Episodi
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Did you know that - botanically speaking - Halloween Jack O’Lantern Pumpkins are more closely related to zucchini than they are to Kent / Jap pumpkins, butternut pumpkins, or giant pumpkins? This episode, Kade and Matt chat about some awesome PUMPKIN science!
Like, speaking of giant pumpkins… how and why do they get so giant?!
What does it take, according to science, to grow amazing pumpkins? We chat about everything from companion planting, to the birds and the bees (that is, quite literally, pollination methods) of male and female flowers. We touch on history and culture, agricultural, and botanical science.
And then, sticking with the plant theme, we answer a listener question about the magic of plants and how they defy gravity to pump water from the ground up without a pumping heart!
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]
We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
Cursed Turnip Jack O’Lantern:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-twisted-transatlantic-tale-of-american-jack-o-lanterns
Great video on Taxonomy and name daddy Carl Linnaeus:
https://youtu.be/F38BmgPcZ_I?si=2nS6wI4zDOZzpB-H
Male and Female Flowers:
https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/visual-guides/pollination-of-squash-and-pumpkins
Other Refs:
https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/81/3/233/2725697
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362020286_Recent_advances_in_genetics_and_breeding_of_pumpkin_Cucurbita_moschata_Duch
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39117354/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200033556_The_Initial_Domestication_of_Cucurbita_pepo_in_the_Americas_10000_Years_Ago
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335470455_Functional_and_nutraceutical_properties_of_pumpkin_-_a_review
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.12502
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf063413d
https://brill.com/view/journals/ijps/65/3-4/article-p202_202.xml?language=en
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Epilepsy: you've heard of it, you likely know people who have it, but do you know the science behind it? This month, Kade and Matt are joined by Dr Lauren Bleakley to find out just that. Stick around to the end of the episode for our listener question looking at the surprising benefits of chocolate milk!
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]
We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
https://florey.edu.au/researcher/lauren-bleakley/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.17447
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/33822003/
https://florey.edu.au/news/2024/05/ferns-story-proves-florey-research-is-life-changing/
https://florey.edu.au/news/2021/09/meet-the-florey-researchers-working-to-give-4-year-old-ebony-and-other-children-with-rare-genetic-epilepsies-a-better-life-through-world-first-research/
Listener Question:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16676705/ https://theconversation.com/is-chocolate-milk-a-good-recovery-drink-after-a-workout-a-dietitian-reviews-the-evidence-236685
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Episodi mancanti?
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This month, Kade and Matt are joined once again by Bodhi for a very special episode: The Philosophy of Science. This will be part 1 of 3 in a special series where we delve into some of the more abstract ideas about science itself. What is science? How effective is peer review? What is burden of proof? And much, much, much more. Make sure to check out the reference list below for further resources on anything we discuss during the episode.
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]
We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
Podcasts as a medium for public discourse between rabbit-hole theorists and academics
Rogan, J. [PowerfulJRE]. (2024, July 2). Joe Rogan Experience #2171 – Eric Weinstein & Terrence Howard [video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/nrOaFxNex7U?si=QvqPI3c7IaDH5f_1&t=12724
Dissipation Driven Adaptation
Green, H. [SciShow]. (2020, June 16). How Cells Hack Entropy to Live [Video]. YouTube. How Cells Hack Entropy to Live (youtube.com).
England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 139(12), 121923 1 – 121923 7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4818538.
England, J. L. (2020). Every Life is on Fire: How Thermodynamics Explains the Origins of Living Things. Basic Books. Every Life Is on Fire: How Thermodynamics Explains the Origins of Living Things - Jeremy England - Google Books
Cushman, A. S. (2023). Entropy, Ecology and Evolution: Toward a Unified Philosophy of Biology. Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 25(3), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25030405.
King, E., Holzer, J., North, J. A., Cannon, W. R. (2023). An approach to learn regulation to maximize growth and entropy production rates in metabolism. Frontiers in Systems Biology, 3, 1-14. httpds://doi.org/10.3389/fsysb.2023.981866.
Entropy = messy?
Martin, J. S., Smith, N. A., Francis, C. D. (2013). Removing the entropy from the definition of entropy: clarifying the relationship between evolution, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 6(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1936-6434-6-30.
Leaves superconduct photons during photosynthesis
Engel, G. S., Calhoun, T. R., Read, E. L., Ahn, T., Mančal, T., Cheng, Y., Blankenship, R. E., Fleming, G. R. (2007). Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446, 782-786. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05678
Microtubules display superradiance
PBS Space Time [PBS Space Time]. (2024, July 26). Was Penrose Right? NEW EVIDENCE For Quantum Effects In The Brain [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/xa2Kpkksf3k?si=xAhLJSieFgoR-5lJ&t=740
Hossenfelder, S. [Sabine Hossenfelder]. (2024, May 12). Brain Really Uses Quantum Effects, New Study Finds [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/R6G1D2UQ3gg?si=al7buCxmLEXnp43I&t=200
Babcock, N. S., Montes-Cabrera, G., Oberhofer, K. E., Chergui, M., Celardo, G. L., Kurian, P. (2024). Ultraviolet Superradiance from Mega-Networks of Tryptophan in Biological Architectures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 128(17), 4035-4046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07936.
Microtubules form an integrated electromagnetic quantum information network
Kuhn, R. L., and Bandyopadhyay, A. [Closer to Truth]. (2023, November 24). Anirban Bandyopadhyay – Quantum Physics of Consciousness [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/HbX7wlMspJM?si=QLVU6eFesAsrjf-b&t=303
Ghosh, S., Singh, P., Manna, J., Saxena, K., Sahoo, P., Krishnanda, S. D., Ray, K., Hill, J. P., and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2022). The century-old picture of a nerve spike is wrong: filaments fire, before membrane. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 15(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2022.2071101
Exercise and Caloric Consumption: Negative Health Effects of Excess Energy
Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshet [Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshel]. (2024, July 16). We Need to Rethink Exercise – The Workout Paradox [YouTube]. We Need to Rethink Exercise - The Workout Paradox (YouTube.com)
Pontzer, H., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Dugas, L. R., Plange-Rhule, J., Bovet, P., Forrester, T. E., Lambert, E. V., Cooper, R. S., Schoeller, D., A., Luke, A. (2016). Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans. Current Biology, 26(3), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046
Pontzer, H., Wood, B. M., Raichlen, D. A. (2018). Hunter-gatherers as models in public health. Obesity Reviews, 19(S1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785
Pontzer, H. (2018). Energy Constraint as a Novel Mechanism Linking Exercise and Health. Physiology, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00027.2018
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This month Kade & Matt take a break from recording to give listeners a blast from the past with their episode all about crying.
Why do our eyes leak when we feel emotions, chop onions, or get poked in the eye? Do these scenarios lead to the creation of different types of tears? How are tears created? WHY? This episode, Kate and Matt delve into all these questions and so many more, as we chat all about crying. We also tackle a listener question about sweating – why do our palms sweat when we get nervous?References:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035568/https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/handle/10724/36619https://psych-neuro.com/2014/03/14/the-biochemecial-purpose-of-crying/https://scienceblogs.com/observations/2011/01/08/why-do-women-cry-obviously-itshttps://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/emotions/crying.htmhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01240/fullhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29888936/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-87337-001https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/dev.22058https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejp.1623https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/145/6/e20192719https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-66680-001https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/29/4/579.shorthttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02134/fullhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4062644/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1069397111404519https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01240/full -
Acetylcholine: the greatest neurotransmitter you've never heard of. This month, Kade and Matt deep dive into what makes this chemical fascinating enough to make Kade spend the last 5 years of their life researching it. What does it do? How was it discovered? What makes it special? Listen to the end of the episode to hear Matt take on the role of asking the listener question, further picking Kade's brain about the many quirks of this neurotransmitter.
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]
We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/prp2.907
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322320301311?casa_token=XEtugnkWjPoAAAAA:PEamLvvU-dxk9LrKn1uPs_LCj4T1gHdQpFd0CNZ_LXsaadFRiB1f6s0UBtLoBLKjS2GuRfAdp5ei
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.15513
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bph.16081
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This episode on curiosity killed the rat, join Kade, Matt and Riley for a deep dive into the science of Narrative. How are human brains wired to understand the world via narrative, and how is this used both for and against us? We break down the concept of “narrative” into the components of setting, characters, and plot, and chat about some of the research being done in all of these areas. We also have a look at some real-life examples of the ways narrative is being harnessed to influence our beliefs and behaviour, from marketing to propaganda. Kade then answers a listener question about the metal in our blood: can it rust?
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]
We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
Book I read: The Science of Storytelling by Will Storr
YouTube video I mention revealing this research is funded by the department of defence:
https://youtu.be/zGrf0LGn6Y4?si=baBvBsstRUV2z30L
Video trying to spin narrative to blame Palestinian for Holocaust:
https://youtu.be/f9HmkRYlVZw?si=qpUScFJhhXFI8lP1
The effect of perceived cost on taste (of wine) studies:
https://oeno-one.eu/article/view/1017
https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0706929105
Social Influence Research (hotel towel example):
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/dont-throw-in-the-towel-use-social-influence-research
Social influence neuro:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222561008_Neural_mechanisms_of_social_influence
Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020342/
Dehumanisation neuroimaging:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6696401_Dehumanizing_the_Lowest_of_the_Low_Neuroimaging_Responses_to_Extreme_Out-Groups
Self-perception and behaviour:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6453731_The_spyglass_self_A_model_of_vicarious_self-perception
Narrative transportation:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287364520_Effects_of_narrative_transportation_on_persuasion_A_meta-analysis
Framing and support for addiction policies:
https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/publication/can-redirecting-values-increase-support-for-addiction-policies-and-related-issues/
“War of the ghosts” story:
https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-psychology-help/bartletts-war-of-the-ghosts/
Paper on neuromarketing / consumer neuroscience:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2377-13-13
Emotion and decision making:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24905597/
Coke and pepsi study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15473974/
Relating to Media Bias:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2023.128219
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17506352231178148
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858380
https://fair.org/home/the-illusion-of-balance/?fbclid=IwAR02QPzY5_l3cg7NwKcZTKyr4ISHxt1PrWJiiWoumHT1nqlb1nAFlcU88rc
Propaganda rebranded as “Public Relations”:
https://theconversation.com/the-manipulation-of-the-american-mind-edward-bernays-and-the-birth-of-public-relations-44393
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Welcome to season 5 of Curiosity Killed the Rat! To kick off the year, Kade and Matt welcome special guest Dr Jarrod McKenna onto the show once again to talk about his recent amazing experience visiting Antarctica: a place so cool it deserved another whole episode. What's it like to visit one of the most isolated places in the world as a tourist? How is climate change affecting this beautiful continent? What can we do as regular people to help? Stick around to the end of the episode to hear all this, and the listener question: alcohol and the menstrual cycle. How does one affect the other?
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
Jarrod's website:
https://drjarrodmckenna.com/
Citizen science links:
https://citizenscience.org.au/
https://seadragonsearch.org/
https://happywhale.com/home
https://happywhale.com/whaleid
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In one final episode for 2023 / season 4 of Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt bring you an extended special reflecting on one of the biggest Australian milestones of 2023: the re-classification and approval of MDMA and Psilocybin to assist therapy. Kade leads us through the science accompanying the historical journey of these drugs; from their discovery and synthesis, through their recreational use (both legal and illegal), to their status today as promising therapeutic compounds. Stick around for a listener question of great seriousness and importance: If a tree in the forest falls and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on X, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
Kade’s Article The Therapeutic Odyssey of Psilocybin and MDMA: A Return to Roots https://rsv.org.au/psilocybin-and-mdma/ Seeking the magic mushroom — Originally published in 1957 Life Magazine https://www.trippingly.net/lsd/2018/5/14/seeking-the-magic-mushroom Hofmann, A. (1959). Psychotomimetic drugs. Acta physiologica et pharmacologica Neerlandica, 8, 240-258. Shulgin, A. T. (1964). 3-Methoxy-4 5-methylenedioxy Amphetamine, a New Psychotomimetic Agent. Nature, 201(4924), 1120-1121. Stolaroff, M. J. (1997). The secret chief revealed: Conversations with a pioneer of the underground psychedelic therapy movement. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS). Sessa, B., Higbed, L., & Nutt, D. (2019). A review of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 138. Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2013). Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 577-585. Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011). Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(1), 71-78. Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2011). The safety and efficacy of±3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of psychopharmacology, 25(4), 439-452. Li, N. X., Hu, Y. R., Chen, W. N., & Zhang, B. (2022). Dose effect of psilocybin on primary and secondary depression: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 26-34. Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(15), 1402-1411. Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., ... & Worth, L. (2022). Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 79(10), 953-962. Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 43(1), 55-60. Peck, S. K., Shao, S., Gruen, T., Yang, K., Babakanian, A., Trim, J., ... & Kaye, W. H. (2023). Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study. Nature Medicine, 29(8), 1947-1953. Danforth, A. L., Grob, C. S., Struble, C., Feduccia, A. A., Walker, N., Jerome, L., ... & Emerson, A. (2018). Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology, 235(11), 3137-3148. Wolfson, P. E., Andries, J., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wang, J. B., Williams, E., ... & Doblin, R. (2020). MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study. Scientific reports, 10(1), 20442. Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., Harrison, C., Kleiman, S., Parker-Guilbert, K., ... & Doblin, R. (2023). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Focus, 21(3), 315-328. Nicholas, C. R., Wang, J. B., Coker, A., Mitchell, J. M., Klaire, S. S., Yazar-Klosinski, B., ... & Doblin, R. (2022). The effects of MDMA-assisted therapy on alcohol and substance use in a phase 3 trial for treatment of severe PTSD. Drug and alcohol dependence, 233, 109356. Sessa, B., Higbed, L., O’Brien, S., Durant, C., Sakal, C., Titheradge, D., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2021). First study of safety and tolerability of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in patients with alcohol use disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 375-383. Hoshi, R., Bisla, J., & Curran, H. V. (2004). The acute and sub-acute effects of ‘ecstasy’(MDMA) on processing of facial expressions: preliminary findings. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(3), 297-304. Rootman, J. M., Kiraga, M., Kryskow, P., Harvey, K., Stamets, P., Santos-Brault, E., ... & Walsh, Z. (2022). Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11091. Cavanna, F., Muller, S., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlan, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., ... & Tagliazucchi, E. (2022). Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 307. Passie, Torsten, and Andrew Dennis, 'The Early History of MDMA', The History of MDMA MAPS FDA MDMA application: https://mapsbcorp.com/news/mdma-for-ptsd-fda-submission/ MDMA neurotoxicity: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1479b https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1074501 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.301.5639.1454b https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194116/
Woke pharmaceuticals: https://wokeph.com/
Tik Tok Video: https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNCVW7gn/
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This episode, join Kade and Matt as they spin their way into the world of spider webs – just in time for Halloween! Learn about the absolute wonder that is spider silk: its incredible properties, how it is made, why humans can’t yet mass-produce it, and some of the interesting efforts scientists are trying to change that! Stick around for a listener question all about glow sticks. As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also now have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. References: https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/silk-the-spiders-success-story/ https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-are-spider-webs-made-of.html https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/spiderwebs-explained https://youtu.be/dMN_wQ6Zyy0?si=n7u43x7NBXnOTL5P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000687/ https://www.proquest.com/openview/2606e70bffecfe3e2df4260c10508f78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.12081 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00018-006-6090-y https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(08)00079-6?large_figure=true&code=cell-site https://youtu.be/xossR6eHv3I?si=4tm4f_wpvw3mBrvw https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/marc.201800516 https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/the-glow-stick-reaction/3010386.article
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Link for Kade's video: https://youtu.be/rdOc2HB5sx0?si=-4B_koSDMxPxyNMi
This month on Curiosity Killed the Rat, we are taking a break from our usual content to present the audio from the YouTube video made by host Kade Huckstep this month in response to Channel 7’s blatant spread of disinformation and misrepresentation of science. It breaks down the “documentary” aired about detransitioning, and goes through the scientific evidence that does actually exist. As a show, we value the spread of correct information, and so this is our part in the fight against mis/disinformation.
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References: (if people want access to any actual papers stuck behind paywalls please do hit us up)
Abreu, Roberto L., et al. "Supporting transgender students: School counselors’ preparedness, training efforts, and necessary support." Journal of LGBT Youth 17.1 (2020): 107-122.
Bailey, Louis, Sonja J. Ellis, and Jay McNeil. "Suicide risk in the UK trans population and the role of gender transition in decreasing suicidal ideation and suicide attempt." Mental Health Review Journal 19.4 (2014): 209-220.
Borges, Maria de Fátima, et al. "Evaluation of central precocious puberty treatment with GnRH analogue at the Triangulo Mineiro Federal University (UFTM)." Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism 59 (2015): 515-522.
Bruce, Lauren, et al. "Long-term regret and satisfaction with decision following gender-affirming mastectomy." JAMA surgery (2023).
Butler, Gary, et al. "Discharge outcome analysis of 1089 transgender young people referred to paediatric endocrine clinics in England 2008–2021." Archives of Disease in Childhood 107.11 (2022): 1018-1022.
Choi, Seungtaek, and Andrew K. Lee. "Efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate cancer." Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety (2011): 107-119.
Cheung, Ada S., et al. "Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of transgender adults in Australia." Transgender health 3.1 (2018): 229-238.
Giacomelli, Giulia, and Maria Cristina Meriggiola. "Bone health in transgender people: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 13 (2022): 20420188221099346.
Golan, A. "GnRH analogues in the treatment of uterine fibroids." Human reproduction 11.suppl_3 (1996): 33-41.
Hannema, Sabine Elisabeth, et al. "Continuation of gender-affirming hormones in transgender people starting puberty suppression in adolescence: a cohort study in the Netherlands." The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 6.12 (2022): 869-875.
Jedrzejewski, Breanna Y., et al. "Regret after gender-affirming surgery: a multidisciplinary approach to a Multifaceted patient experience." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 152.1 (2023): 206-214.
Jeffery, Eiddwen. “Anti-Trans Group Raises False Alarm on Victorian Policy for Gender Diverse Students.” RMIT University, 4 Nov. 2022, www.rmit.edu.au/news/factlab-meta/anti-trans-group-raises-false-alarm-on-victorian-policy-for-gend.
Jones, Hannah Elizabeth, et al. "Decision Regret in Plastic Surgery: A Summary." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 11.6 (2023).
Katz-Wise, Sabra L. “Gender Fluidity: What It Means and Why Support Matters.” Harvard Health, 3 Dec. 2020, www.health.harvard.edu/blog/gender-fluidity-what-it-means-and-why-support-matters-2020120321544.
Levine, Laurence A., and Stephen P. Guss. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of sickle cell anemia-associated priapism." The Journal of urology 150.2 (1993): 475-477.
Mahdi, Aamir, et al. "Patients’ experiences of discontentment one year after total knee arthroplasty-a qualitative study." BMC musculoskeletal disorders 21.1 (2020): 1-11.
Mangin, Melinda. "Supporting transgender and gender-expansive children in school." Phi Delta Kappan 100.2 (2018): 16-21.
Martín-Castillo, David, et al. "School victimization in transgender people: A systematic review." Children and Youth Services Review 119 (2020): 105480.
Martino, Wayne, Jenny Kassen, and Kenan Omercajic. "Supporting transgender students in schools: Beyond an individualist approach to trans inclusion in the education system." Educational Review 74.4 (2022): 753-772.
Nolan, Brendan J., et al. "Early Access to Testosterone Therapy in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults Seeking Masculinization: A Randomized Clinical Trial." JAMA Network Open 6.9 (2023): e2331919-e2331919.
Olson, Kristina R., et al. "Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities." Pediatrics 137.3 (2016).
Ramos, G. G. F., et al. "Systematic Review: Puberty suppression with GnRH analogues in adolescents with gender incongruity." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 44 (2021): 1151-1158.
Russell, Stephen T., et al. "Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth." Journal of adolescent Health 63.4 (2018): 503-505.
Sares-Jäske, Laura, et al. "Gendered differences in experiences of bullying and mental health among transgender and cisgender youth." Journal of youth and adolescence 52.8 (2023): 1531-1548.
Schmauss, Daniel, Hans-Günther Machens, and Yves Harder. "Breast reconstruction after mastectomy." Frontiers in surgery 2 (2016): 71.
Tankersley, Amelia P., et al. "Risk and resilience factors for mental health among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth: A systematic review." Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 24 (2021): 183-206.
Telfer, Michelle M., et al. "Australian standards of care and treatment guidelines for transgender and gender diverse children and adolescents." Medical Journal of Australia 209.3 (2018): 132-136.
Tordoff, Diana M., et al. "Mental health outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths receiving gender-affirming care." JAMA Network Open 5.2 (2022): e220978-e220978.
Turban, Jack L., et al. "Pubertal suppression for transgender youth and risk of suicidal ideation." Pediatrics 145.2 (2020).
Valsamakis, Georgios, et al. "GnRH analogues as a co-treatment to therapy in women of reproductive age with cancer and fertility preservation." International journal of molecular sciences 23.4 (2022): 2287.
Victorian Department of Education. “LGBTIQ Student Support: Policy.” Education.Vic.Gov.Au, 5 Dec. 2022, www2.education.vic.gov.au/pal/lgbtiq-student-support/policy.
Waller, Kathleen G., and Robert W. Shaw. "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for the treatment of endometriosis: long-term follow-up." Fertility and sterility 59.3 (1993): 511-515.
Witcomb, Gemma L., et al. "Experiences and psychological wellbeing outcomes associated with bullying in treatment-seeking transgender and gender-diverse youth." LGBT health 6.5 (2019): 216-226.
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This month on Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt tackle a more serious issue: the science of antidepressants. What is depression? How is it caused? How do antidepressants work, and are they actually effective? Stick around to the end of the episode to hear sound guy Matt answer a listener question about the science of noise cancelling headphones!
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0
https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/a-response-to-the-serotonin-theory-of-depression-a-systematic-umbrella-review-of-the-evidence
https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-a-review-paper-on-the-serotonin-theory-of-depression/
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression science.org/content/blog-post/understanding-antidepressants---or-not https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309382/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2739676/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896866/ https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201080 https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/5f15e844-28d8-41b9-a61c-38b2b3351a95
Listener Question References:
https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/what-noise-cancelling-headphones-do/
https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/why-are-noise-canceling-headphones-less-effective-at-blocking-high-pitched-sounds.html
https://www.soundguys.com/noise-canceling-anc-explained-28344/
https://hearingclinic.co.za/why-can-you-hear-when-your-ears-are-blocked/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531483/
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Join Kade and Matt on a wondrous wintery episode where we talk all about snowflakes! How are they formed? What makes them so unique and special? Is everything we think we know about them true? Stick around to end to hear Matt tell some fun facts about native Australian trees!
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
References:
https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/snowflake-science-2023 https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/snowflakes https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/0-387-30720-6_130 https://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm https://chemstuff.co.uk/2012/12/09/snow-chemistry/2j46o7t/ https://www.everydaychemistries.com/blog/snowflakes https://www.britannica.com/video/187062/snowflakes https://oxsci.org/the-science-of-snowflakes/ https://www.buffalo.edu/news/tipsheets/2018/001.html https://sustainable-nano.com/2016/03/04/science-of-snow/ https://youtu.be/FwGH4gulLX4 https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-snowflake-man-of-vermont/ http://www.snowcrystals.com/science/science.html https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-true-shape-snowflakes https://youtu.be/ao2Jfm35XeE
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This month on Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt are joined by Oliver Anagnostou and Benji Metha to talk about rockets! What is a rocket? How does a rocket actually work? Listen to find out how rocket science really is out of this world! Stick around to the end of the episode for a listener question that answers: what is it that gives us butterflies in our belly?
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
Find more of Oliver on Instagram:
@oliver.anagnostou
Listener Question Sources:
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/butterflies-have-an-extra-stomach-attached-to-their-vaginas
https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-butterflies-in-our-stomachs-72232 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_3 https://journals-biologists-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/jeb/article/218/10/1548/760/Dynamic-digestive-physiology-of-a-female https://www.cambridgebutterfly.com/all-about-butterflies/ https://www.discovery.com/science/Butterflies-in-Your-Stomach
No Combustion?:
https://imgflip.com/i/7r2vu5
Eminem/Hamilton Mashup:
https://soundcloud.com/user-865675098/lose-your-shot?in=user-865675098/sets/mashups&utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing
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This episode on Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kade and Matt talk about bones! Bones may in fact be one of the most under-appreciated parts of the body. Not a bunch of dry pieces of scaffolding holding our bodies together, bones do all sorts of weird and wacky things you may not expect!
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show
Sources:
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566758/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0213-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006341/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2387081/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-018-0019-6.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311400268X?via=ihub https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-bones-communicate-with-the-rest-of-the-body-180979643/
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Welcome back to season 4 of Curiosity Killed the Rat! This episode, Kade and Matt are chatting all about Testosterone: a hormone that makes you sweaty and hungry and hairy and horny. We often learn about testosterone and its effects on the body in the context of a cisgender male puberty. But testosterone can be important for other individuals, too! This episode, our resident scientist Kade – who has been on testosterone as part of a gender-affirming hormone replacement therapy for several months – will discuss the biology behind testosterone and its effects on the body, specifically through a trans-masculine lens. Kade dives into the different changes that testosterone can cause in the body, like hair growth (and loss!), voice deepening, and muscle changes. Why are some of these changes reversible, while others are permanent? We also tackle a listener question about barking dogs – why don’t males sound deeper? As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also now have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. Episode references: https://www.transhub.org.au/hormones-masculinising https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/masculinizing-hormone-therapy/about/pac-20385099 https://transcare.ucsf.edu/article/information-testosterone-hormone-therapy https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/andr.12278 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000334720400123X https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0926 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432488/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8770664/#:~:text=Based%20on%20presented%20data%20we,synthase%20within%20the%20corpora%20cavernosa
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During the holiday season in Australia, it's hot and summery, and we're all told to slip slop slap. But what is sunscreen, and how does it actually work? What does SPF mean? Does sunscreen cause cancer? Kade and Matt are joined once again by friend of the show, Dr Catriona Nguyen-Robertson, to talk all things sunscreen.
If you loved what Cat had to say and want to find more from her, you can follow her on twitter @CatrionaNR, Instagram @nyuroscientist, and YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_NtXSj9jH06SHNmsKhyfuQ). And, as always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected]. We also now have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show.
How your skin looks to UV light:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9BqrSAHbTc
Is Benzene in Sunscreen Giving You Cancer? Lab Muffin Beauty Science:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykdJ7yj6snA
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Just in time for halloween, Kade and Matt are joined by Arin Oliver to talk about weird, gross, and curious aspects of working in a pathology laboratory. From dismembered toes, to human soup, and a deep dive into working in science & sci-com in between, tune in for a spooktacular conversation. Stick around till the end of the episode to find out some of the scientific explanations for why vampires were once thought to be real!
If you want to hear more of Arin, check out their sound cloud at https://soundcloud.com/user-880237105
As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. Images and Websites referenced in the show: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/born-to-the-purple-the-st/ https://www.livescience.com/24374-vampires-real-history.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296679/pdf/jrsocmed00034-0052.pdf https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/a-natural-history-of-vampires/ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/porphyria/symptoms-causes/syc-20356066 http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hemoglobin/hemoglobv.htm https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814375?saml_data=eyJzYW1sVG9rZW4iOiJjNDRlNzZjZi1lYjZkLTRjYmEtOWQzNS04MmE0ZTAyNmRiYjkiLCJpbnN0aXR1dGlvbklkcyI6WyIxMTQyMzMzMy00NmI0LTQ4MWItYTIyNy0yYzA4OGVhZmUxMTkiXX0#metadata_info_tab_contents https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-new-england-vampire-panic-36482878/
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This episode, Kate and Matt discuss stomach ulcers, gastritis, the bacteria h. pylori, and one man’s decision to use HIMSELF as a lab rat. That’s right, we tell the tale of Barry J Marshall, winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his work uncovering the cause of stomach ulcers… and, more importantly, the absolutely insane way he went about proving his hypothesis. We also tackle a listener question about snails… what happens, exactly, when they’re given amphetamines? If you love the logo that inspired this episode, you can find the artist Steff on Instagram @steff_tattoo_artist. You can find Kate on twitter @huckstepkate or on Insta @katehuckstep. And, as always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also now have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show. References: https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/professor-barry-marshall-helicobacter-pylori-bacterium/id1212751478?i=1000389540444 https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/professor-barry-marshall-his-professional-history-h/id1212751478?i=1000388990736 https://medlineplus.gov/pepticulcer.html https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/h-pylori-fact-sheet#q4 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2432/ https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/summary/ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/22/germs-are-us https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283743/ https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(84)91816-6/fulltext https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539101/ Listener Question References: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/100603-crystal-meth-snails-brains-addiction-science https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/09/snails#:~:text=New%20research%20has%20found%20that,213%2C%20No
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In light of science’s latest and greatest big project on everybody’s lips right now – the James Webb Space Telescope – Kate and Matt are joined by astronomer Stephanie Bernard (and our regular space consultant Benji Metha) to talk about some of the OTHER telescopes out there! What is the Hubble Space Telescope and why was it made? What advantages do space telescopes have over the ones here on earth? Where does astronomy even come from? Stick around ‘til the end to hear Kate answer this month’s listener question all about mozzies! If you loved what Stephi had to say, you can find more of her on her podcast: Spaghettification, at https://www.spaghettification.com.au/, @spagpod on Twitter, and @spaghettificationpodcast on Instagram. You can find Stephi personally on Twitter under @astro_stephi or on Insta under @stephoebe. As usual, you can find more from Benji on Instagram under @benjaminmetha, and find more of Kate @katehuckstep on Instagram or @huckstepkate on Twitter. You can find more of Matt on Soundcloud at https://soundcloud.com/user-865675098, or on https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJv0HlknPTGfvHpFfv4wL6Qat And as always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, Instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have some coin to chuck our way, it really helps with all the time and effort that does into making the show! Listener Question References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12083361/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127358/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022191016303158?via%3Dihub https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315685/#:~:text=Bananas%20and%20beer%20%5B20%2C21,likelihood%20of%20contact%20and%20biting. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01541-w https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28195-x https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122716 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ps.6635 https://youtu.be/38gVZgE39K8
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This time on Curiosity Killed the Rat, Kate and Matt discuss all things muscle. How do we grow bigger muscles? How to our muscles actually make us move? How do steroids effect our bodies? Stick around to the end for a listener question on how much of our brain do we really need. As always, you can find us @curiosityrat on twitter, instagram, and facebook, and send your listener questions in to [email protected] We also have a Patreon! If you love our content and want to support us you can jump on to https://www.patreon.com/curiosityrat and become a patron. There is absolutely ZERO pressure but if you have as little as $1/month you can chuck it our way to help us out and show you appreciate all the time and effort that goes into making this show
Sources:
https://youtu.be/Ktv-CaOt6UQ
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282553/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190125084106.htm https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01887/full https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003188.htm https://cob.silverchair-cdn.com/cob/content_public/journal/jeb/219/2/10.1242_jeb.124495/5/jeb124495.pdf?Expires=1662262469&Signature=GOSSKmvlLzQ5OmbhJexKPEShy~sLFrkAXdDps2EhHcj0VNHPYWJFmIYnhAZAz-Cwa7C9c1-kCNVbCUAIvo8q5QU6qcposdUvKgf2z7uC3ynKJOEgr3ajWHvHpsacKUj4fLPqs07zNb17Jlp85ou71lF8um23gpiHhnDTy3u8epxt6rpZwoacQVEWglTdTZWsMzglYVwdJIrhJnZLJv7o0J49g6kWwah5VFgngf8Ace7ilJcCFcKYhdap53VmO3dq8bPl8mysgabtU9YKjU4XwHtbLpUIUZIwiTka4JqcYbEnbDNjWylGQB93i6Av86t4pB~qWTmYYEun3t4ybkNzeQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-11-source-long-term-motor-memory.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0047637482901051?via=ihub
Listener Question Sources:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-when-half-brain-better-than-whole/ https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors/#.VBcSYy5dVoc https://www.medicaldaily.com/boy-born-without-brain-trevor-judge-waltrip-dies-after-living-12-years-hydranencephaly-300736
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