieve in doing them and, most importantly, what he has learnt across the past decade above and below the surface. Interestingly, Dom explains that one of the whackier techniques has been using underwater speakers and the effect these have had on the nearby baby oyster lavae that are looking for somewhere to begin their life on the seafloor.
With an unwavering commitment to achieving ecological and societal triumphs in marine restoration, he collaborates closely with communication experts, social scientists, anthropologists, economists, legal scholars and representatives from various industries and governmental bodies.
Throughout the conversation, Dom speaks to the trends he has seen in the world of habitat restoration and shares his observations on how the topic has increasingly become more “in vogue” in the past five years.
Researchers from countries all over the globe are sharing information which can help reverse the decline in shellfish Reefs.
His academic journey includes a notable PhD at Macquarie University in Sydney, during which he extensively examined the ways in which oyster habitats bolstered the resilience and productivity of coastal ecosystems spanning thousands of kilometres along Australia’s eastern coastline.
His research extended to Hong Kong, where he demonstrated the role of oyster habitats in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on coastal communities. His doctoral endeavours culminated in 2018, followed by his relocation to South Australia to lead pioneering efforts in Australia's inaugural large-scale oyster reef restoration project, Windara Reef.
It soon becomes apparent throughout this episode that Dom’s understanding of shellfish is unparalleled, diving deep into the benefits these organisms have to the local fish populations. From their migration journey, recruitment strategies, lifecycle and benefits to the planet – Dom covers it all.
A testament to the significance of his research, Dom's collaborative work with peers on a national scale earned him the esteemed Eureka Prize for Applied Environmental Research. This groundbreaking research serves as the bedrock for what has evolved into Australia's most expansive marine restoration program. He holds a special passion for assisting local community groups invested in revitalising and monitoring their coastlines, showcasing his deep-rooted commitment to environmental stewardship.
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In episode five of OzCast, we look below the surface with fisheries scientist Dr Craig Boys to address what he considers one of biggest threats to native fish across Australia - unscreened irrigation pumps. In this in-depth chat, Craig explains why 97 million fish are killed every year in NSW alone due to unscreened irrigation pumps. With the understanding that there are additional loses in other states, his research paints a very grim picture for native fish survival. Craig explains the use of fish screens in the United States has been a requirement for decades but not here in Australia. However, not all is lost. There is technology and infrastructure that Aussie irrigators have at their disposal through years of research that can prevent 100 per cent of these deaths - modern fish screens built for Aussie fish and Aussie rivers.
Craig Boys is a distinguished fisheries scientist from New South Wales and one of the leading figures of screening technology in the country. With expertise in fish ecology, he serves as a Principal Research Scientist for the NSW Department of Primary Industries (Fisheries) and holds the position of Adjunct Associate Professor of Research at Charles Sturt University.
Over the course of his impressive 20-year career, Craig has worked extensively across various regions, including Australia, South East Asia, Europe and America. He has dedicated his research efforts to collaborating with the primary industries sector, to enhancing environmental outcomes within these industries while supporting fish survival.
One of Craig's primary focus areas is in the design and operation of water infrastructure to facilitate safe fish passage and foster healthier fish populations. Throughout this episode, Craig sheds light on the different ways fish can be a victim to water infrastructure, such as weirs, regulators and hydropower plants, as well as the design of river diversions and pumps.
Over the past 200 years, Australia has increasingly diverted more and more water from our inland rivers to maintain the demand of irrigation and agriculture. Craig has visited and worked on a variety of these diversions and he explains that the old-school pump design and gravity-fed diversions result in large amounts of debris, including logs, leaves and unfortunately fish in that collateral damage. In some instances, mature Murray cod as well as golden and silver perch have been ripped through the pumps, along with other natives. The pumps don’t recognise endangered species either.
In acknowledging this problem, Craig draws from his years of experience to explain how we can improve the way native fish navigate and live alongside man-made structures which will improve the health of rivers and our native freshwater fish.
Craig recounts some of the more significant days in his time working on fish screens, including collecting fish out of Burke irrigation dams in his university days, to travelling to the US and the UK to see how Australia can learn from other countries. Today, Craig is confident Australia is leading the world in fish passage and modern screening technology.
Craig believes one the important elements of this story is highlighting the mutual benefits of fish screens for irrigators and native fish. Craig explains that the past five years has seen a real shift as the benefits that screening provides to irrigators is a significant drawcard in growing the program across Australia. This is an episode for farmers, fishers and regional towns looking for solutions to support the health of their local rivers.
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Prominent historian Anna Clark guides us through Australia's fishing history, delving into its pre-European settlement origins and highlighting the pivotal events and encounters that have shaped the present-day sport. With meticulous research dating back to the 1700s, Anna provides a vivid depiction of the past fishing landscape. She dispels the misconception that James Cook was the first foreign fisherman in Australia, revealing the annual pilgrimages of neighboring cultures from the north long before Cook arrived in Botany Bay aboard The Endeavour in 1770.
Anna Clark, a highly respected historian affiliated with the Australian Centre for Public History at the University of Technology Sydney, is renowned for her extensive research and written works on various aspects of Australian history. Her expertise extends to the recreational and commercial fishing industry, evident in her book "The Catch: The Story of Fishing in Australia," initially published in 2018 and set to be reissued by Penguin.
Within this book, Anna meticulously documents the earliest Indigenous fishing practices and the encounters between European settlers and Australia's bountiful waters. She explores the evolution of fishing techniques, the introduction of trout and fly-fishing, and the ongoing challenges in striking a balance between the needs of commercial and recreational fishers. Through captivating storytelling and illustrations, Anna effectively captures the enduring allure and cultural significance of fishing within the Australian context.
Throughout this episode, Anna takes us on a journey through significant events in the historical fishing timeline, illuminating their impact on modern Australia. She is also driven by a desire to debunk myths. Anna challenges the popular belief that Captain Cook was the first "fisherman" to explore Australian waters, shedding light on other indigenous cultures, such as Australia's First Nations fishers and Makassan trepang fishers, who ventured to the Great Southern Land in search of seafood.
Furthermore, Anna reveals the long-standing presence of the environmental movement in Australia, exemplified by a Royal Commission investigating overfishing's consequences in the late 1800s. She also dispels the notion that Australia had an inexhaustible fish supply when European colonists first arrived, emphasizing the delicate state of the fishing ecosystem due to the country's unique climate. Although large catches were occasionally made, Anna asserts that Australia's fishing resources have always been vulnerable.
The episode follows the early colony as they spend their initial months in Australia, encountering not only new fish species and habitats but also witnessing the diverse fishing techniques employed by the First Nations peoples.
Drawing from her personal passion for angling, Anna celebrates the significant role of women in fishing and highlights it as one of the notable changes in the evolution of fishing.
Anna provides a detailed account of the rapid decline of Australia's waterways since the early days of European settlement. Habitat degradation, over-harvesting, and a lack of education punctuate her narrative on the state of fishing in the country. However, she remains hopeful that by learning from past mistakes, it is not too late to prevent history from repeating itself.
This episode of OzCast is made possible with the support of BCF – Boating, Camping, Fishing, and the One Basin CRC.
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Native fish in Australia have been fighting tooth and fin for survival and its time we paid attention. On this episode of OzCast Out of Sight Out of Mind, Australia’s authority on endangered freshwater fish and invasive species Mark Lintermans takes us through the ins and outs of the history and problems facing some of our little-known freshwater fish that are struggling to survive. In particular, the trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis and stocky galaxias, Galaxias tantangara.
Mark Lintermans is considered a leading expert in Australian freshwater ecology and fish conservation in Australia and has received several awards for his contributions in the field. He is the author of more than 300 books and articles on the subject. This podcast takes listeners on a journey through the history of some of these unknown species, and their journey to discovery and now survival in Australia.
Surprisingly, Mark tells listeners that it wasn’t until the late 1970s, that trout cod were known as a species. And we still only have a very limited understanding of small-bodied species like the stocky galaxias. Offering personal anecdotes about his role in the discovery of these species, Mark explains how long we have to go to completely understand the needs of freshwater fish in Australia.
Mark, known to many simply as ‘Linto’, first developed his passion for fish as a child through snorkelling and spearfishing with his dad around the rock platforms in Western Port Bay in Victoria. Since the early 1980s, he has specialised in the study of freshwater fish, specialising in the ecology and management of threatened fish; the impacts of introduced fish; and how to manage the major threats to freshwater habitats and their fauna. His career has centred around the fish of the Murray-Darling Basin, but he has also conducted research in the Wet Tropics, Edgbaston Springs, and the Tanami Desert (yes, there are fish in the Tanami).
Mark began his professional career in 1982 working for the ACT Parks and Conservation Service on a range of terrestrially-focused projects but soon worked his way to his love affair with native fish. That's when Mark embarked on a remarkable life journey dedicated to understanding and conserving Australia's freshwater ecosystems. After a long involvement with Murray-Darling Basin fishery, including work on native trout cod, Macquarie perch, Two-spined blackfish and introduced redfin perch, trout and oriental weatherloach, he branched out to become a part-time consultant to the Murray-Darling Basin Commission (MDBC, now MDBA).
Mark's expertise in the field quickly garnered recognition, and he soon became known for his ground-breaking research on the ecology and conservation of native fish species. His work primarily focused on understanding the factors affecting the decline of endangered and vulnerable species, which forms the focus of this OzCast.
In this episode, Mark discusses the plight of the trout cod - Maccullochella macquariensis within Australian river systems. He explains that while we can assume what happened after their discovery, the fact we thought they were a Murray cod until the 1970s meant that very little research was conducted on the species. Mark found that the trout cod abundance was undermined by the heavy exploitation of our rivers, the use of nets and traps and habitat destruction and pollution. By the early 20th century, trout cod populations had dramatically decreased and the species was on the brink of extinction.
Throughout his career, Mark has conducted extensive fieldwork, often venturing into remote and challenging environments to study and document the intricacies of freshwater ecosystems. Recently he has been researching the ecology of two of Australia newest threatened fish: the stocky galaxias and short-tail galaxias (both only formally described as species in 2014 and listed as threatened in 2022 and 2023 respectively). He has contributed to national reviews of conservation monitoring of threatened Australian fauna; coordinated and led the IUCN Red List assessment of all Australian freshwater fish; led the identification of the most imperilled Australian freshwater fish; and was part of the national team prioritising species for immediate conservation action following the 2019-20 fires in eastern Australia.
One of his focus areas has been the endangered stocky galaxias and the threat it faces from trout and wild horses. Mark, who spends most of his time in the field, explains in this episode that more attention needs to be given to these ‘forgotten’ fish. Throughout the hour interview, Mark outlines the importance of small-bodied fish to our ecosystems and runs us through a step-by-step progress to protecting them going forward.
Mark Lintermans' unwavering dedication to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and his profound contributions to fisheries ecology makes this episode of OzCast one not to miss.
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In this episode, we chat with Dr Martin Mallen-Cooper about the problems facing the Murray Darling Basin, in particular, the effect of weir pools on flow in the river and the knock-on effect this has on our native fish.
Martin takes us through a step-by-step summary of the demise of the Murray Darling Basin. He identifies five major practices that have incrementally killed fish and aquatic life in the last 100 years, which include; cold water pollution, fish barriers, weir pools, desnagging and the introduction of carp. Martin takes a particular interest in the effect of weir pools on flow and fish passage within the Murray Darling Basin and highlights that without flow, aquatic life simply cannot thrive.
This episode was recorded before the 2023 Menindee Fish Kills
Dr Martin Mallen-Cooper is an internationally respected fisheries scientist. He has advised on over 100 projects across the Murray-Darling Basin, and worked in advising governments of the Mekong River on fish ecology and fish migration. Martin is considered to be one of Australia's top experts in the management and conservation of freshwater resources.
Challenging accepted thinking has been a hallmark of his career. A good example is the accepted view that historically the Murray River dried to a series of pools in droughts. Contemporary scientists interpreted this as natural and therefore fish and other river animals are adapted to life in still pools, as well as a flowing river.
However, using archival data and research in old library files and books, Dr Mallen-Cooper and colleagues found that it was an exaggerated myth. In fact, early irrigation by numerous small pumps had caused the river to stop flowing historically. Moreover, it not only flowed but the Murray River had a big spring pulse of flow every year, even in droughts. Significantly, this meant a flowing river is the norm and that the fish are actually adapted to these conditions; this is now becoming a major theme (ecohydraulics) in environmental flow management. The finding also showed that weirs change a flowing river to pools, which has severely impacted fish and other aquatic animals. It also revealed a huge opportunity – that removing weirs can recreate the original flowing river and bring back native fish.
Along with fishways, Dr Mallen-Cooper did research on freshwater fish migration in the Murray-Darling Basin. In the 1990s he changed the predominant view that it was only adults of golden perch and silver perch migrating upstream to spawn; in fact, 95% of the migratory population were immature fish. This finding changed the primary objectives of fish passage to include these smaller fish.
With a career that has stretched over 50 years, Martin has had numerous breakthroughs that have been well-documented in academic literature. In this episode, Martin runs us through each of these achievements and the story behind how they were achieved. One of the highlights of the episode was Martin’s take on how cultural science can be an invaluable tool for the recovery of the Murray Darling Basin. He provides anecdotes of working alongside first nations people, and sheds light on the knowledge they possess that could be the key to unlocking future management systems within Australian Rivers.
Throughout his career, Dr Mallen-Cooper has been a vocal advocate for the sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems. He has played a key role in the development of numerous policies and regulations aimed at protecting and sustaining these ecosystems. In recognition of his contribution to the field, Dr Mallen-Cooper received the prestigious 2018 International Career Achievement Award in Fish Passage. Dr Mallen-Cooper’s work is widely recognized in the scientific community, and he has been invited to speak at numerous conferences and symposia on fish ecology and river rehabilitation
Join us, as we take a look below the surface.
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This OzCast episode takes a look below the surface of our litter problem in Australia and chats to internationally recognised veterinary scientist Dr Matt Landos.
Contaminants, like plastic and other chemicals derived from human activities, enter waterways and impact ecosystems. The episode uncovers more to our litter problem than what meets the eye, as the conversation examines the lifecycle of these contaminants and how their properties affect behaviours and reproduction of both fish and humans.
Matt breaks down what effect different chemicals can have on living organisms and highlights the way they travel between waterways and across lands without us ever knowing. This is the episode every recreational fisher needs to listen to and it doesn’t take long to find out why.
Matt is an expert in aquatic contaminants, and how they enter and impact aquatic ecosystems. Matt’s veterinary career commenced in a mixed dairy cattle practice on the mid-north coast in 1995. He transitioned to a full-time focus on aquatic animals working for NSW Fisheries at Wollongbar Agriculture Institute undertaking field investigations, and research, reviewing laboratory submissions and providing biosecurity policy advice. In 2005, he became the founding director of Future Fisheries Veterinary Service Pty Ltd. His business has expanded to provide field, laboratory, research and technical aquatic animal health and production veterinary services to commercial aquaculture and wild fisheries throughout Australia and overseas.
Matt’s work started initially with managing the health and productivity of many aquaculture species including a variety of fish, prawns, and shellfish in hatcheries and grow-out farms. He continues to work across tank-based systems through to earthen ponds and sea cages. This perspective offered him a terrific understanding of how aquatic animals function and reproduce. Today, he is working more and more in the wild fishery, bringing an understanding for how to restore the health and lost productivity of wild and native fisheries.
Matt has also completed projects for the International Pollutant Elimination Network (IPEN) on fisheries and pollution and worked with the National Toxics Network to seek rational regulatory reform of the Agvet chemical regulatory system.
Matt is an affiliate at Sydney University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Farm Animal Health and Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences where he has contributed to research and training undergraduate veterinarians. Future Fisheries Veterinary Service also contributes to research projects at Southern Cross University, Adelaide University, Queensland University and SARDI Aquatic Sciences. He is a former president of the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists, Aquatic Animal Health Chapter.
Join us, as we take a look below the surface.
