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Suicide in people prescribed opioid-agonist therapy in Scotland, United Kingdom, 2011–2020: A national retrospective cohort study 🔓
Addiction
This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine if opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in Scotland is protective against suicide, and measure trends in suicide rates in those with opioid dependence over time. The study included 46,453 individuals who received at least one prescription for OAT between 2011 and 2020 with over 304,000 person-years (pys) of follow-up. Results suggested that people with opioid dependence in Scotland have a greater risk of suicide than the general population. Treatment is protective, with rates of suicide lower among those on opioid agonist therapy. Suicide rates have decreased over time, during a period in which drug-related death rates in Scotland have risen to globally high levels.
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Links between adolescent binge drinking and midlife alcohol use behaviors by age, sex, and race/ethnicity 🔓
Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research
Using data from the Monitoring the Future study, which enrolled cohorts of high school seniors annually starting in 1976, this analysis evaluated alcohol drinking patterns in adults 35-60 and potential association with their drinking patterns at age 18. Overall, the reported mean number of drinks at a time ranged from 1.7 to 1.4, and the mean maximum number of drinks ranged from 3.2 to 2.3. The reported number of drinks was generally lower at older ages. Those who reported binge drinking at 18 versus those who did not report a significantly higher mean (2.3 vs. 1.3) and maximum (4.0 vs. 2.3) number of drinks as adults. Additionally, they were more likely to report binge drinking (39.5% vs 19.1%) and high-intensity drinking (10.5% vs 4.4%) as adults. Further, this association was even stronger in older age groups, suggesting adolescent binge drinking is a risk factor across the lifespan.
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Buprenorphine/Naloxone vs Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
JAMA Network
This population-based retrospective cohort study assessed whether the use of buprenorphine/naloxone is associated with lower risk of treatment discontinuation and mortality compared with methadone. It included 30,891 individuals initiating treatment for the first time during the study period and found that the risk of treatment discontinuation was higher among recipients of buprenorphine/naloxone compared with methadone (88.8% vs 81.5% within 24 months). The risk of mortality was low while in either form of treatment (0.08% vs 0.13%). Individuals receiving methadone had a lower risk of treatment discontinuation compared with those who received buprenorphine/naloxone. The risk of mortality while receiving treatment was similar between medications.
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Association of Daily Doses of Buprenorphine With Urgent Health Care Utilization 🔓
JAMA Network Open
This cross-sectional study using health care claims data from 35,451 US adults with an opioid use disorder diagnosis assessed whether buprenorphine treatment using doses higher than Food and Drug Administration recommendations is associated with subsequent acute health care utilization. Those receiving higher maximum doses of buprenorphine (i.e., doses above 16 mg and 24 mg) had significantly lower rates of acute care utilization than their peers receiving FDA-recommended doses (between 8 mg and 16 mg). These results suggest that higher doses of buprenorphine are associated with lower acute care utilization and could provide benefits to patients, particularly those using fentanyl who might need these higher doses.
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Facilitators of and barriers to buprenorphine initiation in the emergency department: a scoping review
The Lancet Regional Health Americas
In the context of the opioid overdose epidemic, great efforts have been made to increase access to medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), specifically buprenorphine. Initiation of buprenorphine in emergency departments (ED) has been a focus of these efforts. While initiation has been increasing, only 3-15% of persons treated in EDs fill a prescription. In this summary literature review, authors examined potential barriers and facilitators to initiation. Having care-coordination with streamlined and easy connection to outpatient treatment was associated with increased initiation. Conversely, the absence of care-coordination was associated with decreased uptake. Additionally, provider training and comfort increased uptake as did flexibility in induction strategies.
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Cannabis Policy Impacts Public Health and Health Equity
National Academy of Sciences Engineering Medicine
This report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine urges the federal government to provide policy guidance to states that have legalized cannabis, close regulatory loopholes on intoxicating products derived from hemp, and create a public health campaign aimed at parents and vulnerable populations, among other measures that would protect public health and reduce the harms of rising cannabis use. Federal action includes closing regulatory loopholes for hemp-derived cannabinoids, a cannabis public health campaign, best practices for cannabis policy, and improved cannabis public health data and allowing research. State action includes required training for cannabis retail staff, automatically expunging criminal records, a model for state cannabis policy, and setting product standards.
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Risk of Incident Psychosis and Mania With Prescription Amphetamines
The American Journal of Psychiatry
This case-control study used electronic health records to examine the impact of dose levels of prescription amphetamines on the risk of incident psychosis and mania with prescription amphetamines. Among 1,374 case subjects and 2,748 control subjects, the odds of psychosis and mania were increased for individuals with past-month prescription amphetamine use compared with no use. A dose-response relationship was observed; high doses of amphetamines (>30 mg dextroamphetamine equivalents) were associated with 5.28-fold increased odds of psychosis or mania. Past-month methylphenidate use was not associated with increased odds of psychosis or mania compared with no use. Caution should be exercised when prescribing high doses of amphetamines, with regular screening for symptoms of psychosis or mania.
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Cannabis Laws and Utilization of Medications for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders 🔓
JAMA Network Open
This cross-sectional study of 9,438,716 commercially insured patients examined if access to cannabis, via medical or recreational legalization, is associated with changes in the dispensing of prescription medications to treat mental health disorders. Researchers found statistically significant reductions in benzodiazepine dispensing after increases in both medical and recreational cannabis access. However, evidence suggests increases in other types of psychotropic dispensing. The study suggests that cannabis laws may be significantly associated with the population-level use of prescription drugs to treat mental health disorders, although the associations vary by drug class and state.
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State-level racial and ethnic disparities in buprenorphine treatment duration in the United States
The American Journal on Addictions
National trends reveal a concerning escalation in racial and ethnic disparities in buprenorphine treatment duration for opioid use disorder. This study examined such disparities at the state level. Analyzing 9,040,620 buprenorphine prescriptions dispensed between January 2011 and December 2020 from IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription data, the study revealed substantial statewide variations in racial and ethnic disparities. Specifically, 21 states showed longer treatment durations for White people across all episodes, and 8 states displayed similar trends among episodes lasting ≥180 days. Longer treatment durations for White people in both overall and long-term episodes were exhibited in 5 states, and 15 states showed no racial and ethnic disparities.
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Virtual reality-based Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE-VR) as an adjunct to medications for opioid use disorder: a Phase 1 trial 🔓
Annals of Medicine
Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) uses mindfulness training to address dysregulation in brain reward systems. MORE has been shown to reduce drug cue reactivity and in an RCT reduced opioid misuse 45% at 9 months. Face-to-face MORE requires significant time of trained clinicians, and this study explored the feasibility of delivering MORE by virtual reality (VR). Treatment consisted of 8 weekly, one-hour MORE-VR sessions. Patients could choose the VR setting for their meditation (beach, forest, waterfall) and interact with virtual drugs and paraphernalia during session 5, which was devoted to examining and managing craving. Of 38 patients, 68% completed 4 or more sessions and 50% completed all sessions. Opioid use decreased significantly (p =.04), as well as craving (p<.001), and results showed a significant increase in positive affect (p<.001).
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The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health🔓
The Lancet Psychiatry
Mental ill health, which has been the leading health and social issue impacting the lives and futures of young people for decades, has entered a dangerous phase. Accumulating research evidence indicates that in many countries, the mental health of emerging adults has been declining steadily over the past two decades, with a major surge of mental ill health driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, the measures taken to contain it, and its aftermath. This alarming trend signals a warning that global megatrends (major, long-lasting societal changes such as environmental, social, economic, political, or technological changes) and changes in many societies around the world in the past two decades have harmed the mental health of young people and increased mental ill health among them.
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Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Mortality Among Older Adults With Health-Related or Socioeconomic Risk Factors
JAMA Network Open
This British study included 135,103 older (median age 64) adults and compared drinking patterns with mortality during a median follow-up of 12 years. Compared to occasional drinkers, low-risk drinkers had higher cancer mortality (HR, 1.11), moderate-risk drinkers had higher all-cause and cancer mortality (HRs, 1.10 and 1.15), and high-risk drinking had higher all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality (HRs, 1.33, 1.39, and 1.21). These results contrast with earlier studies showing protective effects of low- to moderate-risk drinking. Researchers used occasional drinkers as the control group, where previous studies used abstainers including former drinkers with residual health effects. There was a small protective effect of drinking only with meals and drinking wine. In conclusion, the authors failed to find a protective effect of low-risk drinking on mortality.
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Physician Reluctance to Intervene in Addiction: A Systematic Review
JAMA Network Open
This systematic review of 283 articles explored the reasons physicians give for not addressing substance use and addiction in their clinical practice. The institutional environment (81.2% of articles) was the most common reason given for physicians not intervening in addiction, followed by lack of skill (73.9%), cognitive capacity (73.5%), and knowledge (71.9%). These findings suggest that efforts should be directed at creating institutional environments that facilitate the delivery of evidence-based addiction care while improving access to education and training opportunities for physicians to practice the necessary skills.
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Host Dr. Nick Athanasiou sat down with Drs. Matisyahu Shulman and Adam Bisaga to discuss the study they recently authored titled Rapid Initiation of Injection Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial. The doctors share their findings and the impact and implications of the study.
Subscribe to The ASAM Weekly to read the guest editorial:
Guest Editorial: Rapid Initiation of Injectable Extended-Release Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder: A Time for Paradigm Shift in Treatment Protocols
This project has been funded as a whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. 75N95020C00028.
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Social Vulnerability and Prevalence and Treatment for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
JAMA Psychiatry
This is a survey study of 4,674 participants from US households that examined the association between social vulnerability and mental health and substance use disorders and related treatment in the US noninstitutionalized population of adults aged 18 years and older. Large increases in several mental health and substance use disorders and corresponding decreases in treatment were found in the most socially vulnerable communities. The findings suggest that routine measurement of social vulnerability might assist in developing more comprehensive care models that integrate medical and social care for mental health and substance use disorders.
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Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain
Nature
To assess how human brain network changes relate to the subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics, this study tracked individual-specific brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping (roughly 18 magnetic resonance imaging visits per participant). Psilocybin massively disrupted functional connectivity (FC) in the cortex and subcortex, acutely causing more than threefold greater change than methylphenidate. These FC changes were driven by brain desynchronization across spatial scales (areal, global), which dissolved network distinctions by reducing correlations within and anticorrelations between networks. Persistent reduction of hippocampal-default mode network connectivity may represent a neuroanatomical and correlate of the proplasticity and therapeutic effects of psychedelics.
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Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children
JAMA Network Open
This cross-sectional study of 1,777 US children aged 3 to 11 years examined how children’s nicotine absorption, as indexed by serum cotinine level, differ among those exposed to (1) secondhand tobacco smoke only, (2) secondhand e-cigarette vapor only, or (3) neither. Compared with children exposed to secondhand smoke only, nicotine absorption was 83.6% lower in those exposed to secondhand vapor only and 96.7% lower in those exposed to neither. These findings suggest that children absorb much more nicotine from secondhand smoke than from secondhand vapor; switching from smoking to vaping indoors may substantially reduce children’s secondhand exposure to nicotine and other noxious substances, but both smoke and vapor increase children’s absorption vs no exposure.
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Benzodiazepine use in relation to long-term dementia risk and imaging markers of neurodegeneration: a population-based study 🔓
BMC Medicine
This study examined the relationship between benzodiazepine (BZD) use and dementia, using data from the population-based Rotterdam (Netherlands) study started in 1990. For 5,443 participants, BZD use during the 15 years from 1990 to 2005 was compared to dementia screens performed through 2020. Half of the participants had used BZD at some time during the 15-year baseline, and 13% developed dementia. Overall, there was no association between BZD use and dementia risk. However, the use of BZD as an anxiolytic in higher doses was associated with dementia risk (HR=1.3). The authors note that BZD with longer half-life are used as anxiolytics, whereas short half-life BZD are used as sedative-hypnotics. A reduction in hippocampal volume on MRI was also associated with BZD use. Overall, there was no association of BZD use with dementia risk, however, some associations were observed that deserve further study.
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Extended-release ketamine tablets for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Nature Medicine
The safety and tolerability of racemic ketamine may be improved if given orally, as an extended-release tablet (R-107), compared with other routes of administration. In this phase 2 multicenter clinical trial, male and female adult patients with treatment-resistant major depression (TRD) and Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores ≥20 received open-label R-107 tablets 120 mg per day for 5 days and were assessed on day 8 (enrichment phase). On day 8, responders (MADRS scores ≤12 and reduction ≥50%) were randomized to receive double-blind R-107 doses of 30, 60, 120, or 180 mg, or placebo, twice weekly for 12 weeks. Nonresponders on day 8 exited the study. Tolerability was excellent, with no changes in blood pressure, minimal reports of sedation, and minimal dissociation. The most common adverse events were headache, dizziness, and anxiety. R-107 tablets were effective, safe, and well tolerated in patients with TRD, enriched for initial response to R-107 tablets.
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