Episodi

  • Leader Up host Mr. David Howey and AMSC’s Mr. Gary Hisle discuss an underreported topic—Followership. Gary brings his extensive experience from his 30-year active-duty career in the Army, where he served in various leadership and followership roles along with his decade of teaching leadership development. Together, they unpack the layers of followership, its significance in the Army, and how it contributes to effective leadership and mission accomplishment.

    The two delve into the essence of followership, highlighting that it’s not about being passive but about understanding and fulfilling roles effectively. The episode explores the reciprocal relationship between followership and leadership, emphasizing that one must know how to follow to lead well. Gary discusses four different types of followers—resources, individualists, implementers, and partners—and their roles within an organization. They also touch on the importance of mission command, trust, and the ethical responsibilities of followers.

    Resources mentioned in this episode:

    Army Doctrine Publication 6-22

    “The Courageous Follower” by Ira Chaleff

    “Followership” by Barbara Kellerman

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at: [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at: https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

  • AMSC’s Mr. David Howey hosts a virtual meeting with special guest Paul Landauer, the J8 Resources and Assessments directorate for U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM). Mr. Landauer shares his perspectives on various topics, including his background and career journey, AFRICOM’s responsibilities and challenges, and its extensive geographic scope.

    During the discussion, Mr. Landauer offers valuable insights on delegation, feedback, and the evolving role of civilians in the workplace. He provides career advice for those aspiring to join the Senior Executive Service, emphasizing the importance of delegation, seeking feedback from mentors, and self-awareness. He also discusses the keystone symbol of the Senior Executive Service, highlighting the role of removing barriers and advocating for the team.

    Mr. Landauer also shares his recommendations for leadership development books, such as “How to Win Friends and Influence People,” “Extreme Ownership,” and “The Culture Code.” His advice underscores the significance of self-awareness, seeking feedback, and the importance of continuous learning in leadership development.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Carolina" (Intro) & "Fort Scott" (Outro) composed by David Howey.

    r. David Howey hosts a virtual meeting with special guest Paul Landauer, the J8 Resources

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  • Leader Up host Mr. David Howey and AMSC’s Dr. Mike Edwards discuss the significance of crucial conversations in leadership and its ability to enhance relationships and outcomes across different settings. Dr. Mike Edwards shares his background and expertise in crucial conversations, underscoring the necessity of understanding one’s motives and preparing thoroughly for such interactions.

    Key concepts discussed include handling opposing opinions, managing strong emotions, and recognizing high-stakes situations. Edwards highlights the importance of self-reflection before engaging in crucial conversations. He shares personal anecdotes and lessons learned from applying these techniques in various contexts. It concludes by encouraging listeners to engage in crucial conversations to improve relationships, gain deeper understanding of others, and achieve better outcomes.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • Leader Up host Mr. David Howey and AMSC’s Mr. Gary Hisle discuss Army Design Methodology and how Army Civilian Professionals can utilize it. The conversation covers how the methodology is a conceptual planning tool used to help resolve ill-structured or ambiguous problems by first defining the nature of the problem through problem framing, rather than being given a predefined problem or mission. Mr. Hisle explores the method’s three main steps and how important critical thinking is to analyze the current state, desired future state, and potential solutions by methodically working through the process in order to identify the real problem rather than solving the wrong issue.

    Key sources to learn more about Army Design Methodology include:

    ATP 5-0.1, Army Design Methodology

    ADP 5-0, The Operations Process

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • Major General David Doyle, Commanding General, 4th Infantry Division and Fort Carson, joins Leader Up for a second time to discuss a variety of leadership and leader development topics. Talking points include the critical role of Army Civilians and the importance of their professional education, the Ivy leadership methodology used within the 4th Infantry Division and Fort Carson, the significance of maintaining a positive climate and culture within an organization, Maj. Gen. Doyle's personal insights on mentoring and feedback, and more.

    Learn more about the 4th Infantry Division and Fort Carson at:
    https://home.army.mil/carson/units-tenants/4th-infantry-division

    Maj. Gen. Doyle previously joined Leader Up in episode 34 to discuss Strategic Leadership.
    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.



    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey and Dr. Robert Arp discuss critical thinking and creative thinking and highlight their importance in decision-making and problem-solving. Talking points include examples of fallacies and the importance of considering alternative perspectives, the importance of teaching critical thinking from a young age, the relevance of critical and creative thinking in the workplace, and more. Dr. Arp holds a PhD in Philosophy and is an instructor in the AMSC Department of Academic Support and Distributed Learning.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • In this episode we meet with Lieutenant General Milford "Beags" Beagle, Jr. to discuss a variety of topics to include fostering healthy work-life balance (Lamps Out Time), managing priorities (The One Thing), reflecting on key moments in his career, sharing leadership lessons learned, and more. Lt. Gen. Beagle is the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, KS; Commandant, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; and Deputy Commanding General for Combined Arms, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command.

    Learn more about the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center:

    https://usacac.army.mil

    Lt. Gen. Beagle's reading list:

    -The Servant, by James C. Hunter

    -Crucial Conversations, by J. Grenny, K. Patterson, R. McMillan, A. Switzler, E. Gregory

    -The First 90 Days, by Michael D. Watkins

    -Make Your Bed, by William H. McRaven

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • In this episode we meet with Mr. Dennis Branson to discuss the topic of conflict and how it is incorporated in the Civilian Education System (CES) Advanced Course. Talking points include the ecosystem/culture we are in, conflict vs opposition, leading in conflict, instruments/tools used in the Advanced Course, the importance of reflective journaling, and resources available to learn more. Mr. Branson is an instructor in AMSC’s Department of Enterprise Leadership and has an extensive background in mediation.

    Learn more about the CES Advanced Course:
    https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc/courses/advanced

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • In this episode we meet with three members of the Center for Army Leadership (Janetta Harris, Mounir Bouchareb, and Bernard F. Harris Jr.) to talk about an article they co-authored titled "Leader Presence and Its Impact on Organizational Climate." We start off by identifying what leader presence is (and why it matters) and the four attributes of presence (bearing, fitness, confidence, resilience). We also learn about factors that influence organizational climate, explore the relationship between presence and trust, and more.



    Read the associated article:

    https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Journal-of-Military-Learning/Journal-of-Military-Learning-Archives/Conference-Edition-2023-Journal-of-Military-Learning/Organizational-Climate/



    Learn more about the Center for Army Leadership (CAL):

    https://cal.army.mil/



    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]



    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc



    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.



    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • We meet Dr. LisaRe Babin, a Research Psychologist at Army University where she will talk about Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), her work as a Department of Defense Gender Advisor, and how gender considerations can be included in your daily work as an Army civilian as the Army implements the three WPS Defense Objectives.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • We meet with Ms. Lisa Bennett, Senior Intelligence Advisor at TRADOC DCS G-2, to discuss a variety of leadership and leader development topics to include her current position and responsibilities, her military and civilian leadership experiences, the importance of professional development for Army Civilians, career advice, lessons learned, and more. Ms. Bennett has served in a Defense Intelligence Senior Level (DISL) position since February 2021.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • We meet with Col. Dwayne Wagner, U.S. Army, Retired, to discuss his Military Review article titled “We Have Come a Long Ways... We Have a Ways to Go” and his personal journey as an African American Army officer and Army civilian.

    Col. (Ret.) Wagner's article is available at:
    https://www.armyupress.army.mil/journals/military-review/online-exclusive/2021-ole/wagner/

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DOD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,
    or favoring by the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The
    views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United
    States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
    The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational
    framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • We meet with Mr. Frank Wenzel, newly selected Director of the Army Management Staff College (AMSC), to discuss his background in the Army and as an Army Civilian, his leadership philosophy, the changing role of Army Civilians, his vision for AMSC and the Civilian Education System (CES), course delivery modes, equivalency and constructive credit, and more.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
    recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States
    Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect
    those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product
    endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of
    representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with James A. Helis, Ph.D., Director, Army Resilience Directorate (ARD)*, to discuss the ARD mission, programs, and resources; the importance of resilience and building a positive climate and culture; Army Civilians; and other leadership and leader development topics to include delegation, feedback, lessons learned, and more. Dr. Helis has served as a member of the Senior Executive Service since July 2012.

    Learn more at: https://www.armyresilience.army.mil/

    *The Army Resilience Directorate will be renamed to the Directorate of Prevention, Resilience and Readiness in July 2023.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc
    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with Command Sgt. Maj. Shawn Carns, I Corps command sergeant major at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, to discuss his motivation to join the Army, his career progression, and other topics to include building and cultivating relationships, delegation, the role of Army Civilians, and more.

    Learn more about I Corps at: https://www.army.mil/icorps

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with Mr. David Paschal, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), to hear his perspectives on a variety of topics to include Mr. Paschal's career progression, current priorities and responsibilities, the importance of professional development and leader education, the future of the Army civilian workforce, the value of mentorship, and Mr. Paschal's role as Functional Chief of the Education and Information Sciences (EDIS) career field. Mr. Paschal has served as a member of the Senior Executive Service since July 2017.

    Learn more about TRADOC at: https://www.tradoc.army.mil

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
    recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States
    Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect
    those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product
    endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of
    representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey and MAJ Ryan Cornell-d’Echert discuss the importance of asking better questions and the consequences of not doing so. Talking points include Army culture, subordinate expectations, briefings, critical thinking, ways to improve questioning technique, and more. MAJ Cornell-d’Echert is an instructor in the Department of Enterprise Leadership and has been assigned to AMSC since August 2020.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with CSM Jason C. Porras, Command Sergeant Major of Army University, to discuss a variety of topics such as CSM Porras' career progression and experiences working with Army Civilians, leadership skills/advice, Army Civilian education and development, and an NCO Journal column he authored in September 2022 titled "Things I Wish I Knew."

    CSM Porras' NCO Journal column titled "Things I Wish I Knew" is available at:
    https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/NCO-Journal/Archives/2022/September/Things-I-Wish-I-Knew-From-Command-Sergeant-Major-Porras/

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
    recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States
    Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect
    those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product
    endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of
    representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with Dr. Raj Iyer, Former U.S. Army Chief Information Officer*, to discuss the Army’s Digital Transformation Strategy, to include how digital transformation supports Multi-Domain Operations and the move to a more data-centric Army. Dr. Iyer has served as a member of the Senior Executive Service since November 2020.

    *Dr. Iyer still held the position of Chief Information Officer when this conversation was recorded in early February 2023.

    Learn more about the U.S. Army Chief Information Officer:
    https://www.army.mil/cio

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at
    https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc/amsc

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.

    Music: "Army Strong" composed by Mark Isham, arranged by Hector Munoz.

  • AMSC's Mr. David Howey meets with Ms. Diane M. Randon, Principal Deputy to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2), Department of the Army, to hear her perspectives on leadership, coaching, career progression, and other topics relevant to Army Civilian Professionals. Ms. Randon has served as a member of the Senior Executive Service since 2007.

    For questions, suggestions, or feedback, write us at [email protected]

    To learn more about the Army Management Staff College, visit our website at
    https://armyuniversity.edu/amsc/podcast

    No DoD or U.S. ARMY ENDORSEMENT IMPLIED. Any references to commercially available products or works are used for research and educational purposes only.

    Mention of any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Army, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The mention of companies by name is solely for the purpose of representing educational framework and should not be implied as endorsement.