Episodi
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Today belongs to the architect. He sees towers before they pierce the sky and opportunity before it transforms into the extraordinary. He knows that what he wants most can not be given. It must be sculpted. So, he builds. He builds because those skylines don't raise themselves from the earth. The extraordinary does not appear on its own. They are dreamed into existence by the architects of reality. The ones who seek not to take from the world but to contribute to it.
今天，是属于建造者的。建造者，在万丈高楼平地起之前，就看见了根基，在奇迹出现之前，就看到了机遇。他很清楚，自己想要的东西不是现成的，他必须下足苦功，精雕细琢。所以，他不断筑造，不断建设，因为天际线不会凭空出现，奇迹不会自己发生。是建造者们以它们为理想，努力奋斗，才把它们变成了现实。
Today is the beginning of something new, something better, something worth remembering. And it's existed long before the present moment, waiting for your vision, your courage, your persistence to bring it to life. Too many times we fail to reach into the realm of what we know and get more of ourselves. It's okay to struggle, to be wrong, to have to rebuild a thousand times, but the great tragedy is closing our eyes and walking by life's opportunities. Everything you need to rebuild the life you dream of is around you. Your every move. If only you'd reach for it, see it before your eyes to become the architect of change.
今天是一个全新的开始，是一个更好的开始，是一个值得纪念的开始，它在很久之前就已经存在了，但你要有眼见、有胆识、有毅力，才能让它成真。很多时候，我们无法在自己擅长的领域一展身手。挣扎，犯错，重来无数次，这都没问题。真正的悲剧在于我们对宝贵的机会视而不见。如果你想创造自己梦寐以求的生活，其实，你所需要的东西就在你身边，你的每个举动都与此有关。如果你能够付出努力，预见机会，创造改变，那么，你的梦想就可以成真。
Nothing is impossible when you are the one setting the rules, when your hand draws the guidelines. You are not at the mercy of the world, you are creating it. This is yours and there will never be a moment like it again. So don't run from it or hope life gives you what you want. Take the pieces in front of you and construct your masterpiece.
如果你是规则的制定者，你是蓝图的描绘者，那么一切皆有可能。世界无法控制你，事实上，你正在改造世界。一切都取决于你，机不可失，时不再来。所以，不要逃避，不要以为生活会把你想要的一切都给你。收拾好眼前的苟且，去创造你自己的奇迹吧。
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Become your ideal self 成为理想的自己
Happiness is the process of becoming your ideal self.
快乐，就是成为理想中的自己的过程。
Completing a marathon makes us happier than eating a chocolate cake. Raising a child makes us happier than beating a video game.
与吃一块巧克力蛋糕相比，跑完一场马拉松让我们更快乐。与打赢电子游戏相比，养育一个孩子让我们更快乐。
Starting a small business with friends and struggling to make money makes us happier than buying a new computer.
与买一台新电脑相比，和朋友创业并努力挣钱让我们更快乐。
And the funny thing is that all three of the activities above are exceedingly unpleasant and require setting high expectations and potentially failing to always meet them.
有趣的是，这三件事，都是非常令人不适的事情，它们需要我们拥有很高的期待，并且我们无法一直都能满足这么高的期待。
Yet, they are some of the most meaningful moments and activities of our lives. They involve pain, struggle, even anger and despair, yet once we've done them, we look back and get misty-eyed about them.
然而，它们却是我们生命中最有意义的瞬间，最有意义的事情。它们让我们经历痛苦，挣扎，甚至愤怒，绝望，但是，一旦做成了这些事，在回首往事时，我们就会感慨得泪眼朦胧。
Why? Because it's these sorts of activities which allow us to become our ideal selves. It's the perpetual pursuit of fulfilling our ideal selves which grants us happiness, regardless of superficial pleasures or pain, regardless of positive or negative emotions.
为什么？因为这样的事情，使我们成为理想中的自己。无论我们遇到的是快乐还是痛苦，是积极情感还是消极情感，如果能做到长期追求实现自我价值，这就能给我们带来快乐。
This is why some people are happy in war and others are sad at weddings. It's why some are excited to work and others hate parties. The traits they're inhabiting don't align with their ideal selves.
所以，很多人身处战争，却感到快乐，很多人置身婚礼，却充满悲伤。所以，很多人一提到工作就兴奋，而有的人却讨厌派对。他们自身的个性，和他们向往成为的自己，这两者并不一致。
The end results don't define our ideal selves. It's not finishing the marathon that makes us happy. It's achieving a difficult long-term goal that does.
事情的结果并不能决定我们理想的自己是什么样的。真正让我们开心的，不是跑完马拉松，而是实现一个长期目标。
It's not having an awesome kid to show off that makes us happy, but knowing that you gave yourself up to the growth of another human being that is special.
让我们开心的，不是拥有一位可以让我们炫耀的优秀的孩子，而是你知道自己把所有的时间精力都投入另一个人的成长中，这是非常特别的。
It's not the prestige and money from the new business that makes you happy. It's the process of overcoming all odds with people you care about.
让你开心的，不是新事业带来的名望和钱财，而是和你在乎的人一起克服困难的过程。
And this is the reason that trying to be happy inevitably will make you unhappy. Because to try to be happy implies that you are not already inhabiting your ideal self.
所以，这就是为什么如果你努力地想追求快乐，过程必然会让你感觉不那么快乐。因为，如果努力追求快乐，这意味着你还没有成为理想中自己。
You are not aligned with the qualities of who you wish to be. After all, if you were acting out your ideal self, then you wouldn't feel the need to try to be happy.
你尚未拥有那些你梦想拥有一些美好的品质。毕竟，如果你已经展现出了你理想中自我的样子，你就不需要再去努力尝去寻找。
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Episodi mancanti?
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UNBEATABLE 永不言败
There's something about the way we perceive success, that results in one of the greatest tragedies of our time, and that's the belief that successful people, the ones at the top of their game, that talent is what punched their ticket, that destiny is what brought them to the finish line. And that's wrong. It's wrong because it takes the journey. It takes the struggle, the scratching and climb that it takes to get to the top of the mountain and it throws it out the window. Right it completely mitigates what's most important. In the real world, the one we're living in, it doesn't matter who you are, you are never entitled to a result.
我们对成功的一个认识导致了我们这个时代最大的悲剧之一，那就是，我们以为，对于那些走上人生巅峰的成功人士而言，天赋是他们的通行证，命运是他们的神助攻。这种想法是错误的。成功需要艰难跋涉，需要困苦挣扎，需要拼命往上攀爬，才能到达人生的顶峰，但这种想法忽略了这些重要的东西。它完全弱化了最重要的事情。在真实的世界里，在我们所生活的这个世界里，你是谁并不重要，没有什么结果是命中注定的。
Victory is a product of the fight. And the biggest favor you can ever do for yourself as you progress through life's ups and downs, through the good the bad through rough times, is know that you were going through what every successful person every champion every innovator in the history of mankind has gone through. Struggle is perfection in progress. It's a sign that you were in the midst of what separates the great from average. It's a necessary step and it's the most important step you will ever take. Because 99% of people cannot see past it. The world see struggle hardship has the time to pack it up, to walk away, to be intimidated. But the best, I'm telling you, they look at struggle differently.
成功是拼搏的结果。当你走过人生的起起落落，走过最好的和最坏的时代，你能给自己的最大帮助，就是认识到，你所经历的，就是历史上的那些成功者、胜利者、创新者们所经历的。挣扎是成长中的完美。挣扎，意味着你正在经历的事情，能够将伟大灵魂从平庸之辈中区分出来。于你而言，这是必要的，也是最重要的一步。因为99%的人无法看清这个事实。世界上大多数人只看到了拼搏的痛苦，他们草草收场撤退，落荒而逃。但是，我要告诉你，最优秀的人，他们眼中的拼搏是不一样的。
Just like you can't get fit without the blood the sweat that tears the gym, you can't make deals without the hustle. You can't make things happen if you don't move forward in the face of adversity. When the word no is staring you in the eyes that's all part of the process. Winners walk on. From Lincoln to Jordan to Oprah, we've heard the stories. But so often were hesitant to implement the work ethic, the winning formula. It doesn't change and it never will.
正如你需要在健身房里挥洒血汗才能变得强健一样，你需要拼劲和冲劲才能将事情做好。如果你不能直面逆境奋勇向前，你就会一事无成。当退缩的念头、说"不"的念头涌上来，你要知道，这是奋斗拼搏的一部分。胜者会选择继续往前走。从林肯、乔丹，到欧普拉，类似的故事我们听过很多。但往往我们总是太犹豫，没能将我们的奋斗精神、制胜法宝发挥出来，这样的话，现状永远不会改变。
But part of that is not being afraid to fail, right not being scared of rejection. Welcome that allow you to tempt any small failure that comes your way to stack up, so at the end of the day you can stand on them and reach levels of success that simply were not there a year ago, two years ago. You know we didn't decide to put a human on the moon and expect it to happen the following Tuesday. Excellence takes time. Achievements take patience. Learning. Reassessing. It's a pursuit that must be tenacious. Right we're getting knocked down isn't a detriment. It's a blessing, because it's refining our approach. We want that. We need it.
但，必不可少的一部分，就是，我们不能恐惧失败，不能恐惧闭门羹。去面对这些，这会让你将路上遇到的每次小失败累积起来，这样，你最终会以它们为垫脚石，得到一两年前你想都不敢想的成就。你要明白，我们并不是今天决定让人类登月然后下周二就能成真。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。欲速则不达。不断学习。不断反思。这是一个百折不挠的追求。我们被打倒，这不是什么坏事。这是我们的幸事，因为它正在磨练我们的策略。这是我们想要的，也是我们需要的。
Overshooting your potential will never be a problem because if you want it bad enough you will stretch yourself you will find a way. It's aiming low that kills us that destroys greatness at its roots, because we kill it before we even give it a chance to grow. Then the safe road, my friend, holds no victories, only regrets. You can ask me 100 times and I will answer the same way every single time. I would always trade discomfort now for victory later. It may seem like a lot to ask. It may appear tough. But trust me. The price is much steeper later on to sit back let life go by then wish that we turned our opportunity into something real.
高估自己的潜力绝不是什么问题，因为如果你对一样东西足够渴望，你就会逼着自己去寻求方法。目标过低，会将伟大扼杀在萌芽之中，因为我们连一个成长的机会都没有给它。我的朋友，安逸的道路上没有胜利，只有悔恨。就算你问我一百次，我每次都会这样回答。我会用当下的不自在来换取日后的胜利。这看起来要求很高，这看起来非常困难，但，相信我，到你以后回忆往事、懊悔当初没能实现你的愿景时，你会发现，你所付出的代价更加沉重。
So, your questions, your anxiety, should never revolver on whether or not you're comfortable because if you want something bad enough you know that being uncomfortable is an ingredient. Your question should be whether you are giving enough, whether that person next to you who wants the same thing you want, by the way, will be able to give the effort that you can, who'll be able to man up and make this sacrifice that you have.
因此，你的困惑，你的焦虑，不应该只关注你现在是否安逸，因为如果足够渴望某样东西，你就要知道，不适和痛苦是躲不开的。你应该问一下自己，你付出的是否够多，和你有同样追求的人是否付出了和你一样多的努力，是否和你一样勇敢，是否做出了和你一样的牺牲。
If you want to be the best your mindset needs to reflect the best. You need to think differently than ordinary people right let others focus on the tip of the iceberg. You know that excellence lies in everything underneath the surface in what cannot be seen. That's your gold mine. That's your ticket. So, take mediocrity and make it excellence. Take what's yours and hold it up for the world to see because what hurts now in the present is the very same thing that will transform your life down the road.
如果你想成为最优秀的人，你的思维模式必须是最优秀的。普通人只关注冰山的顶端，你的思考必须和他们不一样。你要知道，卓越的秘密潜藏在水面底下，藏在看不到的地方。那就是你的宝藏，那就是你的通行证。因此，你要变平凡为非凡。拿好你自己的牌，举高，让全世界知道，现在杀不死你的，终将使未来的你更加强大！
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Stop apologizing!
Stop apologizing. Stop apologizing for who you are, what you believe, and how you see the world. Stop apologizing for your failures. They lift you up. They push you to be more.
停止道歉。不要因为你做自己、你的信仰、你的世界观而感到抱歉。不要因为自己的失败而感到抱歉。你的失败，让你成长，让你变得更优秀。
Stop apologizing for being different, unusual or unique. There's a saying that if you are lucky enough to be different, don't ever change. Embrace that. Hold it.
不要因为自己与众不同而感到抱歉。有一句话说得好，如果你足够幸运，能够与众不同，那就永远不要改变。要欣然接受，并努力保持你的独特之处。
Stop apologizing for taking a path less traveled, for breaking away from the pack. It's not an insufficiency. It doesn't mean you couldn't go their way. It means you have the courage to be yourself in a world trying to make you someone else.
选择了少有人走的路，拒绝从众，这些都不该是你感到抱歉的理由。这不是什么缺点，这并不意味着你无法走别人的路。这意味着，在这样一个尝试改变你的世界里，你有足够的勇气做自己。
Stop apologizing for words that don't align with someone else's ideology or world view. Your job isn't to appease or conform, is to grab hold of what lights a fire in you, and use it to brighten the world around you.
不要因为你说了别人不同意的话，或者表达了与别人不同的世界观而感到抱歉。你无需取悦他们，无需迎合他们的观点。你应该抓住内心的热情，让它照亮你周围的世界。
Stop apologizing for your dreams. It's okay to not be content where you are. It's okay to want to grow, to become more.
不要因为自己有梦想而感到抱歉。不满足于现状，这是很正常的。想要成长，想要变得更优秀，这是很自然的事。
The roots planting them to the ground, they are not yours. And why waste the opportunity beyond the horizon of your current existence?
梦想的根基，并不属于你。为何要浪费机会去追逐无法实现的事？
See, having the courage of your convictions is like unlocking your mind. Realizing that, yeah, you have the key and you've had it all.
看吧，有坚定的信念，就是在解放自己的思想。意识到这一点，你就能够获得自己想要的一切。
No one else gets to set your parameters. They don't get to tell you what's right or what to believe. The people around you are not moral arbiters. They're not protectors of truth.
没有人能定义你。事情的对错，信念的选择，他们都无法替你做决定。你周围的人，他们不是道德裁判官，也不是真理的守护者。
Remember that. Remember that no one knows better than you what's best for you. That's why there's power in intuition in following your beliefs, your strengths, in doing what makes you happy relentlessly, pursuing what makes you feel alive.
请记住这一点。请记住，除了你自己，没有人知道对你而言什么是最好的。所以，要跟着直觉走，这将给你无限力量，让你追寻自己的信仰，发挥自己的优势，努力做让自己幸福的事情，追求让你感受到生命意义的东西。
The thing about dreams, ideas, potential, they're always meaningless, until they're not. See, everything is crazy, until it exists.
梦想，理念，潜力，在得到实现之前，它们都是没有意义的。看吧，一个事物，在没有面世之前，人们都会认为这是疯狂的想法，所有事物都如此。
So protect it. Don't bow down to pressures of now, simply because you have not yet built tomorrow. You will, if you want it, you will. Some messages they are incredibly simple, and this, my friends, is one of those.
请保护好它。不要因为你还没构建好未来，就向当下的压力低头。有些道理，是非常简单的。朋友，我告诉你的，就是这样的道理。
You have everything you need to become who you want to be right now. As you listen to this in real time, you don't need approval or permission or acceptance. You don't need to belong or be told it's normal.
你想成为理想中的自己，现在已经万事俱备了。当你听到这些道理时，你不需要认同，或者要去获得允许、接纳。你不需要让自己从属于某个群体，或者要让别人来告诉你，一切都很正常。
You simply need to start, to know that you will pick yourself up when you fall and keep going.
你只需要行动起来，在自己跌倒的时候，能自己勇敢地站起来并继续向前。你要明白这个道理。
Not apologize, but continue placing one foot in front of the other. Not look externally for a will to carry on that only exists within you. See, the second you begin rewriting the rules, changing the game, you put yourself in position to emerge victorious.
不是道歉，而是继续往前走。不要从外部寻找只存在于你内心的意志。 当你开始改写规则，改变游戏规则的那一刻，你就把自己置于了获胜的位置。
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You Have Only One Life 生命只有一次
There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!
生活中，有时强烈的思念使我们恨不得一把将所爱的人从梦中拽出来，紧紧地拥入怀中。
Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.
做自己想做的梦;去自己想去的地方;做自己想做的人吧!因为你只有一次生命、一 个机会做所有你想做的事情。
May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy.
愿你有足够的欢乐，让自己甜蜜;有足够的考验，让自己坚强;有足够的悲伤，让自己 富有人情味;有足够的希望，让自己幸福。
Always put yourself in others’ shoes. If you feel that it hurt you, it probably hurts the other person, too.
要经常换位思维。一件事情，若是你感到对自己有伤害，就可能也对他人有伤害。
The happiest of people don’t necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.
最幸福的人并不一定是那些拥有最好东西的人，而是能够将得到的东西变得最好的人。
Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched, and those who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives. Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear.
幸福属于那些哭过的人，那些受过伤害的人，那些探索过的人，以及那些尝试过的人。因为只有他们才懂得对自己生活有影响的人们的重要性。爱以微笑开始，在亲吻中成长， 以泪水终结。
The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past; you can’t go on well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches.
一片光明的未来往往建立在难以忘却的过去之上。只有忘却以往的失敗和悲痛，你才能过得更好。
Please send this message to those people who mean something to you. And if you don’t, don’t worry, nothing bad will happen to you, you will just miss out on the opportunity to brighten someone’s day with this message.
请把这信息传递给那些你所关心的人。如果你没有这样做，也不要紧。没有什么大不了的事情，你只是错过了用这些言语照亮他人日子的机会。
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TheTruthAboutLying （part 3）
So what are we missing? It is obvious that the more information you give away, the greater the chances of some of it coming back to haunt you. As a result, liars tend to say less and provide fewer details than truth-tellers. Looking back at the transcripts of the interviews with the presenter, his lie about Gone with the Wind contained about 40 words, whereas the truth about Some Like It Hot was nearly twice as long. People who lie also try psychologically to keep a distance from their falsehoods, and so tend to include fewer references to themselves in their stories. In his entire interview about Gone with the Wind, the presenter only once mentioned how the film made him feel, compared with the several references to his feelings when he talked about Some Like It Hot.
The simple fact is that the real clues to deceit are in the words that people use, not the body language. So do people become better lie detectors when they listen to a liar, or even just read a transcript of their comments? The interviews with the presenter were also broadcast on radio and published in a newspaper, and although the lie-detecting abilities of the television viewers were no better than chance, the newspaper readers were correct 64% of the time, and the radio listeners scored an impressive 73% accuracy rate.
那么我们遗漏了什么呢?很明显，你提供的信息越多，其中一些信息回来困扰你的可能性就越大。 因此，说谎者往往比说真话的人说得更少，提供的细节也更少。 回头看看主持人的采访记录，他关于《乱世佳人》的谎言大约有40个单词，而关于《热情似火》的真话几乎是他的两倍。说谎的人在心理上也会试图与他们的谎言保持距离，所以往往会在他们的故事中少提到他们自己。 在关于《乱世佳人》的整个采访中，主持人只提到过一次这部电影带给他的感受，而在谈到《热情似火》时，他多次提到自己的感受。
一个简单的事实是，欺骗的真正线索是人们使用的语言中，而不是肢体语言。那么，当人们倾听说谎者，或者仅仅是阅读他们评论的文字记录时，他们就能更好地识破谎言吗?当时对主持人的采访也在广播中播出了，并刊登在报纸上了，尽管电视观众的测谎能力并不比随机猜测强多少，但报纸读者的测谎准确率高达64%，而广播听众的测谎准确率高达73%。
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TheTruthAboutLying （part 2）
So what are the tell-tale signs that give away a lie? In 1994, the psychologist Richard Wiseman devised a large-scale experiment on a TV programme called Tomorrow's World. As part of the experiment, viewers watched two interviews in which Wiseman asked a presenter in front of the cameras to describe his favourite film. In one interview, the presenter picked Some Like It Hot and he told the truth; in the other interview, he picked Gone with the Wind and lied. The viewers were then invited to make a choice - to telephone in to say which film he was lying about. More than 30,000 calls were received, but viewers were unable to tell the difference and the vote was a 50/50 split. In similar experiments, the results have been remarkably consistent - when it comes to lie detection, people might as well simply toss a coin. It doesn’t matter if you are male or female, young or old; very few people are able to detect deception.
Why is this? Professor Charles Bond from the Texas Christian University has conducted surveys into the sorts of behaviour people associate with lying. He has interviewed thousands of people from more than 60 countries, asking them to describe how they set about telling whether someone is lying. People’s answers are remarkably consistent. Almost everyone thinks liars tend to avert their gaze, nervously wave their hands around and shift about in their seats. There is, however, one small problem. Researchers have spent hour upon hour carefully comparing films of liars and truth-tellers. The results are clear. Liars do not necessarily look away from you; they do not appear nervous and move their hands around or shift about in their seats. People fail to detect lies because they are basing their opinions on behaviours that are not actually associated with deception.
谎言的真相(二) 你能看破谎言吗？
那么，揭穿谎言的迹象是什么呢? 1994年，心理学家理查德·怀斯曼(Richard Wiseman)在一个名为《明日世界》(Tomorrow's World)的电视节目中设计了一项大规模实验。 作为实验的一部分，观众观看了两个访谈，在访谈中，怀斯曼让主持人在摄像机前描述他最喜欢的电影。 在一次采访中，主持人选择了电影《热情似火》，他说了实话;在另一次采访中，他选择了电影《乱世佳人》并撒了谎。然后观众被邀请做出选择——打电话告知他在哪部电影上撒了谎。 该节目接到了3万多个电话，但观众们看不出有什么不同，投票结果是50对50。 在类似的实验中，结果是非常一致的——当涉及到测谎时，人们的准确率可能更像只是简单地扔硬币。无论你是男是女，年轻还是年老;很少有人能识破骗局。
这是为什么呢?德克萨斯基督教大学的查尔斯·邦德教授对人们与说谎相关的行为进行了调查。 他采访了来自60多个国家的数千人，请他们描述如何判断一个人是否在说谎。 人们的回答非常一致。 几乎所有人都认为说谎者倾向于转移他们的目光，紧张地挥舞他们的手，在他们的座位上移动。 然而，有一个小问题。 研究人员花了好很长时间仔细比较说谎者和讲真话者的录像。结果很明显。 说谎者不一定会把目光从你身上移开;他们不显得紧张，也不动他们的手或在他们的座位上移动。 人们之所以无法察觉谎言，是因为他们把自己的观点建立在与欺骗无关的行为之上。
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TheTruthAboutLying
In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area of Interspecies communication, Dr Francine Patterson from Stanford University attempted to teach two lowland gorillas called Michael and Koko a simplified version of Sign Language. According to Patterson, the great apes were capable of holding meaningful conversations, and could even reflect upon profound topics, such as love and death. During the project, their trainers believe they uncovered instances where the two gorillas' linguistic skills seemed to provide reliable evidence of intentional deceit. In one example, Koko broke a toy cat, and then signed to indicate that the breakage had been caused by one of her trainers.
In another episode, Michael ripped a jacket belonging to a trainer and, when asked who was responsible for the incident, signed ‘Koko’. When the trainer expressed some scepticism, Michael appeared to change his mind, and indicated that Dr Patterson was actually responsible, before finally confessing.
Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children. Some of the most interesting experiments have involved asking youngsters not to take a peek at their favourite toys. During these studies, a child is led into a laboratory and asked to face one of the walls. The experimenter then explains that he is going to set up an elaborate toy a few feet behind them. After setting up the toy, the experimenter says that he has to leave the laboratory, and asks the child not to turn around and peek at the toy. The child is secretly filmed by hidden cameras for a few minutes, and then the experimenter returns and asks them whether they peeked. Almost all three-year-olds do, and then half of them lie about it to the experimenter. By the time the children have reached the age of five, all of them peek and all of them lie. The results provide compelling evidence that lying starts to emerge the moment we learn to speak.
谎言的真相 （第一部） 谎言的起源
在20世纪70年代，作为一个探索物种间交流领域的大规模研究项目的一部分，斯坦福大学的弗朗辛·帕特森博士试图教两只低地大猩猩迈克尔和科科一种简化版的手语。 根据帕特森的说法，类人猿能够进行有意义的对话，甚至能够思考深刻的话题，比如爱和死亡。 在这个项目中，他们的训练者相信他们发现了这两只大猩猩的语言技能似乎提供了蓄意欺骗的可靠证据。 在一个例子中，Koko弄坏了一只玩具猫，然后用手势表示破损是由她的一位训练员造成的。
在另一集中，迈克尔撕破了一名教练的夹克，当被问及谁对此事负责时，他用手语表达了“科科”。 当教练表示怀疑时，迈克尔似乎改变了主意，并暗示帕特森博士确实有责任，最后他才坦白。
其他研究人员探索了儿童欺骗的发展。一些最有趣的实验是要求青少年不要偷看他们最喜欢的玩具。 在这些研究中，一个孩子被带进一个实验室，并被要求面对一面墙。 然后实验者解释说，他将在他们身后几英尺处设置一个精致的玩具。 设置好玩具后，实验者说他必须离开实验室，并要求孩子不要转身偷看玩具。 孩子被隐藏的摄像机秘密拍摄了几分钟，然后实验者回来问他们是否偷看了。 几乎所有三岁的孩子都会偷看，但其中一半的孩子会对实验者撒谎。当孩子们长到五岁时，所有的孩子都会偷看，都会撒谎。 研究结果提供了令人信服的证据，证明从我们学会说话的那一刻起，谎言就开始出现了。
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Relict Behavior
In general, animals act in ways that help them to survive within their specific habitats. However, sometimes an animal species may display a behavior that no longer serves a clear purpose. The original purpose for the behavior may have disappeared long ago, even thousands of years before. These behaviors, known as relict behaviors, were useful to the animal when the species’ habitat was different; but now, because of changed conditions, the behavior no longer serves its original purpose. Left over from an earlier time, the behavior remains as a relict, or remnant, long after the environmental circumstance that influenced its evolution has vanished.
OK, ah..so a good example of this, found right here in North America, is something an animal called the American pronghorn does. Pronghorns, as you may know, are a kind of deer-like animal. They live out on the open grassy plains, somewhat in the middle of North America. And they are super-fast.
Pronghorns are in fact noted for being the fastest animal in the western hemisphere. Once a pronghorn starts running, zoom, none of its present-day predators, like the bobcat or coyote, can even hope to catch up with it. It’s off in a flash OK, so why then do pronghorns run so fast? That’s the question. Well, it turns out that quite a long time ago - I’m talking tens of thousands of years - things on the grassy plains used to be very different for the pronghorns, because back then, lions used to live on the plains, chasing and preying upon the pronghorns And lions, of course, are a very swift-moving mammal, much faster than the bobcat or coyote or other predators that you find on the plains today.
But now, however, lions are all extinct in North America There is no longer a predator of the pronghorn Tens of thousands of years ago, though, the lions were there, chasing the pronghorns, so back then, the pronghorn’s speed was critical to its survival.
遗留行为
一般来说，动物的行为方式有助于它们在特定的栖息地中生存。然而，有时一种动物可能会表现出一种目的或功用不明确的行为。这种行为的最初目的可能在很久以前就消失了，甚至在几千年前。 这些行为被称为遗留行为，当物种的栖息地不同时，这些行为对动物是有用的;但现在，由于条件的改变，这种行为不再满足其最初存在的目的了。在影响其进化的环境消失很久之后，这种从早期遗留下来的行为作为一种残留的行为而遗留下来。
好的，这有一个很好的例子，在北美有一种叫做美洲叉角羚的动物。你可能知道，叉角羚是一种类似鹿的动物。 它们生活在开阔的草原上，差不多在北美的中部。 而且它们非常快。
事实上，叉角羚是西半球跑得最快的动物。一旦叉角羚开始奔跑，嗖，现在的捕食者，如山猫或土狼，甚至都没有希望追上它。那叉角羚为什么跑得这么快呢?这是个问题。 嗯,事实证明很长时间以前,我是说成千上万年前，草原环境对叉角羚是非常不同的,因为在当时,狮子住在平原,追逐和掠夺叉角羚。狮子,当然,是一个行动非常迅速的哺乳动物,比山猫、土狼或其他你今天在平原上发现的食肉动物快得多。
但是现在，北美的狮子都灭绝了。现在已经没有叉角羚的捕食者了。然而，数万年前，狮子还在那里，追逐着叉角羚，所以在那个时候，叉角羚的速度对它的生存至关重要。
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臣亮言：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，
Permit me to observe: the late emperor was taken from us before he could finish his life`s work, the restoration of Han.
今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
Today, the empire is still divided in three, and our very survival is threatened.
然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，
Yet still the officials at court and the soldiers throughout the realm remain loyal to you, your majesty.
盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。
Because they remember the late emperor, all of them, and they wish to repay his kindness in service to you.
诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，
This is the moment to extend your divine influence, to honour the memory of the late Emperor and strengthen the morale of your officers.
不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
It is not time to listen to bad advice, or close your ears to the suggestions of loyal men.
宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。
The court and the administration are as one. Both must be judged by one standard.
若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，
Those who are loyal and good must get what they deserve, but so must the evil-doers who break the law.
以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
This will demonstrate the justice of your rule. There cannot be one law for the court and another for the administration.
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨补阙漏，有所广益。
Counselors and attendants like Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun are all reliable men, loyal of purpose and pure in motive. The late Emperor selected them for office so that they would serve you after his death.These are the men who should be consulted on all palace affairs.
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用之于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。
Xiang Chong has proved himself a fine general in battle, and the late Emperor believed in him. That is why the assembly has recommended him for overall command. It will keep the troops happy if he is consulted on all military matters.
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；
The emperors of the Western Han chose their courtiers wisely, and their dynasty flourished.
亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。
The emperors of the Eastern Han chose poorly, and they doomed the empire to ruin.
先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。
Whenever the late Emperor discussed this problem with me, he lamented the failings of Emperors Huan and Ling.
侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
Advisors like Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi, and Jiang Wan – these are all men of great integrity and devotion. I encourage you to trust them, your majesty, if the house of Han is to rise again.
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。
I begin as a common man, farming in my fields in Nanyang, doing what I could to survive in an age of chaos. I never had any interest in making a name for myself as a noble.
先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，
The late Emperor was not ashamed to visit my cottage and seek my advice.
由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。
Grateful for his regard, I responded to his appeal and threw myself into his service.
后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。
Now twenty-one years has passed, the late Emperor always appreciated my caution and, in his final days, entrusted me with his cause.
受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明，
Since that moment, I have been tormented day and night by the fear that I might let him down.
故五月渡泸，深入不毛。
That is why I crossed the Lu river at the height of summer, and entered the wastelands beyond.
今南方已定，甲兵已足，
Now the south has been subdued, and our forces are fully armed.
当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。
I should lead our soldiers to conquer the northern heartland and attempt to remove the hateful traitors, restore the house of Han, and return it to the former capital.
此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。
This the way I mean to honor my debt to the late Emperor and fulfill my duty to you.
至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun are the ones who should be making policy decisions and recommendations.
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，
My only desire is to be permitted to drive out the traitors and restore the Han.
不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。
If I should let you down, punish my offense and report it to the spirit of the late Emperor.
若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；
If those three advisors should fail in their duties, then they should be punished for their negligence.
陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏，
Your Majesty, consider your course of action carefully. Seek out good advice, and never forget the late Emperor.
臣不胜受恩感激。今当远离，
I depart now on a long expedition, and I will be forever grateful if you heed my advice.
临表涕零，不知所言。
Blinded by my own tears, I know not what I write.
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Love
by Roy Croft
I love you,
Not for what you are,
But for what I am
When I am with you.
I love you,
Not only for what
You have made of yourself,
But for what
You are making of me.
I love you
For the part of me
That you bring out;
I love you
For putting your hand
Into my heaped-up heart
And passing over
All the foolish, weak things
That you can’t help
Dimly seeing there,
And for drawing out
Into the light
All the beautiful belongings
That no one else had looked
Quite far enough to find.
I love you because you
Are helping me to make
Of the lumber of my life
Not a tavern
But a temple;
Out of the works
Of my every day
Not a reproach
But a song.
I love you
Because you have done
More than any creed
Could have done
To make me good
And more than any fate
Could have done
To make me happy.
You have done it
Without a touch,
Without a word,
Without a sign.
You have done it
By being yourself.
Perhaps that is what love means,
After all
I love you.
我爱你，
不光因为你的样子，
还因为，
和你在一起时，我的样子。
我爱你，
不光因为你为我而做的事，
还因为，
为了你，我能做成的事。
我爱你，
因为你能唤出，
我最真的那部分。
我爱你，
因为你穿越我心灵的旷野，
如同阳光穿越水晶般容易。
我的傻气，我的弱点，
在你的目光里几乎不存在。
而我心里最美丽的地方，
却被你的光芒照得通亮。
别人都不曾费心走那么远，
别人都觉得寻找太麻烦，
所以没人发现过我的美丽，
所以没人到过这里。
我爱你，
因为你将我的生活化腐朽为神奇。
因为有你，
我的生命，
不再是平凡的旅店，
而成为了恢弘的庙宇，
我日复一日的工作里，
不再充满抱怨，
而是美妙的旋律。
我爱你，
因为你比信念更能使我的生活变得无比美好，
因为你比命运更能使我的生活变得充满欢乐。
而你做出这一切的一切，
不费一丝力气，
一句言辞，
一个暗示，
你做出这一切的一切，
只是因为你就是你，
毕竟，
这也许就是爱的含义。
我爱你。
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ExplicitMemories and ImplicitMemories
In everyday life, when people speak of memory, they are almost always speaking about what psychologists would call explicit memories. An explicit memory is a conscious or intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that a person can state or declare. There is another kind of memory that is not conscious. Memories of this kind are called implicit memories. An individual can have an experience that he or she cannot consciously recall yet still display reactions that indicate the experience has been somehow recorded in his or her brain.
Ok, uh... the first kind of memory, we’re all very familiar with this, right? You probably remember what you had for dinner last night - you have a Conscious Memory of last night’s dinner. So, urn, if I ask you ’what did you eat last night?’ you could tell me.
But these other kind of memories - ’implicit Memories’, they work differently. Let’s take an example from the world of advertising. When you’re driving along a highway, you’ll see plenty of billboards - you know, road-side advertisements. You certainly dont remember them all. But they still affect you.
Marketing researchers have shown, well, to be specific, let’s say there’s a billboard on the highway advertising a ... car, called the ’Panther’. The ad shows a big picture of a car and above the car in huge letters is the name of the car- ’Panther’. A lot of people drive by the billboard. But ask those drivers later if they saw any advertisements for cars, and well, they’ll think about it and a lot of them will say ’no’. They honestly don’t remember seeing any. They have no conscious memory of the ’Panther’ billboard.
So, you ask the same people a different question. You ask, urn...ok, urn...you ask them to name an animal starting with the letter ’p’. What do you think they’ll answer? Do they say ’pig’? ’Pig’ is the most common animal that starts with the letter ’p’, but they don’t say ’pig’. They say ’Panther’. The billboard had an effect even though the drivers don’t remember ever seeing it.
外显记忆和内隐记忆
在日常生活中，当人们谈到记忆时，他们几乎总是在谈论心理学家所说的外显记忆。外显记忆是一种有意识的或有意向性的回忆，通常是对事实、名字、事件或其他一个人可以陈述或声明的事情的回忆。还有一种记忆是无意识的。 这种记忆叫做内隐记忆。 一个人可以有一种他或她不能有意识地回忆起来的经历，但仍然表现出反应，表明这种经历以某种方式记录在他或她的大脑中。
好吧,呃… 第一种记忆，我们都很熟悉，对吧?你可能记得你昨晚吃了什么——你对昨晚的晚餐有一个有意识的记忆。 那么，呃，如果我问你，你昨晚吃了什么?“你可以告诉我。
但这些其他类型的记忆——“内隐记忆”，它们的作用方式不同。 让我们以广告业为例。 当你在高速公路上开车时，你会看到大量的广告牌——你知道，路边广告。 你当然不记得所有的。 但它们仍然会影响你。
市场研究人员已经表明，嗯，具体地说，让我们假设在高速公路上有一块广告牌在宣传一个…… 汽车，叫做“黑豹”。 这则广告展示了一辆汽车的大图片，汽车上方用大写字母写着汽车的名字——“黑豹”。 很多人开车经过广告牌。 但是当你问这些司机是否看过汽车广告时，他们会考虑一下，很多人会说“没有”。 他们真的不记得见过。 他们对《黑豹》的广告牌没有有意识的记忆。
所以，你问同样的人一个不同的问题。你问,嗯…… 好的,嗯…… 你让他们说出一个以字母“p”开头的动物。 你觉得他们会怎么回答?他们说“猪”吗?“Pig”是最常见的以字母“p”开头的动物，但他们不说“Pig”。 他们说“黑豹”。 那块广告牌产生了影响，尽管司机们不记得曾经见过它。
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Part 4
Scott Bearse, a retail expert with Deloitte Consulting in Boston, Massachusetts, has led projects observing and questioning tens of thousands of customers about how they feel about shopping. People say they leave shops empty- handed more often because they are ‘unable to decide’ than because prices are too high, says Mr Bearse. Getting customers to try something is one of the best ways of getting them to buy, adds Mr Bearse. Deloitte found that customers who use fitting rooms in order to try on clothes buy the product they are considering at a rate of 85% compared with 58% for those that do not do so.
Often a customer struggling to decide which of two items is best ends up not buying either. In order to avoid a situation where a customer decides not to buy either product, a third ‘decoy’ item, which is not quite as good as the other two, is placed beside them to make the choice easier and more pleasurable. Happier customers are more likely to buy.
第4部分
斯科特·比尔斯(Scott Bearse)是马萨诸塞州波士顿市德勤咨询公司(Deloitte Consulting)的一位零售专家，他领导的项目观察并询问了数万名顾客对购物的感受。 比尔斯说，人们说，他们空手离开商店，更多的时候是因为他们“无法做出决定”，而不是因为价格太高。Bearse先生补充道，让顾客尝试一些东西是让他们购买的最好方法之一。 德勤发现，使用试衣间试穿衣服的顾客以85的比率购买了他们正在考虑的产品，而没有这样做的顾客只有58%。
通常情况下，消费者在两件商品中难以决定哪一件最好，最终两者都不买。为了避免出现顾客决定不买任何一种产品的情况，第三种“诱饵”产品(不如前两种产品好)被放置在他们旁边，以使选择更容易和更愉快。 快乐的顾客更有可能购买。
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Part3
Retailers and producers talk a lot about the ‘moment of truth’. This is not a philosophical idea, but the point when people standing in the aisle decide to buy something and reach to get it. At the instant coffee section, for example, branded products from the big producers are arranged at eye level while cheaper ones are lower down, along with the supermarket’s own label products.
But shelf positioning is fiercely fought over, not just by those trying to sell goods, but also by those arguing over how best to manipulate shoppers. While many stores reckon eye level is the top spot, some think a little higher is better. Others think goods displayed at the end of aisles sell the most because they have the greatest visibility. To be on the right-hand side of an eye-level selection is often considered the very best place, because most people are right-handed and most people’s eyes drift rightwards. Some supermarkets reserve that for their most expensive own-label goods.
第三部分
零售商和生产商经常会谈论“关键时刻”。 这不是一个哲学概念，而是当人们站在过道上决定购买某样东西并伸手去拿的时刻。例如，在速溶咖啡区，大生产商的品牌产品与视线平齐，而较便宜的产品与超市自有品牌的产品放在较低的位置。
但是，货架位置一直存在激烈的争论，不仅是那些试图销售商品的人，也包括那些争论如何最好地操纵购物者的人。虽然许多商店认为眼睛高度是最重要的位置，但有些人认为高一点更好。 另一些人则认为，陈列在过道末端的商品卖得最好，因为它们的可见度最高。在视平线的右边通常被认为是最好的位置，因为大多数人都是右撇子，大多数人的眼睛都会向右偏移。 一些超市将其用于最昂贵的自有品牌商品。
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Part2
Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunity to tempt customers to buy things which are not on their shopping list. This is why pharmacies are also generally at the back. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost ‘dwell time’: the length of time people spend in a store.
Having walked to the end of the fruit-and-vegetable aisle, shoppers arrive at counters of prepared food, the fishmonger, the butcher and the deli. Then there is the in-store bakery, which can be smelt before it is seen. Even small supermarkets now use in store bakeries. Mostly these bake pre-prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously, and their numbers have increased, even though central bakeries that deliver to a number of stores are much more efficient. They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals.
第二部分
购物者已经知道，日常用品，如牛奶，总是被放在商店的后面，以提供更多的购物机会，吸引顾客购买购物清单上没有的东西。这就是为什么药店通常也在后面。 但是超市知道消费者知道这一点，所以他们使用其他的技巧，比如把受欢迎的商品放在一个区域的中间，这样人们就不得不沿着通道寻找它们。 这样做的目的是提高“停留时间”，即人们在商店逗留的时间。
在走到水果和蔬菜通道的尽头后，购物者来到了半成品店、鱼贩、肉店和熟食店的柜台。还有店内的面包房，在看到之前就能闻到。 甚至连小超市现在也在商店里建立在店面包房。这些面包店大多烘焙预先准备好的食品和冷冻食材，这些食材之前已经送到了超市，而且这类面包店的数量有所增加，尽管中央面包店送去很多商店的效率要高得多。他们这样做是为了让人们闻到新鲜出炉的面包的味道，这能刺激人们的食欲，从而鼓励他们不仅购买面包，还购买包括即食食品在内的其他食物。
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Part1
When yon enter a supermarket, it takes some time for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance of a supermarket is known as the ‘decompression zone’. People need to slow down and take stock of the surroundings, even if they are regulars. Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion. So the large items piled up here are designed to suggest that there are bargains further inside the store, and shoppers are not necessarily expected to buy them. Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer, famously employs ‘greeters’ at the entrance to its stores. A friendly welcome is said to cut shoplifting. It is harder to steal from nice people.
Immediately to the left in many supermarkets is a ‘chill zone’, where customers can enjoy browsing magazines, books and DVDs. This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers down. But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. However, for shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But psychology is at work here: selecting these items makes people feel good, so they feel less guilty about reaching for less healthy food later on.
第一部分：
今天咱们一起来分析“超市的诡计”，超市是如何一步步引诱顾客在店内不断消费的呢？
当你进入超市时，你的大脑需要一些时间进入购物模式。这就是为什么超市入口附近的区域被称为“减压区”。 人们需要放慢脚步，估量一下周围的环境，即使他们是常客。 超市不指望在这里卖多少，所以它往往被更多地用于促销。 所以，这里堆积的大物品是为了表明，在商店的更远的地方有便宜货，顾客不一定会买本区域的货物。世界最大的零售商沃尔玛(Walmart)在其门店入口处雇佣“迎宾员”，这是出了名的。 据说友好的欢迎可以减少入店行窃。 从好人身上偷东西更难。
在许多超市的左边是一个“放松区”，顾客可以在这里浏览杂志、书籍和dvd。 这是为了吸引没有明确购买计划的顾客，减慢顾客的速度。但那些只想快速购物的人会继续往前走，他们首先来到的是新鲜水果和蔬菜区。 然而，对于购物者来说，这毫无意义。 水果和蔬菜很容易损坏，所以应该在购物之旅的最后而不是开始时购买。 但是心理学在这里起了作用:选择这些食物会让人们感觉良好，所以他们在以后去购买不那么健康的食物时不会感到内疚。
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Part ofSupreme Court Justice John Roberts' Unconventional Speech to His Son's Graduating Class
Now the commencement speakers will typically also wish you good luck and extend good wishes to you. I will not do that, and I’ll tell you why. From time to time in the years to come, I hope you will be treated unfairly, so that you will come to know the value of justice. I hope that you will suffer betrayal because that will teach you the importance of loyalty. Sorry to say, but I hope you will be lonely from time to time so that you don’t take friends for granted. I wish you bad luck, again, from time to time so that you will be conscious of the role of chance in life and understand that your success is not completely deserved and that the failure of others is not completely deserved either. And when you lose, as you will from time to time, I hope every now and then, your opponent will gloat over your failure. It is a way for you to understand the importance of sportsmanship. I hope you’ll be ignored so you know the importance of listening to others, and I hope you will have just enough pain to learn compassion. Whether I wish these things or not, they’re going to happen. And whether you benefit from them or not will depend upon your ability to see the message in your misfortunes.
这是美国最高法院大法官约翰·罗伯茨对儿子毕业班发表的非常规演讲的一部分
毕业典礼上的演讲者通常也会祝你们好运，并向你们致以良好的祝愿。我不会这么做，我来告诉你为什么。 在未来的岁月里，我希望你会不时受到不公平的对待，这样你才会明白正义的价值。 我希望你遭受背叛，因为这将教会你忠诚的重要性。 很抱歉，但我希望你会时常感到孤独，这样你才不会把朋友视为理所当然。 我希望你偶尔运气不佳，这样你才会意识到机遇在人生中的角色，才会明白你的成功并非理所应当，别人的失败也非理所当然。当你偶尔失败时，我希望你的对手会因你的失败而幸灾乐祸。 这是让你了解竞争精神重要性的一种方式。我希望你会被忽视，这样你才知道倾听他人的重要性，我也希望你会经历足够的痛苦，以学会同情。 不管我愿不愿意，这些事情都会发生。 而你是否能从中受益，则取决于你从不幸中领悟信息的能力。
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Language Extinction
A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you know, sometimes people say it dies when the second-last person who speaks it dies, because the last person has nobody to talk to. Well, of course, languages have come and gone throughout history as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now is something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about 6000 languages in the world at the moment, more or less. Nobody knows the exact number. And of these, people think that about half of them are so seriously endangered, but they are likely to die out in the course of present century. Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000 languages. So, that means one language is dying out somewhere in the world on average every two weeks.
There are all kinds of reasons why languages die, one is physical reasons when people are affected by famine and disease and earthquake. Another is genocide, when some countries deliberately try stamp out a small language. The main reason is globalization. That is, there are some huge languages in the world, like English, Arabic, and Spanish and French, and these are like stream rollers crushing the smaller languages they find in their path.
A great deal can be done to preserve endangered language. The first thing is that the people themselves must want the language to be preserved. That's very important. The second thing is that the powers- that- be must want the language to be preserved. They must be respect for the minority languages in their care. The third thing has to be there, of course, is cash. It costs quite a lot of money to preserve an endangered language. Think about it, You have to train the teachers, you have to write books for the children. And all sorts of things. It doesn't cost a extraordinary amount of money, but it does cost a bit. So without money, endangered languages don't have a positive future.
语言的消亡
当最后一个说这种语言的人死了，这种语言也就死了。但你知道吗，有时人们说它死是因为倒数第二个说它的人死了，因为最后一个人没有人可以说话。当然，语言的出现和消失伴随着历史的变迁。 但是现在正在发生的事情是非常不寻常的。 目前世界上大约有6000种语言，或多或少。 没有人知道确切的数字。 在这些语言中，人们认为大约有一半是濒临灭绝的，它们很可能在本世纪的过程中灭绝。现在的本世纪是一百年，一半是3000种语言。 所以，这意味着平均每两周就有一种语言在世界上的某个地方消失。
语言消亡有各种各样的原因，其中一个是生理原因，当人们受到饥荒，疾病和地震的影响。另一个是种族灭绝，一些国家故意消灭一种小语言。 主要原因是全球化。 也就是说，世界上有一些庞大的语言，比如英语、阿拉伯语、西班牙语和法语，这些语言就像溪流碾压着它们遇到的较小的语言。
我们可以做很多事情来保护濒危的语言。首先，人们自己必须希望保留这种语言。 这是非常重要的。 第二件事是，当权者必须希望保留这种语言。 他们必须尊重他们所照顾的少数民族语言。 当然，第三件必须存在的事情是现金。 保护一种濒危语言要花很多钱。 想想看，你必须训练老师，你必须为孩子们写书。 还有各种各样的东西。 它不需要花费太多的钱，但确实有点贵。 因此，如果没有钱，濒临灭绝的语言不会有积极的未来。
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Two reasons why food become spoild
Everyone knows food can become spoiled—go bad and become inedible. Usually, the cause is harmful bacteria that grow naturally in food. So, one of the best ways to prevent food from spoiling is to slow down bacterial growth. But how do you do that? Well, what influences how fast bacteria grow? Mainly, it’s temperature and moisture. So if you want to prevent food spoilage, you need to slow bacterial growth by controlling these factors.
Why’s controlling temperature so important? Because the bacteria that cause food spoilage grow fast at warm temperatures and more slowly at cooler temperatures. When your food is kept cool, it lasts longer, right? For example, fresh fish left out in the sun on a warm day will spoil in a few hours. But if you freeze the fish, it will keep for months and months, right? That’s because low temperatures drastically slow down bacterial growth.
Now, I said that moisture’s another factor you need to control. And every living thing needs moisture, and bacteria are no exception. Food that’s high in water content provides the moisture that bacteria need to grow. Let’s, uh, let’s compare two different kinds of milk, okay? Let’s compare regular liquid milk with dried, powdered milk. Regular milk spoils quickly, right? But milk in powder form can be stored quite a long time…in fact, for years. Of course, bacteria are present in powdered milk too. But what’s different between powdered and regular milk is the water content. Powdered milk has had the water, the moisture removed, and without moisture bacteria can’t grow. And this isn’t true just for milk; just about any fresh food will spoil more quickly than a dried food.
食物变质的两个原因
每个人都知道食物会变质——变坏，变得不能吃。 通常，致病原因是食物中自然生长的有害细菌。 因此，防止食物变质的最好方法之一就是减缓细菌的生长。 但是你要怎么做呢?那么，是什么影响了细菌的生长速度呢?主要是温度和湿度。 因此，如果你想防止食物变质，你需要通过控制这些因素来减缓细菌的生长。
为什么控制温度如此重要?因为导致食物腐败的细菌在温暖的温度下生长得快，而在较低的温度下生长得慢。 当你的食物冷藏时，它可以保存更长时间，对吗?例如，在温暖的日子里，新鲜的鱼放在阳光下几个小时就会变质。 但如果你把鱼冷冻起来，它可以保存好几个月，对吧?这是因为低温大大减缓了细菌的生长。
我说过湿度是另一个需要控制的因素。所有的生物都需要水分，细菌也不例外。 水分含量高的食物能提供细菌生长所需的水分。 我们来比较两种不同的牛奶，好吗?让我们比较一下普通的液体牛奶和干奶粉。 普通牛奶很快就坏了，对吧?但是粉状的牛奶可以储存很长一段时间，实际上是好几年。 当然，奶粉中也有细菌。 但奶粉和普通牛奶的不同之处在于含水量。 奶粉中含有水分，水分被去除，没有水分细菌就不能生长。 这不仅适用于牛奶;几乎任何新鲜的食物都会比干燥的食物坏得更快。
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Two reasons that some plants avoid light.
So, we usually think of plants trying to get as much sunlight as possible. And in most cases it’s true; plants grow toward light. But what’s interesting is in some cases plants do the opposite. Sometimes plants actually grow away from or avoid light. Let’s talk about a couple of reasons why.
Now, uh, some plants need to find other objects like trees to cling to, to grow on for support. These plants are attracted to the dark shadows that tall objects cast on the ground. By growing along the ground in the dark shadow, these plants eventually reach the tall object and then grow upward, along it, being supported by it. For example, some vines do this. Vines grow in shadow until they reach a tree or a building. Then the vine will climb or grow up that object.
Other plants avoid light in order to conserve moisture. Usually a plant’s leaves face upward so their whole surface is exposed to the Sun’s rays. However, since intense sunlight makes plants lose water, some plants are in danger of drying out from too much exposure. So during the day when the light gets really intense, these plants change the position of their leaves to decrease their exposure to the Sun and therefore retain moisture. For example, a species of bean plant does this. When the bean plant senses that the sunlight’s too strong, in the middle of the day, it turns its leaves sideways so the Sun only hits the sides of the leaves, the thin edge. This way the bean plant avoids drying out.
部分植物避光的两个原因：
所以，我们通常认为植物试图获得尽可能多的阳光。在大多数情况下，这是真的;植物向着光生长。 但有趣的是，在某些情况下，植物会做相反的事情。 有时候植物实际上是远离阳光生长的。 让我们来谈谈其中的几个原因。
现在，嗯，一些植物需要找到其他物体，比如树木，来依附、生长以获得支持。这些植物被高大物体投在地上的阴影所吸引。 通过在黑暗的阴影中沿着地面生长，这些植物最终到达这个高大的物体，然后沿着它向上生长，受到它的支撑。 例如，一些藤蔓就能做到这一点。 藤蔓生长在阴影中，直到它们到达一棵树或建筑物。 然后藤蔓就会爬到那个物体上。
其他植物避光以保持水分。通常植物的叶子朝上，所以整个叶子表面都暴露在阳光下。 然而，由于强烈的阳光会使植物失去水分，一些植物由于过度暴露而面临干燥的危险。 所以在白天，当光线变得非常强烈的时候，这些植物会改变叶子的位置，以减少暴露在阳光下的时间，从而保持水分。 例如，一种豆类植物就能做到这一点。 中午的时候，当豆类植物感觉到阳光太强烈时，它就会把叶子转向一边，这样阳光就只能照到叶子的边缘，也就是薄薄的边缘。 这样豆类植物就不会变干。
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